计算机专业英语课件.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Part I FUNDAMENTALS,Unit 1-Text(1),Words&Expressions,Algebra ,5AldVibrE,n.,代数学,algorithm ,5AlEriTEm,n.,算法,arithmetic,E5riWmEtik,n,.,算术,calculus ,5kAlkjulEs,n.,微积分,curriculum,kE5rikjulEm,n,.,课程,differentiation,7difE7renFi5eiFEn,n.,微分,discipline ,5disiplin,n.,学科,discrete ,dis5kri:t,adj.,离散的,equation ,i5kweiFEn,n.,方程式；等式,evaluation,i7vAlju5eiFEn,n.,赋值；值的计算,exponential,7ekspEu5nenFEl,adj.,指数的，幂数的,formalism,5fC:mElizEm,n.,形式,heterogeneity,7hetErEudVi5ni:iti,n.,异种，异质，不同成分,integration,7inti5reiFEn,n.,积分,limit,5limit,n.,极限,linear,5liniE,adj.,线性的（,nonlinear,，非线性的）,logarithmic,7lCE5riWmik,adj.,对数的,matrix,5meitriks,n.,矩阵,oscillatory,5CsileitEri,adj.,振荡的；变动的,sequence ,5si:kwEns,n.,序列,statistics ,stE5tistiks,n.,统计；统计学,trigonometric,trIEnE5metrIk,adj.,三角学的；三角法的,variable ,5vZEriEbl,n.,变量,vector,5vektE,n.,矢量，向量,Expert system,专家系统,Fourier series,傅里叶级数,Oral presentation,口头报告,Ordinary Differential Equation,常微分方程,(,abbr,.ODE),Unit 1-Text(2),Notes,1 Developments in computer technology and related software have provided theengineer with tools of increasing power and sophistication which have significantimplications for the use and role of mathematics in engineering practice.,Unit 1-Text(3),本句中,which,引导的定语从句修饰整个主句，,have implication for,表示“暗示”。,计算机技术及其相关软件的发展为工程技术人员提供了功能强大且日趋完善的工具，使数学应用于工程实践并发挥着重要作用。,Notes,2 If engineers are to take full advantage of sophisticated,compu-tational,tools then it is essential that they become effective at mathematical,modelling,and discriminating,intelligent and wary users of packaged software andother aids to,computa-tional,modelling,.,Unit 1-Text(4),由,that,引导的主语从句（,it,是形式主语）中,become,做谓语，后接两个并列成分,effective at,和,users of,，其中,discriminating,intelligent,及,wary,均修饰,users,。,如想充分利用这些复杂的计算工具，工程技术人员必须熟悉数学建模，能区别各种软件包及其他计算建模辅助工具，并能灵活运用。,Notes,3There is little doubt that a high degree of fluency in the manipulation of mathematical expressions will always be required,forwithout this there can be no real understanding.,Unit 1-Text(5),本句中,for,表示原因，,manipulation,原义为“操纵、控制”，这里转译为“运用”。,毫无疑问，学生必须熟练运用数学公式，否则就不可能有真正意义上的理解。,Notes,4 Consequently,this book is not a collection of recipes and,techni-ques,designed toteach students to solve routine exercises,nor is mathematical,rigour,introducedfor its own sake.,Unit 1-Text(6),本句中,not(neither)nor,，表示“既不,也不,”,，,for ones own sake,作“为了它自己的好处”解。,因此，本书既不是教授学生解题方法与技巧的汇总，也未以数学本身所要求的严谨方式编写。,Notes,5 As a result of the widening of access opportunities,particularly in the UnitedKingdom,there is increasing heterogeneity in background knowledge in mathematicsof students entering degree courses in engineering.,Unit 1-Text(7),本句中,access,原意“通路，访问，入门”，,heterogeneity,原意“异种，异质，不同成分”，翻译时难度较大，需要在充分理解的基础上意译。,由于入学机会增多，修读工程类学位课程学生的数学基础愈见参差不齐，尤以英国为甚。,科技文章,文体特点：语言简练、结构严谨、逻辑性强、原理概念清楚、重点突出、段落章节分明。,Unit 1-Grammer(1),科技英语,传递,信息,的工具,客观外部世界的本质和规律,语言特点：准确、简明扼要、客观正式,词汇,Unit 1-Grammer(2),大量使用专业词汇和半专业词汇；,例,calculus,bandwidth,flip-flop,，,series,work,大量使用词缀和词根；,例,tele,-,较多使用缩略词,;,例,PCM,，,CDMA,DSP,词性变换多。