汉英翻译教程专业知识讲座.ppt

,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2004,年,9,月,13,日,文档来源于网络，文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿。文档如有不当之处，请联系本人或网站删除。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,文档来源于网络，文档所提供的信息仅供参考之用，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿。文档如有不当之处，请联系本人或网站删除。,2004,年,9,月,13,日,目录,概论,汉英翻译基本知识,词的翻译,句子的翻译,语篇的翻译,2004,年,9,月,13,日,1,概论,1.1,翻译的,性质,和,类型,1.2,汉英,翻译的单位,1.3,汉英,翻译的标准,1.4,汉英翻译对,译者素养,的要求,2004,年,9,月,13,日,1.1,翻译的性质和类型,1.1.1,翻译的概念,(,或性质,):,1),翻译是跨语言,(cross-linguistic),、跨文化,(cross-cultural),、跨社会,(cross-social),的交际活动。,2),翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。,Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.,3,）翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换,.,Translation is always meaning-based.,汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。,2004,年,9,月,13,日,翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格的神韵。（吴献书，,1949,）,翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基，,1980,）,翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。（刘宓庆，,1990,）,翻译的定义应该是：“将一种语言传达的信息用另一种语言传达出来。”（蔡毅，,1995,）,翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。（王克非，,1997,）,翻译是语际之间的信息传递和语族之间的文化交流。（萧立明，,2001,）,2004,年,9,月,13,日,“,翻译是一项对语言进行操作的工作，即用一种语言文本来替代另一种语言文本的过程。”（,J.C,卡特福德，,1994,）,“翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面，也就是意义不变的情况下，改变为另一种语言的言语产物的过程。”（巴尔胡达罗夫，,1985,）,“翻译是在接受语中寻找和原语信息尽可能按近、自然的对等话语，首先是意义上的对等，其次才是风格上的对等。”（,E.A,奈达，,1969,）,“Translating consists in reproducing in the,receptor/target language,the closet natural equivalent of the,source language,message,first in terms of meaning,and secondly in terms of style.”,“,翻译乃是与语言行为抉择密切相关的一种语际信息传递的特殊方式。”（沃尔夫拉姆,威尔斯，,1982,）,翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换的活动，其本质是传播。,（吕俊，,1997,）。,2004,年,9,月,13,日,1.1.2,翻译的类型,1)Direction:source language-target/receptor language(,从译出语和译入语角度来看,):,a.from foreign language into Chinese,b.from Chinese into foreign language,2)Language symbols involved(,从涉及的语言符号来看,):,a.intra-lingual translation(,语内翻译,),b.inter-lingual translation(,语际翻译,),c.inter-semiotic translation(,符际翻译,),3)Method of translation(,从翻译手段来看,),a.oral interpretation(,口译,),b.written translation(,笔译,),puter/machine translation(,机器翻译,),2004,年,9,月,13,日,4)Subject of translation(,从翻译题材来看,),a.specialized-subject translation(,专业性翻译,),b.literary translation(,文学翻译,),c.general translation(,一般性翻译,),5)Way of translation(,从翻译方式上来看,),plete/absolute translation(,全译,),b.selective translation(,摘译,),c.edit and translation/translation with reconstruction(,编译,),2004,年,9,月,13,日,1.2,汉英翻译的单位,翻译单位是翻译研究和学习翻译不可忽视的问题，因为它牵涉到在语言转换过程中，在什么层级上实现翻译的标准。汉语和英语的语言层级都有词,(word),，短语,(phrase),，句子,(sentence),，段落,(paragraph),和篇章,(text),。,以篇章为翻译单位，固然最理想,有时会太大不可能操作。,以段落作为翻译单位有时很长单复句关系比较复杂，初学者不容易把握。,对初学者而言，句子是较为理想的翻译单位。因为：,2004,年,9,月,13,日,从意义上讲，句子能够表示一个完整意思；从功能上讲，句子表示陈述，疑问，祈使，感叹等语气；从形态上讲，句子末端有句号，问号或感叹号为标志。,这些都是句子在层级上高于词和词组之处。汉语的句子，在理解时容易识别，较容易分析，在表达时又较容易重构，转换成与之对应的英语句子。