高考英语语法教学摘要及练习 第3章 英语的词序和修饰语.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2012-7-28,#,高考英语第一轮复习资料,语法教学摘要及练习,第,3,章 英语词序和修饰语,编制人：何新武,我们在第一章认识了英语的五种基本句型，在第二章又加深了对动词的理解，以此为基础我们将对英语的词序进行探讨。,其实英语的五种基本句型，也反映了句子的基本词序。,在陈述句中，主语在前，谓语在后。,而谓语动词的特点又决定了不同的谓语结构和词序：,当谓语动词是,连系动词,时，后面接表语。,当谓语动词是,不及物动词,时，后面不接宾语。,当谓语动词是,及物动词,时，后面接宾语；有的还需接两个宾语；还有的需接宾语补足语。,由此可知，有的句子只含两个成分，有的多达四个，但不管是哪种句型，如果它少了其中的一个成分，句子的意义就不完整。,3,.1,基本成分,我们把主语、谓语动词、宾语、宾语补足语和表语这些构成基本句型的成分叫,基本成分,。如前述，,基本成分的词序,是由基本句型决定的。,3.2,附属成分,但为了更好地描述事物，表达更加丰富的内容，我们还需要使用定语和状语等,附属成分,。,定语起一个形容词的作用，主要是修饰名词的。,状语起一个副词的作用，是用来修饰动词、形容词和其它副词的。,所以定语和状语也叫,修饰语,。,这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要，但在语法上却是可以删除的。我们在分析句子的基本结构时，可以对它们不加考虑。即所谓,去修饰,，,抓主干,。请看下面一组句子：,1.,I saw a house,2.I saw a,big,house,3.I saw a,big,house,on the opposite side,4.I saw a,big,house,on the opposite side,，,which was said to be,haunted by a ghost,（注：,haunt,h:nt,vt.,常出没于,；经常去,；,ghost,ust,n.,鬼，幽灵,）,5.,Yesterday,I saw a,big,house,on the opposite side,，,which was,said to be haunted by a ghost,.,6.,Yesterday when I sailed down the river,I saw a,big,house,on the,opposite side,，,which was said to be haunted by a ghost,讨论：,上面的句子分别属于哪种基本句型？,分析,：,都属于同一基本句型，即“主语,+,及物动词,+,宾语”。,但从第,2,句起，包含了不同类型的修饰语（斜体部分）。最后包含,25,个词的第,6,句和包含,4,个词的第,1,句同属一个句型。,另外，我们还可对作修饰语的定语从句和状语从句进一步分析。,练习,1,看下面一段话，并判定各句的基本句型：,With the help of Mr.Zhang,I make great progress in my English.,I feel so grateful for him.,On Teacher,s Day I specially bought Mr.Zhang a bunch of flowers and some apples that he likes to eat.,I found him excited when I put the presents on his desk.,I ran away quickly before he said anything.,Key:,S+V+O;,S+V+P;,S+V+o+O;,S+V+O+C;,S+V,修饰语的词序较复杂，但有几个基本规律可遵循。,一般说来，,单个的形容词用在所修饰的名词前，形容词性的短语和从句则在所修饰的名词后,。关于名词修饰语（即定语），我们后面再谈。,作状语的可以是一个副词，一个短语或一个从句。这里我们主要探讨作状语的副词和,一些,副词性的短语在句子中的位置。,3.3,副词的位置,副词或副词性短语在句中的位置规则如下：,一、多数的副词都可以放在动词后面，如果是及物动词，一般就,放在宾语后面。,例如：,He runs,fast,.,（动词后）他跑得很快。,I remember having seen him,somewhere,.,（宾语后）我记得在哪儿见过他。,这些副词包括,:,方式副词,（,如,fast,slowly,happily,bravely,well,kindly,foolishly,）,地点副词,（,如,here,there,inside,by,down,downstairs,near,up,）,时间副词,（,如,now,soon,then,still,yet,today,lately,）,如果这三类副词同时出现，我们通常按照如下顺序：,方式副词,-,地点副词,-,时间副词,。例如：,She did her homework,carefully,in the study,yesterday,.,方式 地点 时间,【,注,】,时间副词也可放在句首：,Yesterday she did her homework carefully in the study,.,如动词表示运动的方向，地点副词（短语）移到方式副词前，,紧跟在动词后。,表目的副词性短语（如不定式）可放在句子最后或句子前面。,I will,go,to the library,by bus,tomorrow,to return the book,.,动词 地点 方式 时间 目的,练习,2,调整下列句子的词序，组成有意义的句子，注意开头字母要大写。,A,1.,go/now/home/will/I,I will go home now.,2.give/the present/tomorrow/we/him/will,We will give him the present tomorrow.,3.her/met/last night/at/we/the station,We met her at the station last night.,4.was/last week/he/in hospital,He was in hospital last week.,5.in Greece/spend/I/will/next year/my holiday,I will spend my holiday in Greece next year.,6.must/at five oclock/leave/we/the house,We must leave the house at five oclock.,7.the library/take/I/the book/will/today/to,I will take the book to the library today.,8.my mum/breakfast/in the morning/made,My mum made breakfast in the morning.,9.tonight/want/to the cinema/to go/we,We want to go to the cinema tonight.,10.wrote/last week/they/at school/a test,They wrote a test at school last week.,B,11.She speaks.