,例,sound,词法,常用一般现在时态，表示真理或客观规律的陈述。,矢量和矩阵方法为现代工程学的发展提供了框架。,例,1,Vector and matrix techniques,provide,the framework for much of the developments in modern engineering.,广泛使用被动语态，强调所论述的客观事物。,第,7,章和第,8,章讨论单变量函数的微积分，考虑到学生数学基础参差不齐，第,7,章复习微分与积分的基本概念与方法。,例,2,Chapters 7and 8,are devoted to,the calculus of functions of one variable and,recognizing again the mixed background knowledge in mathematics of the students,the basicideas and techniques of differentiation and integration,are reviewed,in Chapter 7.,Unit 1-Grammer(3),词法,普遍使用名词词组及名词化结构，强调客观存在的事实而非某一行为，故常使用表示动作或状态的抽象名词。,电视通过无线电波发射和接收移动物体的图像。,例,3,Television is,the transmission and reception of,images of moving objects by radio waves.,使用非限定动词，使句子简明。,微积分辅以解析几何是一个非常强大的工具，能够解决许多困扰已久甚至以前认为无法解决的问题。,例,4,The calculus,aided,by analytic geometry,proved,to be,astonishingly powerful and capable of,attacking,hosts of problems that had been baffling and quite unassailable in earlier days.,Unit 1-Grammer(4),句法,Unit 1-Grammer(5),较常使用“无生命主语,+,及物动词,+,宾语（,+,宾语补足语）”句型。,第,6,章介绍序列、级数及极限等基本概念。,例,5,Chapter 6,provides,a basic introduction to the ideas of sequences,series andlimits.,常用,it,做形式主语或形式宾语。,已经证明，感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。,例,6,It,has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.,例,7,The invention of radio has made,it,possible for mankind to communicate with each other over a long distance.,无线电的发明使人类有可能进行远距离通信。,Unit 1-Grammer(6),尽量用紧缩型状语从句而不用完整句。,尽管本书主要为工科学生所用，我们相信，它也非常适合于修读物理与应用数学的学生。,例,8,While,designed,primarily for use by engineering students,it is believed that the book is also highly suitable for students of the physical sciences and applied mathematics.,割裂修饰比较普遍（包括短语或从句被分隔）。,希望这些练习，以及书中提供的大量实例及本书的写作风格也使本书适于自学和课堂教学。,例,9,It is hoped that this,provision,together with thelarge number of worked examples and style of presentation,also,makes,the booksuitable for private or directed study.,句法,Unit 1-Grammer(7),句法,较多使用祈使语气。,设前向传递函数由线性差分方程给出。,例,10,Let,the forward-pass transfer function be given by the linear difference equation.,句中并列成分（各种并列短语、单词或从句）较多。,与光波检测系统相比，雷达具有如下优点：（,1,）检测范围广；（,2,）可全天候使用；（,3,）拥有先进的电子元器件与电子线路，可用于信号的发射、接收、放大、检测和测量。,例,11,Radar has certain inherent advantages over detection systems employing light waves:(1)it has greater range,(2)it is usable in any weather and in day or night,and(3)the electronic circuitry and components for,transmitting,receiving,amplifying,detecting and measuring,are highly developed.,Unit 1-Grammer(8),句法,复杂长句多。科学技术要阐明事物之间错综复杂的关系，因而需要用复杂的语法关系来表达严密复杂的思维。长句所表达的科技内容严密性、准确性和逻辑性较强。,分析与设计过程中常用数值计算方法来弥补解析法的不足，因此在求解复杂的工程问题 时数值方法往往是最为恰当的。由于认识到数值方法在工程实践中的应用日趋增长，人们普遍认为它应该被整合到数学课程中来。