,必须注意的是,一个句子与相邻的句子之间存在一定语义的关联,这种关联总在以显性或隐性的方式连接在一起,.,正确地理解一个句子往往不仅要看它本身,往往还要依赖于与它相邻的句子甚至整个篇章,所以孤立地翻译句子而忽视句际之间的关系是不可取的,.,2004,年,9,月,13,日,1.3,汉英翻译的标准,(criteria),Criteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.,1.3.1 Source-languageoriented principle(,以译出语为取向的原则,).,Characteristics:pay extreme attention to the form of the source text,always adopts a word-for-word/line-for-line translation or transliteration.,e.g.,他是只纸老虎,He is a paper tiger.,这事让他丢脸,This makes him lose face.,2004,年,9,月,13,日,it rains cats and dogs(?),the Milky Way (?),the apple of ones eye(?),2)Target-language-oriented principle(,以译入语为取向的原则,),Liberal/free translation:,e.g.:What is done is done.,木已成舟,Kicking a man when he is down.,打落水狗,/,落井下石,Liberal translation:using large number of domestication/adaptation for the readers sake.This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.,三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮,Two heads are better than one.,2004,年,9,月,13,日,1.3.2Author-and reader-oriented principle(,以作者和读者为取向的原则,),Characteristics:take both the author and the reader into consideration,and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.,18,世纪英国爱丁堡大学教授，翻译理论家泰特勒,(Alexander F.Tytler),提出的三条翻译基本原理：,1.A translation should give a complete transcript of the,ideas,of the original work.,（译文应该完全传达原文的思想）,2.The,style and manner,of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.,（译文的风格与笔调应与原文的一致）,3.A translation should have all,the ease,of the original composition.,（译文应像原文一样流畅）,玄奘,:,既须求真又须喻俗,严复,:(,天演论,卷首的,译例言,),“信、达、雅”,(faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance),“,译事三难：信，达，雅。求其信已大难矣，顾信矣不达，虽择犹不择也，则达尚焉。”,2004,年,9,月,13,日,Yan Fus,“faithfulness”,means the full and complete conveying or transmission of the original content or thought.,His,“expressiveness”,demands that the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense.,So the first two words as translation criteria are acceptable.But his,“elegance”,is unadoptable because it refers to the use of classical Chinese before that Han Dynasty.Yan Fu held that only the language before the Han Dynasty could be considered elegant and old vocabulary,old structure of Chinese must be used in order to represent the original fully and adequately.,Therefore he can be said to object to the use of the vernacular or popular language of the people.As a matter of fact,the vernacular began to be in fashion when Yan Fu lived.Facts prove the vernacular or the popular language of the people can be used to translate any foreign language in the world.,So many people criticized his“elegance.”Furthermore,His“elegance”can only be regarded as one style.Its opposite is the style of“boldness”.“Elegance”and“boldness”constitute two different styles.Of course there are many other styles in translation.,鲁迅,(,题未定草,)“,凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿”；“,信，顺”（,faithfulness,，,smoothness),2004,年,9,月,13,日,1.3.3Aesthetics-oriented principle(,以美学为取向的原则,),傅雷：,(,高老头重译本序,),神似（,similarity in spirit,）傅雷先生模拟我国传统的绘画理论,提出翻译应当像临画,所求的不在形似而在神似,强调“重神似不重形似”。,钱钟书：化境,(sublimation/reincarnation),许渊冲：“三美”（音美，意美，形美,the phonetic beauty,the semantic beauty,the formal beauty,）,2004,年,9,月,13,日,许渊冲译毛泽东诗词,昆仑,而今我谓昆仑，不要这么高，不要这多雪，安得倚天抽宝剑，将汝裁为三节：一节赠欧，一节赠美，一节还东国。