(slowly),She speaks slowly.,12.They sang.(wonderfully),They sang wonderfully.,13.He treated her.(respectfully),He treated her respectfully.,14.John speaks English.(well),John speaks English well.,15.The dog barks.(loudly),The dog barks loudly.,16.My sister plays the piano.(awfully),My sister plays the piano awfully.,17.She met him.(secretly),She met him secretly.,18.The children laughed.(happily),The children laughed happily.,19.She hurt her leg.(badly),She hurt her leg badly.,20.They sneaked out of the house(quietly).,They sneaked out of the house quietly.,21.is/,over there,/the cinema,The cinema is over there.,22.,inside,/go/lets,Lets go inside.,23.the kitchen/,downstairs,/is,The kitchen is downstairs.,24.playing/the kids/are/,outside,The kids are playing outside.,25.she/not/been/,here,/has,She has not been here.,26.the bathroom/is/,upstairs,The bathroom is upstairs.,27.were/,everywhere,/we/for/looking/you,We were looking for you everywhere.,28.we/,anywhere,/you/find/couldnt,We couldnt find you anywhere.,29.?/there/a post office/,nearby,/is,Is there a post office nearby?,30.must/we/walk/,back home,We must walk back home.,C,31.havent/recently/seen/I/him,I havent seen him recently.,32.Ill/you/see/soon,Ill see you soon.,33.afterwards/met/at the pub/him/we,We met him at the pub afterwards.,34.help/immediately/I/need,I need help immediately.,35.was/arrogant/he/then/very,He was very arrogant then.,36.?/now/are/where/you,Where are you now?,37.?/to go/where/you/do/want/today,Where do you want to go today?,38.?/do/yesterday/did/you/what,What did you do yesterday?,39.as soon as possible/you/him/the truth/tell/should,You should tell him the truth as soon as possible.,40.hasnt won/lately/my team,My team hasnt won lately.,二、,频率副词,（如,always,often,sometimes,once,never,）,通常都放在,动词前面,，但若句子里面有,情态动词，助动词或动,词,be,，就放在这类动词的,后面,。,例如：,He,often,does this.,他常常这样做。,You must,always,bear this in mind.,这一点你要常记在心里。,She is,seldom,ill.,她很少生病。,三、,程度副词,（如,very,so,quite,rather,too,）一般放在它所修饰,的词的前面。例如：,I am,very,sorry for it.,这事我非常抱歉。,I dont,quite,agree with you,.,我不完全同意你的意见。,四、如果,副词修饰整个句子,，就放在句首。,例如：,Fortunately,he succeeded in it.,幸运地他成功了,。,Truly,it is an important affair.,这的确是一件重要的事。,五、,疑问副词,（,how,when,where,why,）放在句子的开头。,例如：,Where,did he go yesterday?,他昨天去哪儿了？,Why,didnt you help your classmates with their lessons?,为什么你不帮助你的同学们学习功课？,六、,关系副词和连接副词,放在所连接从句的开头。,例如：,I d like to know,when,the new term will begin?,我想知道新学期什么时候开始。,That is the place,where,he was born.,那就是他出生的地方。,练习,3,改写,下列句子，注意括号内的词或短语的正确位置。,D,1.I have been to London.(often),I have often been to London.,2.Have you been to Boston?(ever),Have you ever been to Boston?,3.He plays golf on Sundays.(sometimes),He sometimes plays golf on Sundays.,4.The weather is bad in November.(always),The weather is always bad in November.,5.It rains in California.(never),It never rains in California.,6.We have fish for dinner.