高考英语一轮复习词类总汇.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,词类,英语中的单词可以分为十大词类,：,1,名词,n.,teacher,book,等。,2,代词,pron.,we,me,he,等。,3,数词,num.,two,fifth,等。,4,动词,v.,work,study,live,等。,5,形容词,adj.,good,big,beautiful,等。,6,副词,adv.,fast,quickly,等。,7,冠词,art.,a,an,the,等。,8,介词,prep.,in,on,by,with,等。,9,连词,conj.,and,but,等。,10,感叹词,interj.,Oh,ah,等。,名词,名词分为,专有名词,和,普通名词,两大类。,专有名词是某些人、事物、机构、组织等特有的名称。,如,Beijing,，,China,等。,专有名词第一个字母要大写,且都是不可数名词。,普通名词,1,）个体名词：,表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：,gun,。,2,）集体名词：,表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：,family,。,3,）物质名词：,表示无法分为个体的实物，如：,air,。,4,）抽象名词：,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：,work,。,个体名词和集体名词,一般是,可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词,一般是,不可数名词,名词复数的规则变化,以,s,sh,ch,x,等结尾 加,-,es,bus-buses/watch-watches,以,ce,se,ze,等结尾 加,-s license-licenses,以,辅音字母,+y,结尾 变,y,为,i,再加,es,baby-babies,以,o,结尾,的名词，变复数时：加,es,，如,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,但是，以,元音,+o,或,oo,结尾的词 只加,s,radio-radios,zoo-zoos,；,以,f,或,fe,结尾的名词变复数时：,a.,加,s,，如：,belief-beliefs,roof-roofs,b.,去,f,fe,加,ves,，如：,half-halves,knife-knives,leaf-leaves,wolf-wolves wife-wives,life-thief-,名词复数的不规则变化,1,）,child-children foot-feet man-men,tooth-teeth mouse-mice womanwomen,2,）单复同形，如,deer,，,sheep,，,fish,，,Chinese,，,Japanese,，,3,）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：,people,police,cattle,等本身就是复数,4,）以,s,结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：,maths,，,politics,，,physics,学科名词,news,等,名词的格,英语中有些名词可以加,s,来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：,a teachers book,。名词所有格的规则如下：,1,）单数名词词尾加,s,，如,the boys bag,男孩的书包，复数名词词尾没有,s,，也要加,s,，如,mens room,男厕所。,2,）若名词已有复数词尾,-s,，只加,，如：,the workers struggle,工人的斗争。,3,）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有,s,，则表示,分别有,；只有一个,s,，则表示,共有,。例如：,Johns and Marys rooms,（两间）,John and Marys room,（一间）,冠词,不使用冠词,定冠词,不定冠词,a,an,the,零冠词,冠词的,分类,在下列字母前加,a/an,a b c d e,f g h i j,k l m n o,p q r s t,u v w x y,z,an,a,a,a,an,an,a,an,an,a,a,an,an,an,an,a,a,an,an,a,a,a,a,an,a,a,不定冠词的用法,a,用在以辅音音素开头的单词前,an,用在以,元音音素,开头的单词前,1.,2.,3.,4.,e.g._book _ egg,_ useful book _ underground room,a,an,a,an,基本用法：指人或事物的某一种类,e.g.She is a girl.,她是女孩,This is a desk.,这是一张书桌,泛指某人或者某物，但又不具体说明何人何物,e.g.I can see a kite.,我能看见一只风筝,A boy is in Grade 1.,一个男孩在一年级,表示“数量”，“有一”“每一”的意思,e.g.We have six classes a day.,我们一天上六节课,定冠词的用法,基本用法：“特指”特指某（些）人或者某（些）事物，以便与其他的人或物有所区别,1.,2.,3.,4.,e.g.,The book on the desk is Jims.,书桌上的那本书是吉姆的,The chairs are there.,椅子在那里,指谈话双方都知道的人或事物,e.g.,Where is the kite?,风筝在哪儿,？（双方都知道指的是哪只风筝）,Open the door,please.,请把门打开,（双方都知道要打开哪扇门）,在叙述中，上文提到过的人或者事物，再次出现时,e.g.,：,I can see a kite.,我看见一只风筝,：,where is the kite?,这个风筝在那里？,用在姓氏的复数名词前，表示“一家人”,e.g.,the Blacks,布来克一家,定冠词的用法,用在宇宙间独一无二的天体名词之前,5.,6.,7.,8.,e.g.,the sun the sky the moon the earth,用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词,only,very,same,前,e.g.,I live on,the,second floor.,我住在二楼,Skating is,the,best sport in winter.,滑冰是冬天最好的运动,与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如,the dollar,美元,;the fox,狐狸,或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：,the living,生者。,用在表示乐器的名词之前,e.g.,the violin the piano,定冠词的用法,用在一些习惯用语中,9.,e.g.,in the day,in the morning/,aftrnoon,/evening,the day before tomorrow/yesterday,the next morning/week/month/year,in the sky/water/field/country,in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle(of),in the end,on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre(cinema),零冠词的用法,名词前有了物主代词、指示代词、不定代词和“”所有格时。