Lesson 14 Boiler Management and Maintenance.ppt

单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,动力工程系,Power Engineering Department,Wuhan,Institute of Shipbuilding Technology,Power Engineering Department,Luobin,Lesson 14 Boiler Mountings,Management and Maintenance,第,14,课 锅炉附件、管理和保养,Certain,fittings,are necessary on a boiler to ensure its safe operation.They are usually,referred to as,（被称为）,boiler,mountings.The mountings usually found on a boiler are:,Safety valves,These are mounted,in pairs,（成对）,to,protect,the boiler,against,overpressure,（超压）,.,Once the valve lifting pressure is set,in the presence of,（在有,的情况下）,a,Surveyor,it is locked and cannot be changed.The valve is arranged to open automatically at the,pre-set,（预定的）,blow-off,pressure,（启阀压力）,.,锅炉必须安装某些装置以保证锅炉的安全运行。他们通常被称作锅炉附件。锅炉上通常安装的附件有：,安全阀,安全阀成对安装，用于防止锅炉超压。一旦启阀压力在验船师在场时被设定，就被锁定，不可改变。安全阀用于在预设的启阀压力时自动开启。,Main steam stop valve,This valve is fitted in the main steam supply line and is usually of the non-return type.,Auxiliary steam stop valve,This is a smaller valve fitted in the auxiliary steam supply line,and is usually of the non-return type.,主停汽阀,主停汽阀安装在主供汽管上，通常是止回型的。,辅停汽阀,辅停汽阀是安装在辅供汽管路上的较小的阀，通常是止回型的。,Feed,check,（抑制，节流）,or,control valve,A pair of valves is fitted:one is the main valve,the other the auxiliary or standby.They are non-return valves and must give an indication of their open and closed position.,Water level gauge,Water level gauges or gauge glasses are fitted in pairs,at opposite ends of the boiler.The construction of the level gauge,depends upon,the boiler pressure.,给水节流,/,控制阀,给水阀成对安装，一个是主阀，另一个是辅给水阀或备用给水阀。它们都是止回阀，在打开或关闭时应给以指令。,水位计,水位计或者水位观察镜，成对安装在锅炉相对的两侧，水位计的结构取决于锅炉压力。,Pressure gauge connection,Where necessary on the boiler drum,superheater,etc.,pressure gauges are fitted to provide pressure readings.,Air release cock,These are fitted in the headers,boiler drum,etc.,to release air when filling the boiler or initially raising steam.,压力表接头,当需要时，在锅筒、过热器等部位都安装压力表以提供压力读数。,放气阀,放气阀安装在联箱、锅筒等部位，在锅炉充水或者初次升汽时释放空气。,Sampling connection,A water outlet,cock,（水出口阀）,and cooling arrangement is provided for the sampling and analysis of feed water.A,provision,（设备）,may also be made for,injecting,（添加，投放）,water treatment,chemicals,（水处理药物）,.,Blow down valve,This valve enables water to be,blown,down,（放出）,or,emptied from the boiler.It may be used when partially or completely emptying the boiler.,取样接头,安装水出口阀和冷却装置用于取样和给水化验，可能还会安装一套设备用于投放炉水处理药。,排出阀（下排污阀）,该阀能使水从锅炉中放出或者放空，它可以用于部分或者完全的放空锅炉。,Scum valve,A shallow,dish,（浅盘）,positioned at the normal water level is connected to the scum valve.This enables the blowing down or removal of scum and impurities from the water surface.,Whistle stop valve,This is a small bore non-return valve which supplies the whistle with steam straight from the boiler drum.,除渣阀（上排污阀）,位于正常水位处的一个浅盘连接到上排污阀，这使得可以除掉水面的浮渣和杂质。,汽笛停汽阀,汽笛停汽阀是一个小口径的止回阀，安装在锅筒直接通向汽笛的管路上。