(seldom),We seldom have fish for dinner.,7.She will see him.(rarely),She will rarely see him.,8.Peter doesnt get up before seven.(usually),Peter doesnt usually get up before seven.,9.They do not play tennis on Sundays.(always),They do not always play tennis on Sundays.,1,0.Mary watches TV.(hardly/ever),Mary hardly ever watches TV.,11.She answers.(correctly,rarely),She rarely answers correctly.,12.They worked.(quickly,today),They worked quickly today.,13.We arrive.(early,sometimes),We sometimes arrive early.,14,.,We pick the flowers.(carefully,usually),We usually pick the flowers carefully.,E,15.We would have gone to the beach.(otherwise,yesterday),Otherwise,we would have gone to the beach yesterday.,16.He is wrong.(however,seldom),However,he is seldom wrong.,17.We will attend the concert.(therefore,tonight),Therefore,we will attend the concert tonight.,18.We found the hotel.(easily,nevertheless),Nevertheless,we found the hotel easily.,19.She wins first prize.(always,furthermore),Furthermore,she always wins first prize.,20.We reached the station.(quickly,consequently),Consequently,we reached the station quickly.,21.You speak.(loudly,never),You never speak loudly.,F,22.They left.(quietly,this morning),They left quietly this morning.,23.He finished.(late,often),He often finished late.,2,4.,We ate.(at the restaurant,well,yesterday evening),We ate well at the restaurant yesterday evening.,25.The children whispered.(on Christmas Eve,excitedly,in front of the,tree),The children whispered excitedly in front of the tree on Christmas,Eve.,26.We hung the picture.(on the wall,carefully),We hung the picture carefully on the wall.,27.The birds twittered,（,吱吱叫,）,.(this morning,outside the window,loudly),The birds twittered loudly outside the window this morning.,28.The boys and girls waited.(for the parade to pass by,impatiently),The boys and girls waited impatiently for the parade to pass by.,29.We slept.(all afternoon,on the grass,soundly),We slept soundly on the grass all afternoon.,30.The choir,（,合唱队）,sang,.(l,ast week,beautifully,at the competition),Th,e choir sang beautifully at the competition last week.,31.The moon shone.(over the water,long after the sun had set,brilliantly),T,he,moon shone brilliantly over the water long after the sun had set.,G,32.They stood.(at the bus stop,for twenty minutes,patiently),They stood patiently at the bus stop for twenty minutes.,33.We arrived.(here,last night,on foot),We arrived here on foot last night.,34.The young child walked.(by herself,this morning,to school),The young child walked to school by herself this morning.,35.She arrived.(in a black car,at the hotel),She arrived at the hotel in a black car.,36.The waves crashed.(against the shore,loudly),The waves crashed loudly against the shore.,37.He sat.(until the announcements were finished,on the edge of his,chair,expectantly),He sat expectantly on the edge of his chair until the announcements,were finished.,上面我们主要讨论了动词的修饰语副词和起副词作用的介词短语在句中的位置。,关于充当状语的从句和非谓语动词短语等，我们另外讨论。,接下来我们讨论名词的修饰语,定语,3.4,什么是定语？