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单击此处编辑母版文本样式,返回导航,第一编专题四语法填空和短文改错,大二轮复习,英语,第一编,专题四语法填空和短文改错,第,1,讲语法必备,重点二词性转换、比较等级和名词数,1/44,知考向,高考加大了对形容词和副词考查力度。高考对名词考查以名词数、名词复数形式和词性转换为主。完形填空会包括对名词、形容词和词义辨析。,定考点,语法填空如提醒词是形容词或副词，应考虑词性转换或比较等级；如提醒词是名词，考虑词性转换或名词复数形式。,2/44,1,真题体验,2,即时巩固,3,素能强化,3/44,真 题 体 验,4/44,正面解读增分语法填空,考法,1,考查词性转换,确定词性，联络构词法,1,(,全国卷,)However,，,be _(care)not to go to extremes.,解析：,句意：然而小心不要走极端。设空在句中作表语，应用形容词，依据句意可知该处填,careful,，表,“,小心,”,。,care,另外两个形容词分别是,careless,“,粗心；马虎,”,，,caring,“,体贴,”,。,careful,5/44,2,(,全国卷,)This development was only possible with the _(introduce)of electric,powered engines and lifts.,解析：,句意：由设空前定冠词,the,和设空后介词,of,可知设空应填名词。动词,Introduce,名词是去掉词尾字母,e,再加后缀,tion,。,the introduction of.,“,介绍,/,引进,”,。,3,(,全国卷,)The Central London Railway was one of the most _(success)of these new lines,，,and was opened in 1900.,解析：,句意：伦敦中心地铁是这些新开线路中最为成功线路之一。它于,1900,年通车。,the most _ of these new lines,在句中作系动词,was,表语，设空前是,the most,，故设空填形容词与之组成最高级，名词,success,形容词是,successful,。,introduction,successful,6/44,4,(,全国卷,)She is determined to carry on with her _(educate).,解析：,句意：她决定继续自己学业。设空前是形容词性物主代词,her,，故设空应填名词。,educate,名词形式是,education,，意为,“,教育,”,。,be determined to do sth.,“,决定做某事,”,；,carry on with sth.,“,继续进行某事,”,；,receive a good education,“,接收良好教育,”,。,education,7/44,5,(,全国卷,)It is _(certain)fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.,解析：,句意：那必定很有趣不过那种生活方式有点不真实。设空后是形容词,fun,，应用副词作状语修饰，故填,certainly,。,练有小进：,fun,作名词时，是不可数名词，意为,“,乐趣；有趣人或物,”,，是不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也没有复数形式。惯用于短语,have fun,“,玩得开心,”,；,for fun,“,为了玩乐,”,；,make fun of,“,取笑,”,；,fun,作形容词时，意为,“,有趣；给人欢乐,”,。,certainly,8/44,6,(,全国卷,)The title will be _(official)given to me at a ceremony in London.,解析：,句意：这个头衔将在伦敦一个仪式上正式授予我。设空在句中修饰谓语,will be given,，应用副词作状语，故填,official,副词,officially,，意为,“,正式地,”,。,7,(,全国卷,)Then,，,handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of _(achieve).,解析：,句意：然后首先处理主要任务，那么你会感觉到一个真正成就感。介词,of,后应接名词作宾语，,a sense of achievement,“,一个成就感,”,，此时,achievement,是不可数名词。,officially,achievement,9/44,8,(,全国卷,)Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which _(gradual)turned into chopsticks.,解析：,句意：用树枝轻易吃小块食物这些树枝就逐步演变成了筷子。设空处修饰谓语动词,turned into,，作状语应用副词形式，故填,gradually,，意为,“,逐步地,”,。,9,(,全国卷,)Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat _(slow)during cool nights,，,thus warming the house.,解析：,句意：由土坯做房子在热天吸收太阳热量，在清凉夜晚慢慢放出热量，所以使房屋变暖。设空后是谓语,give out,，应用副词作状语修饰，故填,slowly,。,gradually,slowly,10/44,10,(,全国卷,)While there are _(amaze)stories of instant transformation,，,for most of us the changes are gradual.,解析：,句意：尽管有一些令人吃惊快速改观事情，不过对我们大部分人而言，改变是循序渐进。设空后是名词,stories,，应用形容词作定语。设空所填词说明事物,stories,特征，应用以,ing,结尾形容词,amazing,，表,“,令人吃惊,”,。,amazed,意为,“,吃惊,”,，用以说明人心理感受或修饰与人相关名词，如,appearance(,外表,),，,look(,神情,),，,expression(,表情,),，,smile(,微笑,),，,voice(,嗓音,),等。