,Water tube boilers,because of their smaller water content,in relation,to,（与,.,有关）,their steam raising capacity,require certain additional mountings:,Automatic feed water regulator,Fitted in the feed line,prior,to,（在,.,之前）,the main check valve,this device is essential to ensure the correct water level in the boiler during all load conditions.Boilers with a high evaporation rate will use a,multiple-element,（多元素）,feed water control system.,由于水管锅炉的蓄水量相对于蒸发量来说是比较小的，因此需要某些其他的附件。,自动给水调节器,自动给水调节器装在主给水阀前的供水管路上，这个装置对于锅炉在各种负荷下保持合适的水位是非常重要的。蒸发率高的锅炉使用多元素控制给水系统。,Low level alarm,It is a device to provide,auditory,（听觉的）,warning of low water level conditions.,Superheater,circulating valves,Acting also as,air,vents,（排气阀）,these fittings ensure a flow of steam when initially,warming,through,（整体加热）,and raising steam in the boiler.,低位警报器,这是提供低水位听觉警报的装置。,过热循环阀,过热循环阀也用作放气阀，当初次整体预热，锅炉升汽时让部分蒸汽通过。,Soot blowers,Operated by steam or compressed air,they act to blow away soot and the products of combustion from the tube surfaces.Several are fitted in,strategic,（至关重要的，战略意义的）,places.,The soot-blower lance is inserted,soot is blown and the lance is,withdrawn,（撤回，取出）,.,吹灰器,用蒸汽或者压缩空气工作，它们用来吹除水管表面的烟灰和燃烧产物。吹灰器在关键位置装设多个，,吹灰器的喷头是插入式的，吹灰结束后取出喷头,General management principles and operating procedures are,well,known,（众所周知的）,and must be always being followed to avoid boiler,mishaps,（事故）,.,With many small,package,（组合的）,boilers,the automatic control sequence usually ensures that the boiler fire is initially,ignited,（点燃，引发）,from a diesel oil supply,and changed over to the usual source when ignition is completed.,(,锅炉,),总的管理原则和操作程序是大家熟知的，为了避免锅炉事故必须遵守这些原则和程序。,在许多小型锅炉中，自动控制时序通常可以保证锅炉最初用柴油点火，点火之后切换到常用的燃油。,With good management,to,facilitate,（方便）,subsequent,（随后）,starting,from cold,the fuel system of large boilers will have been flushed through with diesel oil when the boiler was on,light,duty,（低负荷）,immediately prior to being,secured,（停止工作）,.,When burning such diesel fuel it is essential for safety that only the correct(small),burner,tip,（燃烧器喷嘴）,should be used.It should,be kept in mind,（牢记）,that,if fire does not light,immediately shut off fuel and vent furnace.,为了方便下一次冷炉点火，管理良好的大型锅炉在停火之前低负荷工作时用柴油冲洗燃油系统。,当燃烧柴油时，为了安全应只使用恰当的,(,小的,),油头，应该牢记，如果没有点火成功，应立即切断燃油，并且吹扫炉膛。,Complete ignition of fuel in the furnace is essential.The burner flame,the smoke indicator and the funnel should be frequently observed.,With satisfactory combustion,the flame should appear,incandescent,（白炽的）,with,an orange shade at the flame tip.and a,faint brownish,haze,（淡褐色烟雾）,should show at the funnel.,炉膛内燃油的完全燃烧是重要的。应经常观察燃烧器火焰、烟指示器和烟囱。,燃烧良好时，火焰端部出现带有橙色阴影的白炽光，烟囱排烟呈淡褐色。,If on first ignition the flame is,uncertain,（不确定的，靠不住的）,badly shaped and separated from the primary,swirler,momentary opening or closing of,air,register,（空气调节器，风门）,may correct.,The pH value of the boiler feed water should be kept between 8 and 9 and the boiler density less than 300,ppm,（,part per million).,But,if water samples show a heavy,concentration,(,浓度，含量）,of,suspended,mater,（悬浮物）,short blow-downs of 20 seconds,duration,（持续）,should be given until the sludge content is seen reduced.,如果最初点火后火焰不稳定，形状不良并与旋流配风器分离开，瞬时的开关风门可能会改善这种效果。