,例,12,Recognizing the increasing use of numerical methods in engineering practice,which often complement the use of analytical methods in analysis and design and are ofultimate relevance when solving complex engineering problems,there is wideagreement that they should be integrated within the mathematics curriculum.,The End of Unit 1,Unit 2-Text(1),Words&Expressions,advocate ,5AdvEkit,n.,主张者，赞成者,alternative,C:l5tE:nEtiv,adj.,另一个可选择的,argument,5B:jumEnt,n.,自变量,concentration,7kCnsen5treiFEn,n.,集中，集合，浓缩,converge ,kEn5vE:dV,v.,收敛（,n,.convergence,）,deficiency,di5fiFEnsi,n.,缺乏，不足,derivative,di5rivEtiv,n.,导数,die ,dai,n.,骰子,differentiable,7difE5renFiEbl,adj.,可微分的,disperse ,dis5pE:s,v.,（使）分散，（使）散开，疏散,facility ,fE5siliti,n.,设备，工具,histogram,5histEurAm,n.,直方图,inference ,5infErEns,n.,推论,interpretation,in5tE:prEteiFEn,n.,说明，解释,profile ,5prEufail,n.,剖面，侧面，外形，轮廓,proportion,prE5pC:FEn,n.,比例,pseudo-random,5psju:dEu,5rAndEm,adj.,伪随机的,refraction,ri5frAkFEn,n.,折射,stabilize ,5steIbIlaIz,v.,稳定（,n,.stabilization,）,statistical,stE5tistikEl,adj.,统计的，统计学的,stochastic,stEu5kAstik,adj.,随机的,successive,sEk5sesiv,adj,.,连续的,toss,tCs,v.,;,n.,投，掷,underlie ,7QndE5lai,v.,位于,之下，成为,的基础,Unit 2-Text(2),by means of,依靠,consist of,由,组成,give rise to,引起，使发生,in contrast with,和,形成对比对照,in terms of,根据，按照，用,的话，在,方面,Bernoulli distribution,伯努利分布,Binomial distribution,二项式分布,Normal distribution,正态分布,Poisson distribution,泊松分布,probability density function,概率密度函数（,abbr.,pdf,）,Uniform distribution,均匀分布,Unit 2-Text(3),Notes,1 This concept of probability is of an objective quantitythat applies to each observation and measures(in a relative way)how likely it isto fall into the corresponding class.,Unit 2-Text(4),“,be of,”,这种结构用来表示人或物的特征，通常译为“具有,”,。,概率的这种定义是客观的，它应用于每次观测，并以一种相对的方式度量其结果归入相应类别的可能性。,Notes,2 It seems that one is forced into a subjective view of the un-certainties,but theprobability figures that emerge must obey certain rules in order to be consistent.,Unit 2-Text(5),“,that emerge,”,是定语从句，修饰先行词,figures,（数字）。,看来，人们对这种不确定性陷入了自己的主观判断中，但是由此产生的概率必须遵循某些准则以保持一致性。,Notes,3 Forengineering students it is most appropriate to keep the first interpretation,thatof probability as an idealized proportion,in mind when studying the theory.,Unit 2-Text(6),“,that of,”,补充说明,interpretation,that,即指,interpretation,它们将,keep in mind,分隔。,对于工科学生，学习概率论时应谨记，概率就是理想的比例。,Notes,4 This may seem a hopeless requirement,consideringthat computer programs are sequences of deterministic instructions running ondeterministic hardware.,Unit 2-Text(7),“,considering that,”,引导原因状语从句。,由于计算机程序是在确定的硬件上运行的确定的指令，这似乎是个奢求。,Notes,5 The successive variables appear to be uncorrelated,and,al-thoughthere is some structure in the sequence(and indeed the sequence will eventuallyrepeat itself),it is rare for these deficiencies to cause problems in practice.,Unit 2-Text(8),“,the successive variables,”,是指序列中的变量，强调个体，而“,the sequence,”,则是指 这个序列，强调整体。,序列 中的元素看似互不相关，尽管在序列中存在某些结构（该序列最终的确会重复），但这并不影响实际应用。,Unit 2-Grammer(1),专业,英语,词汇,专业词汇,（,technical words,）,指在某一学科、某一专业所独有的专用术语，只有一种专业含义，非常单纯，如,histogram,，,probability,，,oscillator,等。,半专业词汇,（,semi-technical words,）,指跨学科出现的频率很高的词，在不同的专业领域具有不同的精确含义，如,carrier,等。,非专业词汇,（,non-technical words,）,指在非专业英语中很少使用，却严格属于非专业英语性质的词汇，如,application,implementation,to yield,等。,构词法,主要包括：,派生、复合、转化、拼缀,和,缩略,等。,1.,派生法（,Derivation,）,派生法通过在原有词或词根的基础上加前缀或（和）后缀而构成新词，前缀通常用以修饰或改变词意，后缀显示词性。,表,2.1,表,2.4,分别列出电子与通信专业常用的前后缀及词根。