Essay-Writing2公开.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,General Format For Traditional College Writing,Beginning Paragraph,Supporting Paragraph 1,Supporting Paragraph 2,Supporting Paragraph 3,Ending Paragraph,1,Paragraph Writing,Ensure an effective paragraph,If you advance a single point and stick to the point,If you support the point with specific evidence,If you organize and connect the specific evidence,If you write clear,error-free sentences.,2,A Typical Paragraph Pattern,A Typical Paragraph Pattern(50250 words),starting with an assertion(topic sentence),followed by evidence to substantiate the assertion(details on target),ending with an evaluation or commentary on the evidence,3,Sample,Synonyms,words that have the same meaning,do not always have the same emotional meaning.,For example,the words stingy and frugal both mean“careful with money.”However,to call a person stingy is an insult,while the word frugal has a much more positive connotation.Similarly,a person wants to be slender but not skinny,and aggressive but not pushy.,Therefore,you should be careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really synonymous at all.,4,A strong Paragraph,A strong Paragraph Should Be,unified,The entire paragraph should concern itself with a single focus.(All those irrelevant ideas or sentences must be removed),coherent,The sentences of a paragraph must stick together and blend smoothly to achieve continuity.,adequately-developed,The paragraph presents enough and convincing argument supporting its main idea.,5,Unity,Ways to achieve,Unity,in a paragraph,Use a topic sentence(General statement),Organize according to a,commitment and response,pattern.(Staying on track),Downshift to develop your paragraph with specific details.(From general to specific),This deductive top-down structure is more welcome in academic writings.,6,Exercise 1,Practicing engineers and scientists say they spend half of their time writing memos and reports.College students going to business think their secretaries will do their writings for them.Students going to the technique or scientific fields may think that writing is something they seldom have to do.Young business people seldom have private secretaries.Our notion that only poets and novelists have to write is unrealistic.Other things being equal,a person in any field who can express ideas clearly is sure to succeed.,7,Exercise 2,Even when you try to be polite,its easy to do the wrong thing inadvertently in a new culture.For example,when someone offers you food or a beverage in America,accept it the first time it is offered.If you say“No,thank you”because it is polite to decline the first one or two in your culture,you could become hungry and thirsty.American meals are usually more informal than meals in other countries,and the time of meals may be different.An American thinks that“no”means“no”and will usually not offer again.,8,Exercise 2,Although Americans are usually very direct in social matters,there are a few occasions when they are not.If an American says,“Please drop by sometime,“he may or may not want you to visit him in his home.You clue that this may be not a real invitation is the word“sometime”.In some areas of the United States,Americans do not expect you to visit them unless you have an invitation for a specific day and time.In other areas of the United States,however,“dropping by”is a friendly,neighborly gesture.Idioms are often difficult for newcomers to understand.,9,Understanding Coherence,Sample,The Chinese Passage,也有某些恒星非常小，比地球还小。可是这种恒星旳物质，密度尤其大。火柴头那么大旳一点点就抵得上十多种成年人旳重量。用白金造成一样大旳一种球，重量才抵得上它旳二千分之一。人到了这种星星上休想站得起来。,10,Translation 1,There are also stars very small;some are even smaller than the earth.But the substances of these stars have especially high density.A bit like a match head can be equal to the weight of more than 10 adults.A ball made of platinum as big as the star,the weight would only be equal to 1/2023 of it.A man reached the star could never stand up.,11,Translation 2,There are also stars,that,are very small,and,some stars are even smaller,than,the earth.,However,the,substances,of these stars have especially high density.A bit of,substances,as small as a match head can be as heavy as the weight of more than 10 adults.,If,a ball made of platinum were as big as,the star,its,weight would be only as much as 1/2023 of,the star,.A man could never stand up,if he,reached the star.,(analytical language vs.synthetic language),12,Ways to achieve,Coherence,Logical bridges,The same idea of a topic is carried over from sentence to sentence,.,Deductive(general-to-specific),Inductive(specific-to-general),Successive sentences can be constructed in parallel form,13,Verbal bridges,Key words can be repeated in several sentences.,Synonyms words can be repeated in the paragraph.,Pronouns can refer to nouns in previous sentences.,Transition words can be used to link from different sentences.,14,Sample 1,I have sought love,first because,it brings ecstasy-ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest for a few hours of this joy.,I have sought it,next,because it,relieves loneliness-that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable life abyss.,I have sought it,finally,because,in the union of love I have seen,in a mystic immature,the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined.This is what I sought,and