,锅炉给水的,pH,值应该在,89,之间，且浓度小于,300,ppm,。但如果水样显示悬浮物浓度过高，应该进行,20 s,的下排污，直到看到污物减少。,The boiler should be blown down when the oil burner is operating,the water level lowered and then,restored,（恢复）,to,prove,the functioning of,the low water,cut-out,（低水位切断）,and the oil burner start-up equipment.,The boiler,scum,valve,（除渣阀，上排污阀）,should also be operated at this time to keep the water level clear from floating scum.,锅炉下排污应在燃烧器工作时进行，水位应降低然后恢复，以证明低水位切断功能和燃烧器起动装置正常。,这时锅炉上排污阀也应该进行操作以保持水面没有浮渣。,Fuel burner components and,igniter,electrodes,（点火电极）,should be cleaned weekly and the furnace examined to ensure that there,are,no,excess,（过量的，额外的）,carbon deposits.,Tubes in the exhaust gas section of the boiler should be,brushed through,（全面刷净）,at,about six-monthly intervals,and those in the oil-burning section periodically examined and cleaned as necessary with a,wire bristle,brush,（钢丝刷）,.,燃烧器部件和点火电极应该每周清洁，炉膛每周检查以确定没有过量积炭。,锅炉废气侧的管子每六个月左右时间应该彻底刷清一次，燃油侧应定期检查，如必要可用钢丝刷清洁。,With correct feed water treatment,blow-down procedures and sludge contents in water samples at a,stable,level,（稳定的水平）,it should not be necessary to wash out the water side of the boiler more than once every three or four months.,Boiler fires may be,out,（熄灭）,for long periods when a ship is at sea and the boiler steaming maintained by heat input from,waste heat recovery,plant,（废热回收装置）,.,如果给水处理和排污操作恰当，并且水样脏污稳定在一定水平，则每三四个月锅炉水侧清洗一次即可。,当船舶在海上航行，锅炉很长时间处于熄灭状态，由废热回收装置供热保持锅炉供汽，,This operation is free from hazard,but feed water and boiler water treatment must be maintained to prevent internal deterioration or,scale,formation,（水垢的形成）,.,Water level,controllers,（水位控制器）,must be,kept operable,to,（保持可操作性）,protect external steam-using plant from water,“,carry-over,（遗留物）,”,（水蒸气中带水）,danger,.,必须保持水位控制器正常工作，以保护外部用汽装置不受汽水共腾的危害，,锅炉的运行是没有危险的，但是必须进行给水和炉水处理，防止内部腐蚀或者形成水垢。,If a boiler is isolated from the steam-using system it must be kept either,in,closed,（封闭的）,dry storage with a suitable internal,desiccant,（干燥剂）,or completely full of treated water,or under a low steam pressure,preferably,（更好的）,maintained by a,steam-heated,coil,（蒸发盘管）,.,如果要将锅炉从蒸汽系统隔开，必须在炉内置适当干燥剂，使锅炉处于干燥密封状态，或者使锅炉充满处理过的水，或者使锅炉处于低压蒸汽压力下，或者处于由低压蒸汽盘管维持良好的低压蒸汽压力下。,Regular testing of boiler protective devices must be implemented.,Frequent comparison of drum-mounted and remote-reading water level indicators:discrepancies between these have contributed to failures because of overheating through shortage of water,when a boiler was being oil-fired.,锅炉保护装置必须定期试验。,要经常比较锅筒上的水位计读数和远距离水位计读数,:,当锅炉处于烧油工作状态时，两读数的差异曾经导致过由于缺水而过热的故障。,If in doubt,as,to,（关于）,the true boiler water level,i.e.whether a,water level,indicator,（水位指示器）,sight,glass,（观察镜）,is completely full or empty,when a unit is being oil-fired the fire should be immediately extinguished until the true level is resolved.,Procedures should be,predetermined,（预先制定）,and followed,in the event,of,（如果）,shortage of water,bulging,（膨胀）,or,fracture,（裂缝）,of,plate,s,（管板）,or furnace,or,bursting,（爆裂）,of water tubes.,如果对锅炉的真实水位有所怀疑，也就是说，无论是水位指示器观察镜显示全满还是全空，当锅炉处于燃油工作状态时都应立即熄火，直到真实水位恢复。