,amazing,11/44,11,(,浙江卷,)But something made her look closer,，,and she noticed a _(shine)object.,解析：,句意：不过有个东西让她凑近看了一下，于是她注意到一个闪闪发光东西。设空前是冠词,a,，设空后,object,是名词，故设空处应填形容词，说明事物特征，意为,“,闪闪发光,”,，填,shiny,或,shining,。,shiny/shining,12/44,12,(,四川卷,)Chinese scientists _(recent)had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.,解析：,句意：中国科学家最近有机会研究一个野生雌性大熊猫和它小宝宝。设空在句中修饰谓语动词,had,，应用副词作状语：故填,recently,，意为,“,最近,”,。,recently,13/44,13,(,广东,)_(lucky),，,he also had a cow which produced milk every day.,解析：,句意：幸运是，设空在句中作评注性状语，修饰全句，应用副词。故填,Luckily,。注意句首字母要大写；注意以,y,结尾形容词变副词应将,y,改为,i,再加,ly,。,Luckily,14/44,分析句子结构并确定所填词在句子中所作成份是解答词性转换题关键所在。,1,填形容词或副词,作定语、表语、宾语补足语或主语补足语：用提醒词形容词形式。,修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子时：应用提醒词副词形式。,提醒词是形容词、副词，词性不需要改变时：依据句意和前后逻辑关系，确定添加否定前缀,(un,，,im,，,in,，,il,，,dis,等,),或否定后缀,(,less),变为提醒词反义词。,名 师 点 津,15/44,2,填名词,依据句法结构判断填名词：作主语或在及物动词或介词后作宾语考虑用提醒词名词形式。确定词性为名词后，依据惯用前后缀将提醒词转换成适当形式，同时依据详细语境确定名词单复数。,依据设空前限定词判断填名词：在,“,冠词,(,形容词,),”,后填名词。,在形容词性物主代词、名词全部格、数词、量词和形容词之后，考虑填名词。,16/44,考法,2,考查比较等级,利用标志词确定比较级,14,(,全国卷,)Even _(bad),，,the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.,解析：,句意：更糟糕是，人们所吃快餐数量增加了。设空前是比较级修饰语,Even,，故设空处应填比较级。注意,bad,/badly,比较级和最高级分别是,worse,，,worst,。类似使用方法还有,Whats worse/,worse still/even worse,“,更糟糕是,”,。,worse,17/44,15,(,全国卷,)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work,，,you should take a step back and identify(,识别,)those of _(great)and less importance.,解析：,句意：假如你因为工作职责而感到有压力话，那么你应该退一步搞清哪些事情更主要，哪些事情不太主要。空后,and,连接两个并列成份，设空处应与,less,并列，应用比较级。故填,greater,。,greater,18/44,16,(,全国卷,)Finally,，,that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is _(clean)than ever.,解析：,句意：最终，辛劳工作得到了回报，现在河水比以前洁净多了。依据句中比较级标志词,than,可知该空应用比较级，故填,cleaner,。,17,(,辽宁卷,)The _(hard)you try to beat him,，,the more likely you will get hit.,解析：,句意：你越想努力打败他，你就越有可能被打倒。依据空前,The,和后一分句,the more likely,可知此处应用比较级。,“,the,比较级,.,，,the,比较级,.,”,为固定句式，表,“,越,，就越,”,。,cleaner,harder,19/44,18,(,浙江卷,)Sixteen years _(early),，,Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.,解析：,句意：十六年前，帕拉森取下钻石戒指做饭。表示,“,之前,”,，应用,early,比较级,earlier,。,练有小得：,early(,adj,.&,ad,v,.),是高考语法填空和短文改错高频考点，所以考生应记牢以下几点：,at,/from an early age,“,年少时,/,自年少时,”,，,in the early days,“,最初,”,，,early in the morning,“,一大早,”,。,时间段,earlier,表,“,之前,”,，,at ones earliest convenience,“,尽早,”,。,earlier,20/44,19,(,上海卷,)Up to a certain point,，,the more stress you are under,，,the _(good)your performance will be.,解析：,句意：在一定程度上，你所受压力越大，你表现就会越好。依据设空前一分句,the more,和设空前定冠词,the,，可判断此处是,“,the,比较级,.,，,the,比较级,.,”,结构，意为,“,越,，就越,”,。形容词,good,比较级和最高级分别是,better,，,best,。句中应记住短语,up to a certain extent,“,在某种程度上,”,；,under stress,“,在压力下,”,。,better,21/44,20,(,浙江卷,)Not _ than a half,hour walk,，,I thought.,解析：,句意：我认为不超出半小时步行。依据设空前,Not,和设空后,than,可判断出该空填,more,，组成固定短语,not more than,。,not more than,基数词，意为,“,不超出,”,。,more than,基数词，意为,“,多于,”,，,no more than,基数词，意为,“,仅仅,”,。,more,22/44,提醒词是形容词或副词，依据语境和句意，该词词性不变，意思不变，则可能填该词比较级或最高级。