,1.,2.,3.,4.,e.g.Our books those apples Jims pen,附复数名词在表示一类人或者事物时。,e.g.They are teachers.,他们是老师。,在专有名词前,e.g.China England,在星期、月份、节日前,e.g.on Sunday in August on Childrens Day,不使用冠词的情况,零冠词的用法,在球类运动前及三餐名词前。,5.,6.,e.g.play football/basketball have supper,在一些固定搭配中,e.g.,at night,go to school,at table,by bike,at work,go to bed,at school,at home,watch TV,不使用冠词的情况,下列词组中，有无冠词意义不同。,go to school _,go to the school _,上学,去学校,take place _,take the place of _,发生,代替,in front of _,in the front of _,在,的前面,在,的前部,数 词,（,1,）基数词,表示数量的多少,one,two,ten,（,2,）序数词,表示数的顺序,first,second,twelfth,其前要加上冠词,the,或代词。序数词的缩写形式如,first-1st,second-2nd,thirty-first-31st,等。,(1),年、月、日、时刻表达法,2005,年,4,月,10,日,-April 10,2005,，,6,时,-6:00,，,5,月,1,日,-May 1,，,12,时,-12 oclock,，,5:30-half past five,，,8:45-a quarter to nine,，,(2),分数,小数和百分数的表达方法,o.15-zero point one five 40%forty percent,56%fifty-six,percen,（,3,）分数表示法的构成：,基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于,1,时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如：,1/3 one-third,；,3/37 three thirty-sevenths.,代词,一,.,概念,:,代词是代替名词的词,按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：,人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词,等。,二,.,相关知识点精讲,1.,人称代词,1),人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。,2),人称代词有,主格和宾格,之分。通常,主格作主语,，,宾格作宾语,。如：,I,like table tennis.,（,作主语）,Do you know,him,?,（,作宾语）,3),人称代词还可作,表语,。作,表语时用宾格,。如：,-Who is knocking at the door?,-Its,me,.,4),人称代词在,than,之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用,主格和宾格,都可以。如：,He is older than,me,.,He is older than,I,am.,2.,物主代词,1),表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性,物主代词，如下表所示。,2),形容词性物主代词的作用相当于,形容词，,可在句中作,定语,。例如：,Our,teacher is coming to see us.,This is,her,pencil-box.,3),名词性物主代词的作用相当于,名词,，在句中可用作,主语、宾语和表语,。,Our school is here,and,theirs,is there.,（,作主语）,-Is this English-book,yours,?,（,作表语）,-No.Mine is in my bag.,Ive already finished my homework.Have you finished,yours,?,（,作宾语）,3.,指示代词指示代词包括：,this,，,that,，,these,，,those,。,1)this,和,these,一般用来指,在时间或空间上较近的事物或人,，,that,和,those,则,指时间和空间上较远的事物或人,，例如：,This,is a pen and,that,is a pencil,We are busy,these,days,In,those,days the workers had a hard time,2),有时,that,和,those,指前面,讲到过的事物,，,this,和,these,则是指,下面将要讲,到的事物,，例如：,I had a cold.,That,s why I didnt come.What I want to say is,this,;pronunciation is very important in learning English,3),有时,为了避免重复提到的名词,，常可用,that,或,those,代替，例如：,Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as,those,made in Shanghai,4)this,在电话用语中代表自己,，,that,则代表对方。例如：,Hello!This is Mary.Is that Jack speaking?,4.,反身代词 英语中用来表示,我自己,，,你自己,，,他自己,，,我们自己,，,你们自己,等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示。,反身代词可以在句中作,宾语，表语，同位语。,1),作,宾语,，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。,He called himself a writer,2),作,表语,。,It doesnt matter.Ill be myself soon,3),作主语或宾语的同位语,，表示亲自或本人。,I myself washed the clothes,enjoy oneself,make oneself at home,make oneself understoodheard,for oneself,为自己，,of oneself,自然地，自动地,by oneself,独自地，,反身代词,中文,主格,宾格,所有格,名词性物代,反身代词,我,我们,你,你们,他,她,它,他们,I me my mine myself,we us our ours ourselves,you you your yours yourself,you you your yours yourselves,he him his his himself,she her her hers herself,it it its its itself,they them their theirs themselves,5,不定代词：,(1)some,与,any,：,some,一般用于肯定句中，但在表示请求并希望对方能给予肯定回答时，可用于疑问句中；,any,一般用于否定和疑问句中，但当,any,强调“任何”时，也可用于肯定句中。