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level,*,*,William G.Buttlar,Eshan V.Dave,University of Illinois,Urbana,IL,Daniel S.Sherman,V3 Companies of Illinois,Woodridge,IL,Hybrid Reflective-crack Relief System At Greater Peoria Regional Airport:A Case Study,Outline,Introduction to Reflective Cracking,Greater Peoria Regional Airport,Design and Construction of a Hybrid Reflective Crack Relief System,Material Characterization and Modeling,Field Performance,Summary and Conclusions,2,Appearance of a cracking pattern in the surface of an overlay that reflects the cracking/joint pattern in the underlying pavement,Allows water to infiltrate into underlying pavement structure,leading to further deterioration,One of the predominant failure modes in rehabilitated pavements,Often overlooked during overlay design,Reflective Cracking in Asphalt Overlays,3,Interlayer Treatments,Reinforcement Layers and Paving Fabrics,Steel Netting,Fabrics/Geotextiles,Grid Type Systems,Composite Systems(e.g.ISAC),Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayers(or SAMIs),Sand Anti-Fracture Mixtures(SAF),Strain-Tolerant Interlayer Mixtures,Reflective Crack Relief Interlayers(RCRI),4,TWY E in 1999,Air Traffic:36,000,6,TWY E in 1999,7,Rehabilitation Project,Extent of Project,Taxiway-E:Main taxiway parallel to Rwy 13-31,Approximately 1780 m C/L length(5800 ft),Project involved resurfacing and widening in some areas,8,Rehabilitation Strategy,Existing conditions were very severe:,Reflective,block,and longitudinal(cold joint)cracks,Reflective cracks were very wide and cupped,Reflective cracks were widely spaced(avg=100),Cold winters,freeze-thaw,heavy aircraft(727,DC-8,C-130 Air National Guard,Antonov Caterpillar HQ),Initially,the ISAC(Interlayer Stress Absorbing Composite)was proposed.However,due to the very wide crack spacing,predicted horizontal joint movements were predicted to be too severe for the standard ISAC strip treatment.,The U of I research team was tasked with developing a variant on the ISAC system.FEA showed that a thicker stress absorbing layer was needed.,9,Kim,J.,and W.G.Buttlar,Analysis of Reflective Crack Control System Involving Reinforcing Grid over Base-Isolating Interlayer Mixture,ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering,Vol.128,No.4,pp.375-384,2002.,Rehabilitation Strategy,10,A hybrid reflective crack relief system(RCRS)was developed using 3D FEA,that combines:,Reinforcement grid(restrict movement,reinforce HMA),Thick(50 mm)stress absorbing membrane interlayer(base isolation,protect/isolate grid)field produced(too thick for pre-fab),Schematic of Hybrid RCRS,Base isolation layer was designed as strip-type inlay(50 mm thick),or partial-depth patch,11,Subgrade,Aggregate Base,(P154),Existing AC Pavement,(,P201),Interlayer AC Mix,(50 mm),Fiberglass Grid,AC Overlay,115 mm,510 mm,190 mm,Temperature Sensors,1200 mm,1500 mm,RCRS Material Details,Strain Tolerant Mixture,4.75 mm top aggregate size sand mixture,8%asphalt content and 3.5%air voids at 50 gyrations,PG 76-31 Binder,Grid System:,GlasGrid,8502 Fabric,12.5 mm x 12.5 mm(0.5 x 0.5 inch)opening,1.5 m wide strip application over base isolation interlayer,Pressure-activated coating,12,RCRS Construction,13,Area-wide Milling,Additional 1.2 m x 50 mm Milling over cracks,Placement of Interlayer,1.5 m wide Fiberglass Reinforcement,Construction(cont.),14,Paving the SAMI,Rolling the SAMI,Overlay Paving,Milling,Milling Benefits,15,Remove Block and Longitudinal Cracks,Eliminates Crack Cupping and Associated Bump,Cracks are Much Narrower after Milling,Milled Cracks did not Require Sealant,Saved$,Before Milling,After Milling,Material Characterization,Indirect tension Test(AASHTO T-322),Viscoelastic Characterization,Tensile