,I would give to Europe your crest,And to America your breast,And leave the orient the rest.,许渊冲贺杨振宁新婚,振宁不老松，杨帆为小翁,多寒情更热，花好驻春风,The ageless wont grow old,You sail with your young bride,love will warm winter cold,spring will ever abide.,Autumn-spring romance,a December-May couple,老夫少妻,中华儿女多奇志，不爱红装爱武装（毛泽东,为女民兵题照）,Most Chinese daughters have a desire strong,To be battle-dressed and not rosy-gowned.,To face the powder and not powder the face.,2004,年,9,月,13,日,1.3.4 Sociosemiotics-oriented principle(,以社会符号学为取向的原则,),Characteristics:the translator should take into consideration the meaning and function conveyed by all kinds of language symbols included.,符号学的翻译原则：在保证特定上下文中最重要的意义优先传译的前提下，尽可能多地传递原语信息的多重意义，以争取原文和译文最大限度的等值。,A)Designative/conceptual meaning(,指称意义,),The relationship between the language symbol and the objective world it refers to,e.g.:flower,（花）,He can play football.(,他会踢球,),B)Linguistic meaning(,言内意义,):the relationship between language symbols in the level of phonetics,word syntactic and discourse.,The senator picked up his hat and courage.,参议员捡起了帽子，鼓起了勇气,(,一语双叙,),Two ghosts walked into a bar and asked the bar tender,“,Do you serve spirits”?(,双关,),C)Pragmatic meaning(,语用意义,),：,It refers to the relationship between language symbols and its user,including indexical meaning(,表征意义,),expressive meaning(,表达意义,),social meaning(,社会意义,),imperative meaning(,祈使意义,),associative meaning(,联想意义,).,2004,年,9,月,13,日,Leech(1974:10-26),意义七分说,概念意义,(conceptual meaning),主位意义,(thematic meaning),联想意义,(associative meaning),含蓄意义,(connotative meaning),、,文体意义,(stylistic meaning),、,情感意义,(affective meaning),、,折射意义,(reflected meaning),、,搭配意义,(collocative meaning),2004,年,9,月,13,日,对语言具备的功能,翻译家和语言学家的看法基本一致,只是划分的类别出有粗细之分,综合各家之见,(,陈宏薇将之,),分为,:,1.,信息功能,(informative function),e.g.Gold melts at 300 degrees Fahrenheit.,2.,表情功能,(expressive function),e.g.Im extremely sorry about,3.,人际,/,寒暄功能,(interpersonal/phatic function),e.g.How are you?,Thank you for being with us!Good night!,4.,呼唤,/,祈使功能,(vocative function),e.g.Come here!,2004,年,9,月,13,日,5.,美感功能,(aesthetic function),e.g.My loves a red rose,6.,认知功能,(cognitive function)*,man has to use language to think,during the process,the language is performing the,7.,元语言功能,(metalingual function),e.g.Chinese is a tonal language,西方最流行的标准是等值,(equivalent value),，等效,(equivalent effect),，功能对等,(functional equivalence),。,陈宏薇：“功能相似，语意相符”,(similarity in function and correspondence in meaning),2004,年,9,月,13,日,翻译的标准,鲁迅：信，顺（,faithfulness,，,smoothness),严复：信，达，雅（,faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance,）,刘重德：信，达，切 （,faithfulness,expressiveness,closeness,）,傅雷：神似（,similarity in spirit,）,钱钟书：化境,(sublimation),2004,年,9,月,13,日,译者素养,“,翻译工作是一件艰苦的工作。