,同理，,something,，,somebody,，,someone,的用法同,some,；,anything,，,anybody,，,anyone,的用法同,any,。,用法,：,some,用于肯定句中,用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。,I have some friends.Smith went to some place in England.,（定语）,在期待对方回答,yes,时，,some,用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。,Would you like some bananas?,（邀请）,Mum,could,you give me some money?(,请求,),any,用于疑问句和否定句。,Is there any student in the classroom?,No,there isnt any student.,any,用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。,Any day is okay for me.,one,both,all,one,指人或物，,“,一个”，其复数为,ones,This is not the one I want.(,表语,),both,指人或指物，“两者都”,This,maths,problem can be worked out in both ways.(,定语,),注意：,both,用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用,neither,。,Both of us are not teachers.,我们俩并不都是教师。,Neither of us is a teacher.,我们俩都不是教师。,both,不能放在,the,、,these,、,those,、,my,等之后，而应放在它们的前面,。,如：,Both my parents like this film.,All,“,全部的”、“整个的”，可与可数或不可数名词连用，表示“所有的”、“全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。,He gave me all the money.,他把全部的钱给了我。,All the schools are flooded.,所有的学校都被淹了。,注意：,all,用于否定句，表示部分否定，完全否定用,none,。如：,Not all the ants go out for food.,All the ants dont go out for food.,并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。,None of the money is mine.,这钱一分也不是我的。,many和much few,little;a few,a little,few,和,little,表示没有多少，含否定意义；而,a few,和,a little,表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，,few,、,a few,修饰可数名词；,little,、,a little,修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。,each和every,each,（,各个），指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作,主语、宾语、定语和同位语。,every,（,每个），指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作,定语,。,Every student it our class has a dictionary.(,定语，强调班上“所有的人”,)Each student in our class has a dictionary.,（,定语，强调各个个体,）,Each of them has been there.,（,主语,）,The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.,（,宾语,）,We each got a ticket.,（,同位语,）,either和neither,either,是“两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词，,neither,是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如：,Here are two pens.You may take either of them.(,宾语,)Neither boy knows French.(,定语,),Other,others,the other,the others,和,another,the other,表示“两者中的另一个”；,other意思是“其他的”，不能单独使用，后面必须接名词，表泛指；others可指其他的人或东西，相当于other+名词复数,；,the,others特指其他某些人或物，相当于the,other+名词复数,。,another,修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“（三个或三个以上的）另一个”，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。,He got two books;one is textbook,the other is a novel.Five of the pencils are red,the,others(the,other,pens)are,yellow.Some students are singing,others(other,students)are,dancing.Please give me another book.,6,相互代词：,each other,用于,两者或两者以上,；,one another,用于,三者或三者以上,，在现代英语中它们可通用。,7,疑问代词：,what,指事或物，不强调范围；,who(whom,，,whose),指人；,which,既,可,指人也可指物，但强调范围。,8,关系代词：,what,，,who,，,whom,，,whose,，,which,，,that,，,as,，,The Use of“it”,代词,it,引导词,it,It,句型的归纳,Sentences With“it”,1,用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物,My pen is missing.I cant find,it,anywhere.,-Who is knocking at the door?,-,It,s me.,Jack is ill.Have you heard about,it,?,代词,-it,2,用以代替指示代词,this,that,-Whats this?,-Whose exercise-book is that?,-,It,s hers.,代词,-it,-Its a flag.,3,表示时间、天气、距离,季节、环境、情况等,It,s time for lunch.,When spring comes,it,gets warmer,and warmer.,It,s about two hours,from here to the zoo.,It,s winter now.,It,was very quiet(noisy)at the moment.,代词,-it,1,作,形式主语,，代替由不定式（或不定式复合结构）、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。