chapter 10--The 19th-century novel.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,The 19th-century novel,Gothic novel,Two major novelists,Sir Walter Scott,Jane Austen,The Characteristics of Gothic Novels,(1),It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century.,(3),Its principal elements are violence,horror,and the supernatural,which strongly appeal to the readers emotion with descriptions of the dark,irrational side of human nature.,(2),It flourished in English Romantic period and became one phase of the Romantic Movement.,哥特的主题：极端感情及一些黑色话题,哥特小说的背景：废弃的摇摇欲坠的城堡,修道院。他们关注哥特式的相关建筑，艺术，诗歌,甚至园艺。,哥特的情节：一个威胁性的秘密，一个古老的诅咒,以及无数的困扰,:,隐藏的走廊,经常昏倒的女主角,哥特式小说的奠基作：瓦尔波尔的作品,哥特式小说标准样式：安,莱德克利夫,哥特式小说在其经典时代的巅峰：玛丽,雪莱的,科学怪人,Frankenstein,西方文学中的第一部“科学幻想小说”，最初出版于,1818,年。后世有部分学者认为它是恐怖小说或科幻小说的起源。,小说的主人公弗兰肯斯坦是一位从事人的生命科学研究的学者，他力图用人工创造出生命。在他的实验室里，通过无数次的探索，他创造了一个面目可憎，奇丑无比的怪物。开始时，这人造的怪物秉性善良，对人充满了善意和感恩之情。他要求他的创造者和人们给予他人生的种种权利，甚至要求为他创造一个配偶。但是，当他处处受到他的创造者和人们的嫌恶和岐视时，他感到非常痛苦。他憎恨一切，他想毁灭一切。他杀害了弗兰肯斯坦的儿子威廉，他又企图谋害弗兰肯斯坦的未婚妻伊丽莎白。弗兰肯斯坦怀着满腔怒火追捕他所创造的恶魔般的怪物。最后，在搏斗中，弗兰肯斯坦和怪物同归于尽。,哥特小说到,1840,年已衰败。这主要是由于廉价作者的过饱和以及在世纪之交时暴露过分的性，暴力作品的问世大大降低了哥特小说的地位。但哥特小说对于维多利亚时代文学样式的发展产生了深远影响。它掀起了维多利亚时代短篇鬼故事的热潮。,到,1880,，哥特式小说作为半正统文学样式复兴的时间到来了。虽然评论家用哥特来代称所有的相关流派，哥特式小说已开始认真考虑让位给现代恐怖小说。哥特式也将自己的领域扩展到电影，音乐，甚至以互联网这一新形式为载体。,Castle of Otranto,(1764)by Horace Walpole,（,奥特朗托堡,，霍拉斯,瓦尔波尔）,Frankenstein,(1818)by Mary Shelley,（,弗兰肯斯坦,，又译,活跳尸,科学怪人,，玛丽,雪莱）,The Vampire,(1819)by John William,Polidori,（,吸血鬼,，约翰,威廉姆,坡利多里）,The Fall of the House of Usher,(1839)by Edgar Allan Poe,厄舍府的倒塌,，埃德加,爱伦,坡,The Tell-Tale Heart,(1843)by Edgar Allan Poe(,泄密的心,，埃德加,爱伦,坡,),The Mummys Foot,(1863)by,Thophile,Gautier,（,木乃伊的脚,，泰菲尔,高提尔）,Gormenghast,(1946-1959)by,Mervyn,Peake,（,歌门鬼城,，又译,仇云盖堡,，马文,匹克）,Sir Walter Scott(1771-1832),Scottish historical novelist,playwright,and poet,popular throughout much of the world in the 19th century,The Lady of the Lake,poet,Waverley,novelist,Ivanhoe,realistic description,Writing Features,Combination of a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of historical background,His feelings of patriotism of his native country,against the oppression of English ruling class,Chief contributions,1.,On the history of Scotland,2.,On the,history of England,3.,On the history of European countries,His works pave the way for some of the best works of Dickens and Thackeray.,His literary career marks the transition,fr,o,m romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19,th,century.,Jane Austen,(1775-1817),Jane Austens Works,Sense and Sensibility,1811,Pride and Prejudice,1813,Mansfield Park,1814,Emma,1815,Northanger Abbey,1818,Persuasion,1818,小说的情节围绕着两位女主人公的择偶活动展开，着力揭示出当时英国社会潮流中，以婚配作为女子寻求经济保障、提高社会地位的恶习，重门第而不顾女子感情和做人权利的丑陋时尚。