研究生英语考试文章总结summary-writing如何写.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,研究生英语考试文章总结summary writing如何写,研究生英语考试文章总结summary writing如何写研究生英语考试文章总结summary writing如何写,In the article,the writer argues,that there are synergies between gender equity,poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability.,2,The writer finds,that women are unequal to men in every way,.(They are,underprivileged,and put under,social and moral restrictions.),He believes,that an exploration into biomass energy can shed light on the,synergy,between gender,poverty and environment issues.,To begin with,environmental deterioration like deforestation reduces biomass energy dramatically,sending poor women to collect wood fuel for long hours instead of studying or working,perpetuating their poverty.,At the same time,women become more vulnerable as victims of indoor air-pollution.They can access fewer resources of biomass energy due to privatization of communal lands.,Even,in developed countries,they have to live with inequality in such realms as energy,education and labor division.,3,The worsening environment and changing climate affect women negatively by increasing water scarcity,increasing the disease burden,etc.,But,women can help reverse the downward trend by taking public transportation more and promoting renewable energy.,Discriminatory inheritance,property ownership and limited access to agricultural support systems render women unable to ensure food safety,soil conservation and land sustainability.,4,Lack of clean water,further,adds to womens burdens:many of them have to spend as much as three or more hours just to fetch water,putting them at great risk of developing various diseases,further depriving them of the time avalable to better their life financially and emotionally.,Unclean water,pollutants in the environment,climate changes and poor nutrition work together to pose a threat to womens health,espeacilly pregnant women.Ignorance of AIDS afflict many women in Africa,affecting agriculture in this land.,5,In the process of urbanization,many women are left behind to take care of everything single-handedly.Those who migrate to cities face new challenges as well,like economic exploitation and meanly living conditions.,Disasters are more likely to strike poor women harder who live in poor-quality houses and disaster-prone areas.To make things worse,they are ill-informed and do not react as quickly as they should in an emergency due to the social restrictions on women about propriety.,6,The writer,calls for,forward-looking strategies to integrate gender into environmental analysis.,To be more specific,:,Allow more participation in environmental policies and actions on womens part;put the government priority on fostering gender equity and subsidize it;resort to a scientific paradigm as well as a social approach in the environmental analysis.,7,In the article,the writer argues,that attention to gender issues sharpens environmental studies and helps relieve poverty.,To conclude,a gender perspective will go a long way toward making smarter environmental policies and programs,alleviating poverty at the same time.They are interlocked and interactive.,8,Steps in Writing a Summary,1.Read the article,2.Reread the Article.,-,Divide,the article into segments or sections of ideas.Each segment deals with one aspect of the central theme.A segment can comprise one or more paragraphs.,-,Label,each segment,.Use a general phrase that captures the subject matter of the segment.Write the label in the margin next to the segment.,-,Highlight,or underline,the main points and key phrases.,9,3.,Write One-Sentence summaries.,-Write a one-sentence summary for each segment of thought on a separate sheet of paper.,4.write supporting ideas,-Cover all of the authors,major supporting,ideas.,-Show the relationships among these ideas.,-,Omit specifics,such as illustrations,descriptions,and detailed explanations.,-Indicate the authors purpose in writing,:to inform,to persuade,or to entertain.,If the passage is a persuasive piece,report the authors bias or position on the issue.,-Omit all personal opinions,ideas,and inferences.Let the reader know that you are reporting the authors ideas.,10,5.Formulate the Thesis Statement.,-Formulate a,central theme,that weaves the one-sentence segment-summaries together.This is your thesis statement.,-In many articles,the author will state this directly.You may wish to take his direct statement of the thesis and restate it in your own words.,-In other articles,you may have to write your own one-sentence thesis statement that summarizes this central theme.,11,several aspects,to an effective,thesis statement,:,-It comprises two parts:,a),the topic,or general subject matter of the text,b)the authors major assertion,comment,or position,on the topic.,-This central theme is summarized clearly and accurately in a,one-sentence,thesis statement.,-The thesis statement does not contain specific details discussed