,It,is exciting to find an ancient tomb.(,代替不定式,),It,was wrong for you not to help her.(,代替不定式复合结构,),It,is believed that this man found in the grave was from a rich family.,（代替主语从句）,引导词,2,作,形式宾语,，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。,He feels,it,his duty to help others.,We thought,it,no use doing that.,I find,it,difficult to solve the problem.,引导词,3,用在强调结构中。为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是,主语,、,宾语,、,或,地点状语或时间状语,），常用强调结构“,It is(was)+,被强调成分,+that(,或,who)”,I,saw,Li Ping,in the street,yesterday,.,引导词,It was,I,that/who,saw Li Ping,in the street this morning.,It was,Li Ping,that I saw in the street,this morning.,It was,in the street,that I saw Li Ping,this morning.,It was,yesterday,that I saw Li Ping,in the street.,it-,强调结构,引导词,-it,强调,not until,结构时将此结构置于,It is(was)that,句型中，,that,后接肯定式。,I did,nt,go to bed,until,I had finished,my homework last night.,It was,that,not until I had finished my homework last night,I,went,to bed.,1.It+be+adj.+of sb.+,不定式,sb.+be+adj.+,不定式,It is very,kind,of you to help us.,(=You are kind to help us.),Its,cruel,of him to kill that animal.,Sentences With“It”(It,句型的归纳,),clever,bright,foolish,stupid,silly,wise,careful,careless,rude,impolite,nice,right,wrong,silly,good,brave,honest,etc.,2.It+be+adj.+for sb.+to do,It,is difficult for us,to learn English,.,It,is important for her,to come to the party.,常见的形容词有：,important,，,necessary,，,natural easy,，,common,，,normal,，,hard,，,difficult,，,dangerous,，,unusual,，,rare,，,impossible,，,pleasant,etc.,3,.It+takes+sb.+some time+to do,表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”,It took him some time to find the elephant.,sb.+spend+some time+(in)doing,He spent some time(in)finding the elephant.,4,.,It costs+sb.+some money+to do,sth,.cost+sb.+some moneysb.spend+some money+on+,sth,.sb.pay+some money+for,sth,.sb.buy+,sth,.+for+some money,5.,It is+no use+,动名词,It,is no use,regretting,your past mistakes.,It,is no use,crying,over split milk.,It,is no good,learning,English without speaking English.,能以,动名词,作主语的这类句子并不多，主要在以,no good,no use,useless,worthwhile,等词作表语的句子中用。,6.,It+be+adj./n.+that-clause,It is,very,clear,that hes tall like a tree.,It is a pity,that,she has made such a mistake.,Adj:,o,bvious,necessary,，,right,，,strange,，,natural,true,N:,a,fact,a shame,an honor,no wonder,7.,It+be+,过去分词,+that-clause,It is said that,he has been ill for years.,适用于这种句型的动词有,report,announce,decide,learn,expect,arrange,suggest,etc.,He is said to,have been ill for years.,8.,It+,looks,as if,/,seems,+that-clause,It seems that they are talking.,用于这种句型的动词,happen,turn out,appears,等,It happened that she was not at home.,It turned out that he was Bushs father.,It looks as if he is ill.,9.It is the first,(second.),time that.,该句型中的,that,从句用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态，,It is the first time I have been here.=This is the first time I have been here.,It was the first time I had been here.,10.,It+be+time+for,It+be+time+(for sb.)