小说中的女主角均追求与男子思想感情的平等交流与沟通，要求社会地位上的平等权利，坚持独立观察、分析和选择男子的自由。在当时的英国，这几乎无异于反抗的呐喊。,故事集中表现了“理智”与“情感”的矛盾冲突。以玛丽安为代表的人物是理智不足而感情有余；以约翰,达什伍德夫妇为代表的人物是理智有余而感情不足；而以威洛比为代表的人物在感情上又是十分虚伪，表面上似乎很有情感，实际上却冷漠无情。作者最终赞赏的是女主人公埃莉诺，因为她即重感情又有理智。这里表现了作者在这个问题上的理想，即是人不能没有感情，但感情应受理智的制约。,曼斯菲尔德庄园,塑造了一对可爱的青年男女。范妮出身于贫困人家,十岁时被贝特伦爵士夫妇收养。来到姨父姨妈家后,虽然受到二表哥埃蒙以外的众人的冷落,但她始终“有一颗温柔亲切的心,想要表现得体的强烈愿望”。尤其难能可贵的是，她始终能明辨是非,知人知心。大表哥汤姆等人要在家里排演有伤风化的情节剧，家里只有她一人加以反对和抵制。她早就看清了葛兄妹的自私和轻浮，因而当亨利死死纠缠她时，她丝毫不为其所动，始终不渝地暗恋着埃蒙；当玛丽小姐对埃蒙“旧情复发”的时候，她告诫表哥不要上她的当。最后，她的高尚人品赢得了汤马斯爵士的器重，也赢得了埃蒙的爱，两位年轻人终于结成伉俪。,爱玛,的主人公爱玛是个美丽、聪慧而富有的姑娘，同时也是一位不折不扣的幻想家。她热心关注身边的浪漫故事，却又固执地认为自己永远不会陷入其中。她自作主张为孤女哈丽埃特导演了一次又一次的恋爱。当哈丽埃特误以为自己爱上了地方官奈特利先生时，爱玛才惊觉原来自己也在爱着奈特利先生。这虽与她一开始就宣布的终身不嫁的誓言有悖，最后两人都找到了伴侣。作者在小说中，已把爱情、婚姻与财产、社会地位联系起来。小说现实主义成分增多，戏剧成分减少，结构精微巧妙，喜剧气氛弥漫全书，趣味横生。作者以她女性细致而敏感的睿智、毫不妥协的态度、自信的道德意识、无所顾忌的胆略，在作品中以浪漫的手法歌颂真、善、美，鞭勒假、恶，这无疑触动了同时代那些与作品人物不无类似之处的人们。,诺桑觉寺,，女主人公凯瑟琳是牧师的女儿，是位心地善良、单纯的姑娘。乡绅艾伦夫妇无儿无女，凯瑟琳陪伴他们来到矿泉疗养地巴斯。在那里凯瑟琳结交了虚情假意的索珀兄妹，并与正直英俊的青年牧师亨利一见钟情。心术不正的索珀以为凯瑟琳要做艾伦夫妇的财产继承人，便因财“打定主意要娶凯瑟琳为妻”。仅凭索珀的介绍，亨利的父亲蒂尔尼，一位充满金钱和门第观念的将军，误以为凯瑟琳家很富有，于是他竭力怂恿儿子去追求凯瑟琳，并邀请她去他们位于诺桑觉寺的官邸做客，把她视为自家人。后来，索珀追求凯瑟琳的奢望破灭，恼羞成怒的他不但贬损凯瑟琳，而且还把她家说成一贫如洗。气急败坏的蒂尔尼将军把凯瑟琳赶出了家门，并勒令儿子把她忘掉。但是两位青年恋人并没有屈服，他们历经磨难，有情人终成眷属。,劝导,中作者以幽默和讽刺的笔调对中产阶级的虚伪和势利进行了鞭挞。它描写了一个曲折多磨的爱情故事。贵族小姐安妮,埃利奥特同青年军官温特沃思倾心相爱,订下了婚约。可是,她的父亲沃尔特爵士和教母拉塞尔夫人嫌温特沃思出身卑贱,没有财产,极力反对这门婚事。安妮出于“谨慎”,接受了教母的劝导,忍痛同心上人解除了婚约。八年后,在战争中升了官、发了财的温特沃思上校休役回乡,随姐姐、姐夫当上了沃尔特爵士的房客。他虽说对安妮怨忿未消,但两人不忘旧情,终于历尽曲折,排除干扰,结成良缘。,Characteristics of her works,Theme,Love and marriage,Main concern,Human beings in daily life,particularly with the relationship between men and women in love.,Jane Austens,realistic ideas,(1),She shows clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion,the sense of responsibility,good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.,(2),She shows a discriminated and serious criticism of life,and to expose the follies and illusions of mankind.,(3),She shows contemptuous feelings towards snobbery,stupidity,worldliness and vulgarity through subtle satire and irony.,(4),In style,she is a neoclassicism advocator,upholding those traditional ideas of order,reason,proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.,The Main Writing Features,1.With keen observation and in