,定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的单词、短语或句子，,汉语中常用“的”表示。,定语有,限制性和非限制性,之分。对中心词来说必不可少的定语叫限制性定语，一般不用逗号将两者分隔；只起补充说明、用逗号隔开的定语叫非限制性定语。,定语有的在所修饰的名词之前（,前置,），有的在名词之后（,后置,）。,我们应特别注意定语和它所修饰的名词的位置。,e.g.She had many,red,pencils,.,(,red,作限制性定语）,She had many pencils,red,.,(,red,作非限制性定语）,3.5,定语主要由形容词担任。此外，名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式（短语）、分词和定语从句等,相当于形容词的作用时，,都可用作定语。,3.51,形容词作定语：,The,green,bike is mine.,Is there anything,wrong,with your radio?,She told us,good,news.,Miss Green is a,responsible,girl.,He gave his children a,vivid,description of the battle.,The man fell in love with that,charming,girl at first sight.,3.52,“数”词作定语：,He failed,ninety-nine,times before he succeeded in doing the experiment.,Our office is on the,12th,floor of that building.,注意：,表“数”的词或短语,(,限定词）,必须根据,“单数或复数”和“可数或不可数,的情况修饰它后面的名词。,An（or Every，Each，Another，This，That，Such an，A certain）,egg（,单数可数,名词,）,is rotten,Both（or Several，Three，Few，A few，Those，These，Many，,A large number of）,eggs（,复数可数,名词,）,are rotten,Little（or A little，Much，A great deal of，A large quantity of，,The,，,This，That）,milk（,不可数,名词,）,was spoiled,比较下列一组句子：,Some（or No，An abundance of，A lot of，Plenty of，Enough，,All，My，Johns，The，Any，Such）,eggs（,复数可数,名词,）,have been sold,.,Some（or No，An abundance of，A lot of，Plenty of，Enough，All，My，Johns，The，Any，Such）,milk（,不可数,名词,）,has been sold,注意：上面两个句子的限定词（,相同的绿色部分,）后,，,既可跟复数可数名词，也可跟不可数名词。,If you have,much,money，you have,many,friends；,if you have,a little,money，you have,a few,friends；,if you have,very little,money，you have,very few,friends；,and if you have,no,money，you have,no,friends,Lets,play a game.,Read the following in 15 seconds and then try to retell it.,If you have,much,money，you have,many,friends；,if you have,a little,money，you have,a few,friends；,if you have,very little,money，you have,very few,friends；,and if you have,no,money，you have,no,friends,3.53,代词作定语：,His,parents tried in every way to satisfy,his,needs.,Electricity has changed,our,lives enormously.,Can you answer,those,questions?,Your,hair needs cutting.,Which,class are you in?,3.54,名词或名词所有格作定语,:,There are three,women,doctors in the medical team.,This is my bike.,Toms,bike is over there.,They are going to send a,trade,delegation to China.,3.55,（地点或时间）副词作定语：,On my way,home,I continued angry with him.,The buildings,around,were badly damaged.,The trend,now,is beyond our imagination.,3.56,介词短语作定语：,Would you like to help the lady,with a baby in her arm,?,Now many people,in the city,admire the life of people,in the country.,He is a man,of honour,（=honourable man）,.,Do you see the man,at the door,？,Pass me the book,on the desk,.,I went to the shop,opposite the post office,.,She is a girl,with curly hair,.,Fruits,in season,are delicious and cheap,He gave them a lecture,about smoking，drinking and gambling,The duty,of looking after the house,belongs to me,The knowledge,of how to make it,was a secret,3.56,介词短语作定语：,Would you like to help the lady,with a baby in her arm,?,Now many people,in the city,admire the life of people,in the country.,He is a man,of honour,（=honourable man）,.,Do you see the man,at the door,？