有时候翻译比创作还要困难”,-,郭沫若,About a half century ago,the late respected and beloved premier Zhou Enlai,in an interview with students of Beijing Foreign Languages Institute(now Beijing Foreign Studies University),strengthened the“basic training”in the three essential aspects:the enhancement of our political consciousness,the betterment of our command of the relevant languages,and the broadening of the range and scope of our general knowledge.,深厚的,语言功底,(a good command of the source and target language),广博的,文化知识,(a wide range and scope of knowledge),高度的,责任感,(a high responsibility),2004,年,9,月,13,日,深厚的语言功底,外文水平高,中文水平高,语法意识,*他发现前人研究地理的记载有很多不很可靠的地方。,He found there were many unreliable points in the geography record which be researched by the people before.,He found there were many unreliable points in the geographic records kept by his predecessors.,惯用法意识,连贯意识,2004,年,9,月,13,日,惯用法意识列举,1.,你要有所,弋获,，则必须在学习中不断深入。,2.,陈先生乃中国学界,泰斗,，他的那本书似为汉语修辞学研究的,嚆矢,。,3.,当今澳洲文坛,执牛耳,者帕特里克,.,怀特的作品相当费解。,4.,在旧中国，小人当道，,瓦釜雷鸣,的情形屡见不鲜。,5.,婚姻不自由是当时,勃谿,时起的原因之一。,6.,那研究生英年好学，,矻矻,三载，终使其论文得以,付梓,。,7.,那位学贯中西的我国学者和英文大师，年轻时赴美,负笈,哈佛一年，即得硕士。,8.,不少人认为“信、达、雅”是严复的,戛戛独造,，并奉之为译事之,圭臬,。,9.,那地方是块,肥肉,，谁都想吃。,2004,年,9,月,13,日,连贯意识列举,那人一只大手，向他摊着；一只手却撮着一个鲜红的馒头，那红的还是一点一点地往下滴。（鲁迅,药,）,This man was thrusting one huge extended hand towards him,while in the other he held a roll of steamed bread,from which crimson drops were dripping to the ground.,（杨宪益、戴乃迭译）,2004,年,9,月,13,日,广博的文化知识,相关国家的文化背景知识,汉英两种语言所反映的中西文化差异知识,翻译理论及与翻译研究相关学科的知识,2004,年,9,月,13,日,高度的责任感,严谨、端正的工作态度,（译前准备、翻译之时、译后校核）,敬业、乐业的主人公意识,政治觉悟高,The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.,敌人杀害了我们一位同志，我们宰了一个敌特。,The peasants and workers were hand in glove with one another in the struggle against the landlords and capitalists who worked hand in glove with each other.,在反对狼狈为奸的地主和资本家的斗争中，工人和农民团结一致（亲如手足）。,2004,年,9,月,13,日,2,汉英翻译基础知识,汉英翻译与文化,中英思维方式对比,汉英语言对比,2004,年,9,月,13,日,2.1,汉英翻译与文化,2.1.1,文化的定义与分类,Culture means the total body of tradition borne by a society and transmitted from generation to generation.It thus refers to the norms,values,standards by which people act,and it includes the ways distinctive in each society of ordering the world and rendering it intelligible.Culture is.a set of mechanisms for survival,but it provides us also with a definition of reality.It is the matrix into which we are born.(Robert Murphy,1986:14),that complex whole which includes knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,customs,and many other capabilities and habits acquired by.members of society.(E.B.Taylor,1871),美国著名翻译理论家尤金,.,奈达定义为“某一人群及其生存环境中所特有的某种活动、思想及其在物体和活动中所表现出来的物质形式的总和”。,本教材（陈宏薇）将文化定义为：文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。（,现代汉语字典,第一条定义）,2004,年,9,月,13,日,“The definition of culture is what the society does or thinks.”(Edward Sapir),“Culture as a way of life,Culture might be defined as the ideas,customs,skills,arts,and tools which characterize a given people in a given period of time.”