great detail,she presents the quiet,day-to-day country life of eighteenth century.,2.She particularizes even the most minor characters vividly in her lucid style.,3.All her works are penetrated with tone of,satire.,4.With depth of psychological penetration,faults of character are corrected when lessons are learned.,Difference between Austen and Dickens,Dickens focused his attention on the society,the hypocrisy and corruption of society,Austen was concerned about the destiny of an individual,especially the destiny of a particular woman.,Pride and Prejudice,Questions for,group-,discussion,1.What kind of rhetorical device is employed in the,first,sentence?What is the function of this sentence?,2.What is the difference between Mr.,Bennet,and Mrs.,Bennet,in the manner of conversation?,3.What kind of narrative technique is employed by the authoress?,4.,The novel is noted for dialogue.What is the function of,it,?,5.,What types of marriage are there in this novel?,6.,Why is Mrs.,Bennet,eager to marry her daughters?,7.,Whats your opinion about future marriage?,Whats satire?,Satire is to ridicule human follies or vices,with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bringing about reform.The effect is achieved by the use of irony and obvious exaggeration.,Irony refers to some contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality.,There is an ironic difference between the formal manner of the statement and the ultimate meaning of the sentence.,The first sentence sets the tone for the entire novel,in that the whole work is a masterpiece of irony.The sentence begins as though the novel were going to be a great philosophical discourse,but the second half of the sentence reveals that the great universal truth is no more than a consideration of a common social situation.,，,She is talkative,empty-minded,snobbish,self-pitying,vulgar,material-oriented,He is quick-minded,sarcastic,humour,intelligent,experienced,realistic,caprice,Their children,Jane,22,Miss,Bennet,prettiest of the five,Bennet,daughters.She never sees a fault in anybody.,Elizabeth,20,“she has a lively playful disposition”;,She is quickest;,she is pretty with“dark eyes”;,wit and vivacity,Mary,The only plain one in the family,Catherine(Kitty),Two years older than Lydia,Satisfactorily married to a clergyman near,Pemberley,Lydia,15-16,The youngest and the tallest,A flirt in the worst and meanest degree of flirtation,Vain,ignorant,idle,absolutely uncontrolled,