,表,2.1,常用前缀,Unit 2-Grammer(2),词,缀,意,义,词,例,a-,不，无,asymmetry,asynchronous,anti-,反抗，防止,anti-clockwise,co-,共同，相互,cooperation,correlation,dis,-,不，除,disadvantage,discover,en-,em,-,使,enable,enlarge,embed,embody,im,-,il,-,in-,-,ir,不,imbalance,illegible,incorrect,irregular,inter-,在,之间，相互,interchange,interface,internet,interact,mis,-,不，失,miscount,mistake,1.,派生法（,Derivation,）,续表,2.1,Unit 2-Grammer(3),词,缀,意,义,词,例,multi-,poly-,多,multipurpose,polynomial,non-,非，不,nonlinear,nondestructive,post-,在后,postgraduate,posterior,pre-,预先,preset,preface,re-,再，反，重新,reaction,readjust,reverse,sub-,在下，次于,subroutine,subscript,super-,在上，超,superconductor,superposition,sym-,syn,-,相同,symmetry,synchronous,tele,-,远离,telephone,telegraph,trans-,跨，移,transmitter,transverse,transform,ultra-,外，极，超,ultrasonic,ultraviolet ray,un-,不,unable,unavoidable,unstable,1.,派生法（,Derivation,）,表,2.2,表示数量关系的常用前缀,Unit 2-Grammer(4),词缀,意义,符号,词例,词缀,意义,词例,pico,-,10,-,12,p,picofarad,semi-,hemi-,半,Semiconductor,hemisphere,nano,-,10,-,9,n,nanometer,uni,-,mon,-,一,monotone,uniform,micro-,10,-,6,microhenry,bi-,di,-,ambi,-,twi,-,二,bilateral,diode,ambiguous,twilight,milli,-,10,-,3,m,millisecond,tri-,三,triangle,tripod,kilo-,10,3,k,kilogram,quadr,-,四,quadruple,mega-,10,6,M,megahertz,oct,-,八,octagon,giga,-,10,9,G,gigabytes,deca,-,10,decade,1.,派生法（,Derivation,）,表,2.3,常用后缀,Unit 2-Grammer(5),作用,词,缀,意,义,词,例,名词词尾,-,ence,-,ency,表示情况、性质、状态、程度等,inference,resistance,efficiency,accuracy,-,er,or,表示人或物,amplifier,conductor,researcher,-,ic(s,),学（科），学术,logic,electronics,-,tion,-,sion,表示动作及其过程、状态和结果,distribution,conclusion,-,ing,readings,recordings,-,ist,表示人,scientist,specialist,-(,i)ty,表示性质、程度等,probability,uncertainty,-,ment,表示动作、状态等,measurement,development,-,ture,表示性质、状态等,mixture,temperature,-,ness,形容词,名词后缀,hardness,robustness,1.,派生法（,Derivation,）,续表,2.3,Unit 2-Grammer(6),作用,词,缀,意,义,词,例,形容词词尾,-able,表示可能性,differentiable,countable,controllable,-(,c)al,-,ic(al,),表示性质，,的,statistical,atomic,typical,-ant,-,ent,表示状态、性质等,convergent,important,independent,-,ar(y,),与,有关的,circular,secondary,-,ed,已,的，被,的,reduced,treated,refined,developed,-,ive,表示性质、状态等,objective,relative,effective,-,ful,充满,的,plentiful,useful,-less,没有，无,的,useless,countless,-,ous,有,性质的,numerous,various,动词词尾,-en,使变成,harden,broaden,-,ize,-,ise,使成为，,化,modernize,stabilize,-,fy,使成为，,化,classify,verify,副词词尾,-,ly,地，每,（一次）地,closely,likely,imperfectly,monthly,-,ward(s,),表示方向,backwards,upward(s,),-wise,表示方式、方向,clockwise,likewise,1.,派生法（,Derivation,）,表,2.4,常用词根,Unit 2-Grammer(7),词,根,意,义,词,例,audi,-,听，听见,audibility,audiphone,auto-,自动，自己,automation,autopilot,-free,无,rustfree,-fold,倍,multifold,-gram,-graph,记录物，写，文字，图形等,spectrogram,telegram,spectrograph,-,graphy,图像学,photography,-meter,仪表，仪器,tachometer,-,ology,学（科）,biology,geology,-phone,声音,microphone,telephone,-proof,防,waterproof,-scope,观测仪,telescope,-tight,密，不透,airtight,2.,复合法（,Composition,）,Unit 2-Grammer(8),复合法是由两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列，以构成新词。多数复合词可通过其组成部分猜测词意。例如，,trial and error,（反复试验），,Q-factor,（品质因子），,allowable error,（允许误差）等。