,应该预先制定一些程序，并且在缺水，管板和炉膛膨胀或裂缝，水管爆裂时遵循这些程序。,In general,fires should be immediately extinguished by,remote tripping,（遥控脱扣）,of fuel supply valves;,forced draught air pressure,（强制通风压力）,maintained,if there is any risk of escaping steam entering the boiler room,;stem pressure,relieve,d,（释放）,if metallic fractures seem possible,;and boiler water level maintained,where practicable,（可行的）,until the boiler begins to,cool down,（冷却）,.,一般情况下，应立即通过燃油供给阀的遥控脱扣（燃油遥控速闭装置）使锅炉熄火；如果蒸汽可能逸入锅炉间，则应保持强制通风压力，如果有可能发生金属破裂，应该释放蒸汽压力；并且如果可行的话应保持水位，直到锅炉开始冷却。,Regular operation of,soot,blower,s,（吹灰器）,if there are fitted,when the boiler is on oil-fired operation.The steam supply,line,（蒸汽供给管路）,must be thoroughly warmed,and drained,before the blowers are used,the air/fuel ratio increased throughout the action,and blowers,grease,d,（给,涂油脂）,after use.,Immediate investigation of any,high salinity,alarm,s,（高盐度警报）,in,condensate,system,（冷凝系统）,and,elimination,（清除）,of any,salt,water,（海水）,or,oil,contamination,（油污）,of,boiler feed water,system,（锅炉给水系统）,.,如果装有吹灰器，应在锅炉处于燃油工作时定期地进行吹灰器操作。在使用吹灰器之前，蒸汽供给管路要完全预热、放残。在整个操作（吹灰）期间，应加大空气,/,燃油比。吹灰器使用后应涂以油脂。,立即调查冷凝系统中的高盐度警报，并清除锅炉给水系统中的海水或者油污。,Safety,precaution,s,（预防措施）,taken before entering a boiler connected to another boiler under,steam.,The main engine may be kept,in operation with the boiler dry,and,the gases passing through the,exhaust gas,section,（废气侧）,.,在进入一个与工作锅炉相连的锅炉之前，应该采取安全预防措施。,主机可以保持锅炉干（无水）时运转，并且使烟气通过锅炉的废气侧。,If this is to be done for a,prolonged,（长时间的）,period,it is,advisable,（可行的）,to allow a current of air to,flow,through,（流过）,the boiler by removing,manhole,（人孔门）,sight,hole,（观察孔）,and mud,hole,（排垢孔）,cover,s,（盖板）,.,If,refill,ing,（再填充）,a hot boiler,the main engine speed should be reduced to slow for half an hour and the feed water supplied,（,should,）,be,as hot as possible;,thereafter,（然后）,the main engine may be brought up to power over a similar,period.,如果这种操作将在长时间内进行，那么通过打开人孔门、观察孔和排垢孔盖板允许一股气流流过锅炉是可行的。,如果要向热锅炉内加水，主机速度应该减小以缓慢运行半小时，并且提供的给水应尽可能的热；然后，主机可在相似的时间内恢复功率。,Boiler start-up,For boilers of the,direct-fired,（直接燃烧）,smoke tube,type,（烟管型）,the steps are,relevant,（相关的）,.,With,Scotch,boiler,s,（,苏格兰锅炉,，烟管,锅炉,，火管锅炉）,circulation should be,commence,d,（开始）,as soon as the boiler gets warm,using the,circulating,pump,（循环泵）,and,working,pressure,（工作压力）,should not be raised in less than 12 hours(preferably 24 hours)to reduce,expansion,stresses,（膨胀应力）,.,锅炉启动,对于直接燃烧的、烟管型的锅炉，,(,起动,),步骤是相似的。对于苏格兰锅炉，锅炉刚开始变热时就要开始用循环泵使炉水循环，并且,工作压力,不应该在少于,12 h,的时间之内,(,最好,24 h),升高以减少膨胀应力。,Time,required for other boiler types,will vary,with construction and,water,content,（蓄水量）,but it is always,desirable,（可取的）,to heat,through,（,adv,.,完全）,evenly,（均匀地）,and if necessary blow down some of the contents to sea,to,displace,（排出）,cold water from the lowest part of the boiler,shell,（锅炉壳体）,to minimize,temperature,differential,s,（温度差）,and,thermal,stress,es,（热应力）,in the pressure parts,.,For procedures,for large,water tube boilers,and testing of protective devices for alarm,logic and control system,s are relevant to modern auxiliary boilers.,对于其他类型的锅炉，所需要的时间随着结构和蓄水量（的不同）而不同，但是都需要均匀加热，并且如果必要，应该把炉水排到大海，以便排出锅炉壳体最低处的冷水和减小温度差及压力部件的热应力。