,6,类标志词确定答题线索,设空后含有,than.,结构时用比较级。,设空前有用来修饰比较级词语,much,，,far,，,even,，,rather,，,any,，,a little,，,a bit,，,a great deal,及倍数等时用比较级。,名 师 点 津,23/44,表,“,越,就越,”,用,the,比较级,.,，,the,比较级,.,。,句中虽没有,than,，但暗含比较级，也用比较级。,设空后有表示范围标志词,“,in,范围,”,，,“,of,范围,”,，,“,among,范围,”,等时，用最高级。,设空前有,(one of,)the,，,the,序数词，,by far the,等修饰词时，用最高级。,24/44,考法,3,考查名词单复数,利用标志词确定名词数,21,(,全国卷,)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _(crowd)on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.,解析：,句意：它在地下仅七千米处运行，这使人们得以避开上下班路上拥堵人群。及物动词,avoid,“,防止,”,，后可接名词或动名词作宾语。设空前有形容词,terrible,，故该空不能填动名词。,crowd,作,“,人群,”,解时，为可数名词，需用复数形式。,the crowd,“,人群,”,；,a crowd of,“,一群,/,一堆,”,，,crowds of,“,成群,”,；,be crowded with,“,挤满,”,。,crowds,25/44,22,(,全国卷,)She has turned down several _(invitation)to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.,解析：,为了专心学习，她已经拒绝了几场走秀。依据设空前,several,可知设空所填名词应用复数形式。句中应记牢短语,turn down,“,拒绝,”,；,concentrate on,“,专心于,”,。,23,(,全国卷,)The nursery team switches him every few _(day)with his sister.,解析：,句意：护理组每隔几天交换看护它和它妹妹。,day,是可数名词，,few,修饰可数名词复数形式，故该空用复数形式。,invitations,days,26/44,24,(,全国卷,)Recent _(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.,解析：,句意：最近一些研究显示，假如我们定时地进行短暂休息话，我们工作效率会高很多。,study,作,“,研究,”,讲时，为可数名词，依据谓语动词,show,可知主语应用复数形式，故填,studies,。,25,(,全国卷,)The Li River is pictured by artists in so many Chinese _(painting).,解析：,句意：漓江是被许多艺术家在许多国画中描绘地方。,painting,是可数名词，,many,修饰可数名词复数形式，故该空填,painting,复数形式。,studies,paintings,27/44,26,(,浙江卷,)Last October,，,while tending her garden in Mora,，,Sweden,，,Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _(carrot)and was about to throw them away.,解析：,句意：去年夏天，莱娜,帕拉森在瑞典穆拉照料菜园时，拔出一把小胡萝打算扔掉。依据设空前短语,a handful of,可知可数名词,carrot,应用复数形式。需记住短语：,a handful of,“,一把,”,；,pull out,“,拔出,”,。,27,(,四川卷,)Any smell might attract natural _(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda.,解析：,句意：任何气味都可能引来天敌设法吃掉小熊猫。大熊猫天敌不止一个，设空前无表示,“,一,”,不定冠词或数词，故,enemy,应用复数。,carrots,enemies,28/44,提醒词是名词，分析句子成份后发觉词性不需改变，则考虑用所给名词复数形式。同时注意不规则改变情况。,1,查看名词前面修饰语，确定名词单复数形式,不定冠词,a,；,an,后用名词单数形式。,名词前有,one of the,时用名词复数形式。,名词前有,many,，,several,，,few,，,a few,，,a number of,，,hundreds of,，,a couple of,，,all,，,both,，,other,等表,“,多,”,数量词时用名词复数形式。,名词前有超出,1,基数词，如,two,，,three,等时，名词用复数形式。,名词前有形容词,different,，,various,等时，名词用复数形式。,名 师 点 津,29/44,2,如所填名词作主语，且谓语动词是复数形式,are,，,were,，,have,等，则名词应用复数形式。,3,切记含名词复数短语，如,good manners,礼貌；,take pains,轮番；,in all directions,向四面八方；,in ruins,成为废墟；,in high spirits,兴致勃勃。,30/44,反面解读破解短文改错,设错点,1,形容词、副词之间误用、同根形容词与名词误用,1,(,全国卷,)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road._,解析：,句意：我如释重负，并在路中间紧急刹车。,suddenly,是副词，表示,“,意外地；突然地,”,。,sudden,为形容词，表示,“,突然；快速,”,，修饰名词,stop,。,come to a sudden stop,“,突然停下,”,。故将,suddenly,改为,sudden,。,suddenlysudden,31/44,2,(,全国卷,)I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes,，,playing pop music,，,and collecting the latest music albums._,解析：,句意：我喜欢研究各种汽车和飞机、弹奏流行音乐，搜集最新唱片。