此外，常采用以下两种形式构成复合词：,直接结合，如,breakthrough,（突破）,overestimate,（高估）,bandwidth,（带宽）等；,用连字符结合，如,general-purpose,（多种用途的）,state-of-the-art,（达到最新技术发展水平的）等。,Unit 2-Grammer(9),转换法即单词词性转换，词性转换后其意义与原意有着密切联系，如,function,sound,，,ground,等词。有些词还会发生音变，如,use,record,等；或音移，如,increase,research,subject,等。,3.,转化法,(Conversion),4.,拼缀法,(Blending),拼缀法以原有的两个或两个以上的词为基础，经过首尾剪裁（或保留其中一个原词），重新组合而成，是复合词的缩略形式，如,transistor,（晶体管）,=,tran,sfer+re,sistor,modem,（调制解调器）由,mo,dulator,和,dem,odulator,拼缀而成。,Unit 2-Grammer(10),5.,缩略法（,Shorting,）,缩略法是将几个单词的首字母以大写形式缩合到一起成为一个新词。该法多用于专有名词，利于记忆。如,radar(,RAdio,Detection And Ranging,，雷达,),，,GPS(Global,Positioning System,，全球定位系统,),等。,随着电子信息及通信类专业技术日新月异的发展，不断有新的专业词汇出现。大多数新词都是用以上五种传统的构词法构成，掌握了基本词汇，运用构词知识，一方面可提高记忆效率，扩大词汇量，另一方面还可以逆向利用构词知识分解单词，了解单词的来历及新添含义，消除阅读障碍。,The End of Unit 2,Unit 3-Text(1),Words&Expressions,buffer,5bQfE,n.,缓冲器,by-product,5baIprRdQkt,n.,副产品，出乎意料的结果,circuitry ,5sE:kitri,n.,电路，线路,formula ,5fC:mjulE,n.,公式，规则,fulcrum ,5fQlkrEm,n.,杠杆的支点,ground ,raund,v.,使接地,n,.,接地，地线,impedance,im5pi:dEns,n.,阻抗,infinitesimal,in7finE5tesimEl,adv.,无穷小，极小，无限小,inherent ,in5hiErEnt,adj.,固有的，内在的，与生俱来的,intuitive ,in5tju(:)itiv,adj.,直觉的,investigate,in5vestieit,v.,调查，研究,latch,lAtF,v.,闭锁（,n.,锁存器）,lever,5li:vE,5levE,n.,杆，杠杆,mythical ,5miWikEl,adj.,神话的，虚构的,offset,5C:fset,n.,偏移量，抵消,polarity ,pEu5lAriti,n.,极性,potential ,pE5tenFEl,n,.,电势，电位,restraint ,ris5treint,n.,约束（条件）,rote,rEut,n.,死记硬背，机械的做法，生搬硬套,saturation,7sAtFE5reiFEn,n.,饱和（状态），饱和度,stability ,stE5biliti,n.,稳定性,unity,5ju:niti,n.,统一，一致,variation ,7vZEri5eiFEn,n.,变更，变化，变异，变种,closed loop gain,闭环增益,differential input amplifier,差分放大器,inverting input,反相输入端,ideal operation amplifier,理想运放（,abbr,.ideal op amp,）,phase shift,相移,voltage follower,射极跟随器,Unit 3-Text(2),Notes,1 Frequency response will beflat and bandwidth infinite because AC will be simply a rapidly varying DC level to the idealamplifier.,Unit 3-Text(3),bandwidth,后省略,will be,。,对于理想放大器而言，交流只不过是快速变化的直流，所以其频率响应是一条水平直线，带宽无限。,Notes,2,An important by-product of these properties of the ideal operational amplifier is that the summingpoint,the inverting input,will conduct no current to the amplifier.,Unit 3-Text(4),the inverting input,是,the summing point,的同位语，表示相同的意思，翻译时可以省略。,由理想运放的特性可以得出一个很重要的结论，即放大器的反相输入端无电流流过。,Notes,3 Though the ideal model may seem a bit remotefrom reality,with infinite gain,bandwidth,etc.,it should be realized that the closed loop gain,rela-tions,which will be derived in this section are directly applicable to real circuits,to within afew tenths of a percent in most cases.,Unit 3-Text(5),with,结构对从句中的主语,the ideal model,予以补充说明，,a few tenth of,表示“十分之几”的意思。,尽管理想模型与实际电路相差甚远，比如，理想运放具有无限带宽和无穷大的增益，但需要明白的是，本节利用理想运放推导出的闭环增益公式可直接应用于实际电路，多数情况下两者相差仅为千分之几。,Notes,4 If a small voltage,measured at theinverting input with respect to the non-inverting input,is assumed to exist,the amplifier outputvoltage will be of opposite polarity and can always increase in value(with infinite outputavailable)until the voltage between the inputs becomes infinitesimally small.,Unit 3-Text(6),句中的,opposite,是相对于从句中的主语,a s