,对于大型水管锅炉的（操作）步骤和报警保护装置的测试来说，逻辑控制系统与现代辅锅炉是相似的。,Raising steam,The boiler should be filled to normal level(1/2 glass),when the feed control valve is automatically closed,and the panel,indicating,light,（指示灯）,extinguish,ed,（熄灭）,.,The,forced draught,fan,（,blower,，鼓风机）,should be started and air passed through the furnace for several minutes to,“,purge,（吹扫，清除）”,it of any,exhaust,gas,（废气）,or,oil,vapor,s,（油蒸汽）,.,应起动鼓风机，并且经过几分钟，（压缩）空气通过炉膛吹扫废气和油蒸汽。,（锅炉）升汽,当给水控制阀自动关闭时，锅炉应该已经加水到正常水位（观察镜的,1/2,），并且面板指示灯熄灭。,The operating burner can now be,lit,（,light,的过去分词）,and adjusted to provide a low,firing,rate,（燃烧速度）,with good,combustion,（良好燃烧）,.,The,fuel oil,pressure,（燃油压力）,and,forced draught,pressure,（强制通风压力）,should be maintained to ensure good combustion with a,full steady,flame,（完全稳定的火焰）,.,应保持燃油压力和强制通风风压，以确保具有完全稳定火焰的良好燃烧。,点燃正在运行的燃烧器，并调节以便提供具有良好燃烧的低燃烧速度。,When water level nears the top of the,gauge,glass,（水位计）,due to expansion,the,initial,（初始的）,level should be,restore,d,（恢复）,by,draining,off,（排出）,water through the,scum,valve,（除渣阀，上排污阀）,.,When a drum pressure of about 210 kg/m,2,has been reached,the drum,air,vent,（排气阀）,may,be closed.,当水位因膨胀而接近水位计顶部时，应通过上排污阀排水来恢复初始水位。,当锅筒的压强达到大约,210 kg/m,2,时，锅筒的排气阀可能会关闭。,The boiler must be,brought,slowly,up to,working pressure,in order to ensure,gradual,（逐渐的）,expansion,（膨胀）,and,to avoid,overheating the,super,heater,（过热器）,element,s,（元件）,and,damaging any,refractory,material,（耐火材料）,due to,expansion,stress,es,（膨胀应力）,.,The time required will vary with boiler types and construction.If necessary blow down some of the contents to sea,to displace cold water from the lowest part of the boiler shell,to minimize temperature differentials and the thermal stresses,.,锅炉必须缓慢地升压至工作压力，以保证逐渐膨胀，并且避免过热器元件过热，以及因膨胀应力损坏耐火材料。,(,升汽,),所需的时间随锅炉的类型和结构而变化。如果必要，应该把炉水排到大海，以便排出锅炉壳体最低处的冷水和减小温度差及热应力。,The main and auxiliary steam lines should now be warmed by,crack,opening,（裂纹张开，稍微打开）,of the boiler main and auxiliary,stop,valve,s,（截止阀）,.,When the lines are hot close the,drain,s,（放残阀）,.,In addition the,water level,gauge,s,（水位计）,should be blown,through,（彻底地）,and checked for correct reading.,主辅蒸汽管路应通过稍微打开主辅截止阀来加热。当管路变热后，关闭放残阀。,此外，应彻底冲洗水位计，并检查其正确的示数。,When the steam pressure is about 300 kg/m,2,below the normal operating value,the,safety,valve,s,（安全阀）,should be,lift,ed,（开启）,and,release,d using the,easing,gear,（减压装置）,.,Once at operating pressure,the boiler,may be,put on load,and the,super,heater,（过热器）,circulating,valve,s,（循环阀）,closed,.,All other,vent,s,（排气阀）,drain,s,（放残阀）,and,by,pass,es,（旁通阀）,should,then,be closed.The water level in the boiler should be maintained.,当蒸汽压强达到正常工作值以下约,300 kg/m,2,时，通过减压装置开启和释放安全阀。,一旦达到工作压力，锅炉就可以带负荷工作，并且过热器的循环阀可以关闭。然后，关闭所有其它的排气阀、放残阀和旁通阀。保持锅炉中的水位。,Boiler Shut-Down,This operation may have to be done normally at,the,end of a,voyage,（航次）,or in,emergency,（紧急情况）,.,For normal shutdown the suitable procedure is:,Carry,out,（进行）,soot,blowing,（