,Pass me the book,on the desk,.,I went to the shop,opposite the post office,.,She is a girl,with curly hair,.,Fruits,in season,are delicious and cheap,He gave them a lecture,about smoking，drinking and gambling,The duty,of looking after the house,belongs to me,The knowledge,of how to make it,was a secret,3.57,不定式作定语：,Perhaps in years,to come,we shall meet again.,They were the first,to bear hardships,the last,to enjoy comforts,.,He is an honest man,to be depended on,.,She had only a cold room,to live in,.,常见的能跟不定式作定语的名词有,ability,attempt,chance,courage,determination,decision,eagerness,effort,failure,opportunity,plan,promise,struggle,wish.,I dont have the,courage,to tell you,.,You have no,right,to do such a thing,!,3.58,分词作定语：,To our great joy,we reached a,running,stream.,The headmaster gave an,inspiring,speech yesterday.,I have a book,containing all the information,you need,She had a,worried,look on her face.,What do you think of the play,put on,by the students?,When we saw the valley,we thought we had reached the,promised,land!,3.59,动名词作定语,There is a,swimming,pool in our school.,He bought some,sleeping,pills in the hospital.,She is in the,reading,room.,现在分词作定语时,强调其动作,;,动名词,作定语表示名词的用途,:,a,sleeping,boy a,sleeping,car,running,water,running,shoes,3.6,不定代词等的定语后置,如前所述，作定语的形容词、限定词等通常在名词前面，而短语（介词短语和非谓语动词短语等）作定语和以后将被讨论的定语从句则在名词之后。定语后置的情况还有一些值得重视：,修饰,some,，,any,，,no,，,every,等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置,Let,s go somewhere quiet.,咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧。,There is nothing important in todays newspaper.,今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。,Do you have anything more to say?,你还有什么话要说吗,?,动词,、名词转化而来的以,-able,-ible,结尾的形容词作定语,后置,He is a person dependable.,他是一个可以依靠的人。,This is the only transportation means available.,这是唯一可行的交通工具。,成对的形容用作定语可以后置,：,There was a huge cupboard,simple and beautiful.,有一个大食柜，简朴而美观。,3.7,名词前多个定语的排列,在英语里,一般定语前置时的次序为,:,限定词，形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前,我们要注意其次序。其形容词遵循的,词序为：,1,限定词,2,观点,3,形状,4,年龄,5,颜色,6,国籍,7,材料,8,用途,限观形龄颜国材,县官行令宴国材,限定词,（,a,，,an,，,the,that,those,four,her,our,several,some,，,a lot of),观点或评价,（,beautiful,interesting,delicious,lovely,charming,）,形状,（,small,huge,tiny,;,round,square,rectangular,）,年龄,（,old,young,new,ancient,）,颜色,(red,black,pale),国籍,(French,American,Canadian),材料,(woolen,silk,wooden),用途,(,rocking,chair,hunting,cabin,book,cover),限观形龄颜国材,县官行令宴国材,实际上，前置定语不可能有这么多，三个以上就算多的了。,a famous American,university,a new plastic,bucket,a purple velvet,curtains,a,lovely old red,post-box,some small round plastic,t,ables,some charming small silver,ornaments,an interesting little red French oil,painting,看例句：,He bought a nice small round new,b,rown French oak writing desk.,他 买了 一个好看的小小的圆形的新的 褐色的 法国产的 橡木做的 写字台。,并列的形容词之间可用标点或连词,inexpensive,comfortable,shoes,.,inexpensive but comfortable,shoes,two big and bright,eyes,Look at the table,3.8,表倍数或分数的词、,all,、,both,和,half,用在其它限定词前,短语,twice,my salary,double,my salary,ten times,my salary,half,my salary,one-third,my sal