in the text.,-The thesis statement is stated,at the beginning,of the summary.,12,6.Write Your First Draft.,-,Begin with a proper citation,of the title,author,source,and date of publication of the article summarized.,-Combine the,thesis statement,your one-sentence,segment summaries,and,supporting ideas,into a one-to-two-paragraph summary.,-Eliminate all unnecessary words and repetitions.,-Eliminate all personal ideas and inferences.,-,Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas.,-Conclude with a,“summing up”sentence,by stating what can be learned from reading the article.,Write in the present tense.,13,7.,Edit Your Draft,.Check your summary by asking the following questions:,-Have I answered the who,what,when,why,and how questions?,-Is my grammar,punctuation,and spelling correct?,-Have I left out my personal views and ideas?,-Does my summary“hang together”?Does it flow when I read it aloud?,14,The Hawaiian Muu-muu as a Writing Aid,Mary Deal,15,One of the,joys,of living in,Hawaii is wearing a Muu-muu,.When I go out on an errand,if Im wearing shorts and a tee,I change into a Muu-muu when Im home and ready to write again.,Well,I even go shopping in a Muu-muu if the idea strikes me.Im a Kamaaina to these Islands,a transplant,and have yet to fully adopt some of the more,relaxed,local customs.,I tried sitting at my computer wearing street clothes like shorts,jeans,or even a dress.Doing so reminded me of the discomfort I felt when wearing sleek suits to an office where ones grooming and appearance was so important.Most waistbands are too binding when sitting to write,actually making me feel like Im strangling my creativity.Any discomfort is a distraction.,A friend who also writes can turn out an article in a room full of noisy people.Maybe thats because shes a journalist,and catches news as its happening.,Writing is a personal thing for me,something I do very much alone,because I can become quite animated.,When I write,I feel everything I create and often act out the gestalt of the characters.That is,I speak the parts or play-act to make sure the words flow like ordinary conversation.I read the whole story out loud and move around a lot and gesture.,The more we writers feel what we write,the more likely we are to convey the emotion and meaning of the story to the reader.,So feeling constricted is out of the question.My writing wardrobe is to dress my muse comfortably.In these Islands,colorful,loose fitting Muu-muus are perfect.I can even answer the door wearing a Muu-muu instead of a bathrobe.,_,_,_,_,/(1),/(2),/(3),_,/(4),_,_,_,_-,_,16,In the article,Mary Deal argues how the Hawaiian Muu-muu is a writing aid.,Mary feels that when sitting to write,wearing a Muu-muu is more comfortable and relaxing,than,wearing binding street clothes,because,tight clothing is a distraction and stifles her Muse,her creativity.,While,writing,she moves around a lot and gestures,acting out her characters parts in order to make the story realistic.,Consequently,feeling constricted is out of the question.,The Hawaiian Muu-muu is loose fitting and suits Marys Muse just fine and does not divert her attention from the flow of creativity.,17,Tips,Write in the present tense.,Make sure to include the author and title of the work.,Be concise:a summary should not be equal in length to the original text.,Restate the ideas in your own words as much as possible.Avoid direct,quotations.If you must use the words of the author,cite them.,Dont put your own opinions,ideas,or interpretations into the summary.The purpose of writing a summary is to accurately represent what the author wanted to say,not to provide a critique.,18,In the article,the author argues that credibility creates and projects a good image to the public,establishing trust between people,.It matters among individuals,for enterprises as well as governments.,19,The author,first,tells the story of a girl who returned the change to indicate that the credibility of individuals is the fabric of the society.,Then,the scandal of the Chinese dairy industry is illustrated to prove that lack of credibility at the level of companies will cost them both the image and the market.,Quite on the contrary,Lincolns story confirms that honesty helps businesses and brings new opportunities.The reason is obvious:people prefer to do business with those who are trustworthy and integral.,Finally,the author holds that credibility and honesty are the main principles and foundations of government.,A case in point,is the Chinese governments credibility that is on the decline.The Chinese,Global Times,attributes the crisis of credibility to such practices as withholding key information,making no apologies for mishandling and paying no due attention.,20,In conclusion,the author emphasizes the significance to be,a person of credibility,and to enshrine credibility,in all companies,.For the Chinese,government,it should be one of the top priorities to restore credibility.,(211 words),21,谢谢大家！,