Strength,Disk-shaped Compact Tension Test(DCT),ASTM D7313-07,Fracture Energy of Asphalt Concrete,16,Test Temperature=-10 C,Interlayer,Overlay,Tensile Strength(MPa),4.16,3.56,Fracture Energy(J/m,2,),3430*,448,*Value estimated based on fracture energy measured for similar mixture.,Finite Element Modeling,FE Modeling was conducted for control and treated sections,Cohesive zone(CZ)elements were utilized for modeling of fracture and damage,Bulk material response was simulated as viscoelastic,Frictional interfaces were utilized between pavement layers,Temperature boundary conditions were determined using calibrated integrated climatic model(ICM),Tire Load,MD-88 Main Landing Gear,AC 150/5320-6D,17,FE Model Schematic,18,Asphalt Overlay,Subgrade,Granular Base,CZ Elements,Infinite Elements,30000-mm(100-ft),15000-mm,(50-ft),Infinite Elements,Infinite Elements,Existing AC Pavement,Fiberglass Grid,Interlayer Mix,Crack in existing AC pavement,Overlay,Interlayer,Existing AC Pavement,Granular Base,Crack in Existing AC Pavement,Cohesive Zone Elements,Fiberglass Grid,Modeling Results,Treated section has better reflective cracking performance,Low to moderate potential for cracks to form at edge of RCRS,19,Section,(Tire Load Location),Extent of Overlay Thickness,Damage(Softening),Cracking,(Complete Separation),Control,(Centered over underlying crack),75%,23%,Treated,(Centered over underlying crack),3%,0%,Treated,(Centered over edge of grid treatment),19%,0%,Field Performance:Cracking,Crack surveys:1999,2000,2003,2004,2007,2009,20,Existing Pavement,Treated Pavement,Field Performance:Reflective Cracking,Percent reflected cracks obtained through use of underlying crack location prior to rehabilitation,21,Typical Cracks 2007 Survey,22,Typical Reflection Cracking in Treated Section after Nine Years(2009),23,Typical Reflection Cracking in Treated Section after Nine Years(2009),24,Reflection Cracking in Treated Section,Approximately 12 full-width reflective cracks,Total of 70 cracks were rehabilitated,Most cracking is low to medium severity,Most of cracking is in form of meandering cracks and distributed damage.Low FOD potential at present.,25,New Tools and Understanding Since 2000(things to use/consider in future designs),Fracture test(DC(T)ASTM D7313)available,Improved,Fracture-Based FEA Techniques(CZM and GFEM)now Available,APT Reflective Cracking Study Recommendations:,Interlayer fracture energy:2500 J/m,2,Transitional layer fracture energy:1500 J/m,2,Surface layer fracture energy:600 J/m,2,26,Summary,A reflective cracking case study for Greater Peoria Regional Airport is presented,A Hybrid Reflective Crack Relief System(RCRS)was designed and implemented,Reinforcing Grid,Strain Tolerant Interlayer Mixture,Can be considered a partial depth strip treatment,Finite element modeling predicted significantly improved reflective cracking performance for treated section,Field observations indicate good performance for the RCRS treated taxiway,significantly outperforming previous 7 year overlay cycle trend,bumps have not yet returned,27,Conclusions and Recommendations,Hybrid RCRS described in the present work yields good reflective cracking performance by providing:,Reinforcement,Base isolation,The rehabilitated overlay is expected to provide additional protection against reflective cracking in future overlay cycles,Importance of area-wide milling and localized additional milling should not be overlooked,New tools and new mixture fracture energy benchmarks available for future designs,28,Thank you for your attention!,Acknowledgements:,Illinois Division of Aeronautics,Crawford,Murphy and Tilly,Inc.,Great Peoria Regional Airport,Great Lakes Region FAA,29,
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