though it might seem too good for human life,this is what-at last-I have found.,15,Sample 2,It is a misunderstanding of the American retail store to think we go there necessarily to buy.Some of us shop.There is a difference.Shopping has many purposes,the least interesting of which is to acquire new articles.,We shop to,cheer ourselves up.,We shop to,practice decision-making.,We shop to,be useful and productive members of our class and society.,We shop to,remind ourselves how much is available to us.,We shop to,remind ourselves how much is to be striven for.,We shop to,assert our superiority to the material objects that spread themselves before us.,16,Sample 3,There are about 50,000 entries in a Chinese dictionary not counting the compounds.In order to be,literate,a Chinese must,learn,6,000;to be moderately,educated,12,000.An English-speaking child,having to,conquer,only a 26-letter,alphabet,has usually learned to,read,by the time he begins third grade.A Chinese child needs at least five more years of elementary learning;in the seventh grade,he can barely read a Chinese newspaper.,17,Sample 4,“Thirty-nine fifty for one textbook!Youve got to be kidding,”I mumbled as I did not know how I was going to,pay,tuition,housing,phone bills,and groceries if all my textbook,cost,me that much.“I might as well join the army,”I thought.At least it would,pay,my tuition and,give,me army,rations,.Right now,army chow sounded considerably better than boiled pages from a psychology text.I stood there full of resentment;I had no intention of,spending,all my,hard-earned money,on textbooks.Yet I had no choice.This was a book I had to have,whatever,the cost,.,18,Transition Words,Visible hooks,links and directional signals,Space Pointers,Time Pointers,Analysis Pointers,19,Space Pointers,Above,before,here,on the left,across from,below,in the distance,on the right,Down,close to,Beneath,Under,Around,near to,over,adjacent to,Beyond,nearby,opposite to,Further,next to,on top of,Up,20,Time Pointers-1,first,second etc.,soon,eventually,in the meantime,then,thereupon,at the same time,next,thereafter,Constantly,For the time being,Frequently,For the time being,In the days ahead,In the future,Meanwhile,From now on,At other times,after an interval,now,after,presently,later,afterward,somewhat later,finally,at last,21,Time pointers-2,Over the years,Presently,Previously,Prior,Ultimately,Still,Subsequently,simultaneously,22,Analysis Pointers,23,To show an addition,Additionally,Again,Along with,In like manner,As well as,Besides,Further,Furthermore,What is more,In the same way,Likewise,Moreover,Similarly,Just as,24,To show an Alternative,Contrast or Exception,Although,At any rate,But,Despite,Either,Whereas,while,Rather,Still,Though,Unless,Unlike,On the other hand,Otherwise,In spite of,Instead,Lest,Neither,Nevertheless,Nor,In contrast,25,To show a Conclusion,Effect,or Summary,Accordingly,In short,The point is,In brief,To sum up,In consequence,As a result,Hence,Thus,All in all,Consequently,Therefore,In conclusion,26,To,show How or Why,As,In order,For,By,Because,Since,27,To introduce an,Example or illustration,For example,That is,Namely,For instance,28,To show a Possibility or Probability,Apparently,Possibly,If,Presumably,Probably,Usually,Perhaps,29,To Emphasize or Clarify,Actually,In other words,As a matter of fact,Indeed,In fact,Of course,30,To show a Certainty or Likelihood,Certainly,Obviously,Evidently,Surely,Naturally,Unquestionably,No doubt,Without a doubt,31,Education and Success,A university education can help you achieve some types of success,but not all of them.,Careers in law,engineering,or medicine,A profession like a movie star,sports star,or a businessperson,Spiritual happiness or relationships with family and friends,32,A university education can help you achieve some types of success,but it makes little or no difference to whether or not you are successful in other areas of life.Undoubtedly,a university education is essential if you want to have a career in a profession such as law,engineering,teaching,or medicine.However,you do not need a university degree to become a wealthy and powerful movie star,sports star or businessperson.As a mater of fact,a university education does not generally enable you to achieve spiritual happiness,or to have successful relationships with family and friends.Indeed,success takes different forms and a university education is not for everything.,33,A Summer,A summer spent living in the country when I was eighteen years old satisfied me.,I fell in love with the beauty and tranquility of nature.,Fresh,pure smell of the country air,Splendid,unpolluted landscape,34,A summer spent living in the country when I was eighteen years old was one of the most satisfying times of my life.I fell in love with the beauty and tranquility of nature.I lived on a small,fifteen-acre farm in Copley,Ohio.At the time I was as wild as any kid just out of high school.However,I loved the fresh,pure smell of the country air.Out there in Gods paradise I got a special feeling,a form of energy that sometimes overwhelmed me.The land there was still unchanged,not destroyed by what man calls progress.People in the country had great respect for nature and its wonders;therefore,they altered the landscape as little as possible.Living there,I felt at peace with myself and happier than at any other time in the city.,35,