(H.D.Brown),Robertson said,“Culture refers to the total pattern of beliefs,customs,institutions,objects and techniques which characterize the life of a human community.Culture consists of all the shared products of human society.”,E.T.Hall said in 1977 that“Culture is everything and everywhere.”,E.A.Hoebel and E.Frost see culture in nearly all human activity.They define culture as an“integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are not the result of biological inheritance.”,Daniel Bates and Freg Plog said,“Culture is a system of shared beliefs,values,customs,behaviors,and art that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another,and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.”,戚雨村先生在,语言,文化,对比,一文中，对广义文化和狭义文化作了精辟的概括：“广义的文化指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，狭义的文化指社会意识形态、以及与之相适应的制度和组织机构；有时也特指教育、科学、文学、艺术等方面的精神财富，以便与政治、经济、军事等方面的知识和设施相区别。”（见,外语研究,1992,年第,2,期）,2004,年,9,月,13,日,依据不同的标准，文化分类也林林总总。,从,地域,分，有本土文化和外来文化、城市文化和农村文化、东方文化和西方文化、大陆汉文化和港澳台汉文化等；,从,时间,分，由原始文化、奴隶制文化、封建文化、资本主义文化、社会主义文化等；,从,宗教信仰,分，有佛教文化、道教文化、基督教文化、伊斯兰教文化等；,从,生产方式,分，有游牧文化、农业文化、工业文化、信息文化等；,从,生产工具,分，有旧石器文化、新石器文化、青铜文化；,从,人类把握世界的方式,分，有科学文化和人文文化；,从,性质,分，有世界文化、民族文化、精英文化、通俗文化等；,从,结构层次,分，有物质文化、制度文化、精神文化等。,2004,年,9,月,13,日,2.1.2,文化、语言与汉英翻译的关系,语言与文化密不可分，文化的差异可以通过语言反映出来。,“,Language is a means of human intercourse.”(Frisdric Engles),“A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.”(Karl Marx)Language is human-specific,found only among human beings.,“Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols,a system of signs,created by human beings and used for human communication.”(Saussure),一、自然条件的差异,“东风夜放花千树”、,“等闲识得东风面，万紫千红总是春”,Biting east winds;,a piercing east wind;,How many winter days have I seen him,standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind!,2004,年,9,月,13,日,“,碧云天，黄花地，西风紧，北雁南飞。晓来谁染霜林醉？总是离人泪。”,-,王实甫,西厢记,Grey are the clouds in the sky and faded are the leaves on the ground./Bitter is the west wind as the wild geese fly from the north to the south./How isnt that in the morning the white-frosted tree are dyed as red as a wine flush face?/It must have been caused by the tears of those who are about to depart.-,熊式一译,英桂冠诗人,John Masefield,所作,Ode to the West Wind,用以怀念故乡,Herefordshire.,Its warm wind,the west wind,full of birds cries/I never hear the west but tears are in my eyes,/For it comes from the west lands,the old brown hills,And Aprils in the west wind,and daffodils.,(,那是一种温暖的风，西风吹时，万鸟争鸣；一听西风起，我眼眶中泪盈盈，因为它是来自西土，那褐色的故乡边，春天就在西风中到来，还有水仙。,-,钱歌川译,),2004,年,9,月,13,日,英国是一个岛国，渔业和航海业发达，看以下词语：,all is,fish,that comes to ones net,凡能到手的都要,You cant make a,crab,walk straight.,江山易改，本性难移。,She,sailed,through the hall.,她自由自在地走过大厅。,顺藤摸瓜,track down by following clues,归根结蒂,to get to the root of the problem,雨后春笋,spring up like mushrooms,多如牛毛,as plentiful as blackberries,2004,年,9,月,13,日,二、习俗的差异,汉英习俗的差异是多方面的。如对狗的态度：狗在汉语文化中是一种卑微的动物，与狗相关得表达一般含有贬义，,如“走狗、狗腿子、狗东西、癞皮狗、狗急跳墙、狗仗人势、狗眼看人低、狼心狗肺”等。,英语文化中人们则欣赏狗的勇敢和忠诚，,如“,a lucky dog(,幸运儿,)”,、“,Love me,love my dog(,爱屋及乌,)”,、“,Every dog has his day(,凡人皆有得意日,)”,等。,又如颜色方面，中国人喜爱红色，认为它代表热情、喜悦和兴旺。传统中国婚礼上新娘子总是红色的奇葩，以示吉利；新房也必由大红“喜”字,但英美文化中红色常与暴力、流血和战争有关。,因而为避免读者误解，著名翻译家,David Hawkes,不但把,红楼梦,翻译成“,The story of the stone”,，还将全书的“红”字都译为“,green”,。同样的差异还体现在白色、绿色等颜色上。,2004,年,9,月,13,日,2.2,中英思维方式对比,2.2.1,中国人注重伦理,(ethics);,英美人注重认知,(congnition),“,以儒家为代表的先哲对世界的认识主要不是出于对自然奥秘的好奇，而是出于对现实政治和伦理道德的关注”。儒家思想“关心的是人道，而非天道，是人生之理，而非自然之性”。,而海洋性地理环境中发展起来的英美文化促使英美人对天文地理的浓厚兴趣，使他们形成了探求自然的奥秘，向自然索取的认知传统。,2004,年,9,月,13,日,如：顺其自然（,Let natur