修饰名词,kinds,应用形容词。,different kinds of,表,“,各种各样,”,。,3,(,全国卷,)Instead,，,he hopes that his business will grow steady._,解析：,句意：相反，他希望他生意会稳步扩大。句中,grow,为实义动词,“,增加；扩大,”,，应用副词修饰。本题不可将,grow,看作系动词，当,grow,为系动词时，意为,“,逐步变得,”,，后接形容词作表语，如,grow older,，,grow stronger,等。,differencedifferent,steadysteadily,32/44,4,(,全国卷,)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest._,解析：,句意：我叔叔告诉我他成功关键是老实。系动词之后表语说明主语,key,是,“,什么,”,，应用名词。,honest,“,老实,”,，是形容词；,honesty,“,老实,”,，是名词。,honesthonesty,33/44,1,利用词类使用方法确定用词,名词前和系动词后应用形容词，行为动词前后、形容词前、过去分词前、句首和句尾等时应用副词。,系动词后作表语表,“,”,之意时用形容词而不用副词或名词。,作表语，说明主语是,“,什么,”,，应用名词。,2,在更正过程中尤其注意更正词拼写，如某个形容词变副词时，是去掉最终一个字母再加,ly,或直接加,ly,等。,名 师 点 津,34/44,设错点,2,义近词和形近词误用,5,(,全国卷,)A few minutes late,，,the instructor asked me to stop the car._,解析：,句意：几分钟之后，教练让我停车。作形容词时候，,later,是,late,比较级，如：,Their deadline is quite late.Ours is even later.(,他们截止日期很迟，我们更迟。,),作副词时候，,late,意为,“,迟,”,；,later,意为,“,稍后；随即,”,。故将,late,改为,later,。,latelater,35/44,6,(,全国卷,)Beside,，,they often get some useful information from the Internet._,解析：,besides,表,“,另外,”,，惯用在句首，表示与上文递进关系。,beside,是介词，意为,“,在,旁边,”,，后接宾语。依据语境可知此处应用,besides,。,BesideBesides,36/44,late,/lately/,later/latest,是改错中常设考点，注意区分。,hard,/hardly,；,beside/,besides,；,close/closely,等也是改错中常考。,名 师 点 津,37/44,设错点,3,原级与比较等级或最高级误用,7,(,全国卷,)They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together._,解析：,句意：他们一起早起浇菜。此处无比较对象和比较意义，用原级表示,“,早,”,。,get up early,“,起得早,”,。,early,可作形容词也可作副词。,8,(,全国卷,)They were also the best and worse years in my life._,解析：,句意：它们是我一生中最好也是最糟糕岁月。依据句中最高级,the best,和介词短语,in my life,可知,worse,应改为最高级。,earlierearly,worseworst,38/44,二者比较用比较级，三者或三者以上比较用最高级。,形空词,perfect,，,favorite,，,excellent,，,superior,，,top,等无比较级或最高级。,名 师 点 津,39/44,设法点,4,名词单复数形式误用,9,(,全国卷,)The instructor kept repeating the word,，,“,Speed up,！,”,“,Slow down,！,”,_,解析：,此句中,word,意为,“,话语；言语,”,，为可数名词，指代后文中,“,Speed up,！,”,“,Slow down,！,”,，故应用复数形式。,word,表示,“,消息；诺言,”,时，无复数形式。,wordwords,40/44,10,(,全国卷,)If we go on a trip abroad,，,we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books._,解析：,句意：假如到国外旅行，我们既能开阔视野又能取得书本上得不到知识。,knowledge,作,“,知识,”,讲时，通常情况下为表示抽象意义名词，是不可数名词。,knowledge,前面偶然可加不定冠词,a,，表示,“,某方面特定知识,”,，组成,“,a,adj,.,knowledge,of,n,.,”,，如,a thorough knowledge of the English language,。,knowledgesknowledge,41/44,11,(,全国卷,)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me._,解析：,由语境可知，,13,岁至,19,岁有很多年，所以可数名词,year,应用复数形式,years,。,练有小得：解答这类题时，考生能够从以下两个方面入手：,(1),查看名词前后修饰词，若有超出,1,基数词修饰，如,three,，,many,，,a few,，,several,，,a couple,或表示复数介词短语,(,如本题,),等，名词要用复数形式；,(2),查看谓语动词形式，若谓语动词为,are,，,were,，,have,等，作主语名词要用复数形式。,yearyears,42/44,不可数名词如,fun,，,furniture,，,information,，,progress,，,health,，,advice,，,knowledge,，,weather,等没有复数形式；同一个名词如,experience,，,possession,等有可数和不可数使用方法。,利用名词修饰语和谓语动词确定名词单复数是否正确。,名 师 点 津,43/44,44/44,
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