+to do,It+be+time+that,表示“该做某事了”,It is time for supper.,It is time(for us)to have supper.,It is time,that,we had supper.,that,从句中要用虚拟语气,Its time that this problem,was,/,should be,solved,高中英语语法复习专题之,介词,早、午、晚要用,in,例：,in the morning,在早上,in the afternoon,在下午,in the evening,在晚上,in the day,在白天,at,黎明、午、夜、点与分,例,:at dawn,at daybreak,在黎明时候,at noon,在中午,at dusk,在黄昏,at night,在夜间,at midnight,在午夜,at nine fifteen,在,9,点,15,分,at ten thirty a.m.,在上午,10,点,30,分,年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒雨,in,，,在“某年”，在“某月”，在“某年某月”,(,但在某年某月某 日则用,on),，在四季，在第几周等都要用,in,。,即在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用,in,。,将来时态,in.,以后,They will come back in 10 days.,他们将,10,天以后回来。,Come and see me in two days time.,两天后来看我。,(,从现在开始,),after.(,从过去开始,),小处,at,大处,in,有形,with,无形,by,，语言、单位、材料,in,The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen.,这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。,(,有形,),Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy is a good opera.,是,出好戏。,(,无形,),表示某种语言用,in:In Chinese,表示度、量、衡单位的用,in:,in meter,表示材料用,in:in bronze,特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用,in,The Democratic Party was in power then.,那时民主党执政。,特征,He has not been in good health for some years.,他几年来身体一直不好。,特征,A good teacher must be an example in study.,一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。,方面,in a good,humour,心情,(,情绪,),好,心情,介词,at,、,to,表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分,介词,at,和,to,都可以表示方向,;,用,at,表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意；,用,to,表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。,A,She came at me.,她向我扑过来。,B,She came to me.,她向我走过来。,日子、日期、年月日，星期，年月日加上早午晚,;,以下皆用,on,。,on,Octorber,the first 1949,1949,年,10,月,1,日,on Saturday afternoon,星期六下午,on the morning of 18th 18,日早晨,收音、农场，值日,on,on the radio,从收音机里,on TV,从电视里,on a farm,在农场,on duty,值日,关于、基础、靠、著论,Professor,Shen,will give us a talk on travelling in America.,申教授将给我们做关于美国之行的报告。,Theory must be based on practice.,理论必须以实践为基础。,The people in the south live on rice.,南方人主食大米。,(,靠,),On Reading,论读书,着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付，相反、准,注：“着”是指着火，罢指罢工，偷指偷偷地，公指出差、办公事；假指休假，准指准时。,步行、驴、马、玩笑,on,，,cab,，,carriage,用,in,at,山脚、门口在当前，速、温、日落价核心,即在山脚下、在门口、在目前，速度、以,速率、温度、在日落时、在,核心要用,at,。,工具、同、和、随,with,，具有，独立、就、原因,With the development of science and,technology,more,and more people can use computer to communicate with others.,China is a very large country with a long history.,中国是一个历史悠久的大国。,(,具有,),What is the matter with you?,怎么回事,?(,就，关于,),With the help of my classmate,就,.,来说宾译主，对、有、方状,这里的,with,后边的宾语常译成主语。,Whats wrong with your eyes?,你的眼睛怎么啦,?,The doctor was very patient with his patients.,那位医生对患者非常耐心。,(,对,),He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded.,他两手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。,(,状语,),独立结构,海、陆、空、车、偶、被,by,，单数人类,known to man,例,:by land(air,sea,water,bus),陆路,(,航空，水陆，水路，乘公共汽车,),by chance,偶然,by accident,偶然，,It is known to man.,众所周知,.,这里用,to man,而不用,by,。即当单数又无冠词的,man,和,known,搭配时，表示人类不用,by,。,this,，,that,，,tomorrow,，,yesterday,，,next,last,one,接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯,over,under,正上下,above,below,则不然,低高,below,与,above,The plane flew above the city.,飞机飞过城市上空。（高于城市并非正上方,),A lamp was hanging over the table.,一盏灯是在方桌上方。,(,正上方,),The temperature in the room is below(or under)30.,室温是摄氏,30,度以下。,(,数量词两者皆可,),beyond,超出、无、不能,against,靠着，对与反,Its quite beyond me(It is more than I can understand).,这我完全不懂。,beyond my control,She leaned wearily against the railings.,她疲惫地靠着栏杆站着。,(,靠着,),besides,except,分内外，,among,之内,along,沿 同类比较,except,，加,for,异类记心间。,H