基础英语语法课件市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖PPT课件.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2021/10/3,#,基础英语语法,基础英语语法课件,第1页,1/168,英语语法框架,词法,句法,名词、代词、数词、量词,冠词,动词,形容词、副词,介词,简单句,并列句,主从句,特殊句型,基础英语语法课件,第2页,2/168,一、名词,1.专有名词,2.,普通名词,名词分类,：人名、地名、组织机构名称,基础英语语法课件,第3页,3/168,之词法,基础英语语法,基础英语语法课件,第4页,4/168,普通名词,可数名词,不可数名词,练习,：能够区分可数名词以及不可数名词,物质名词：食物、液体、自然物质,抽象名词：情感、概念、学科,基础英语语法课件,第5页,5/168,可数名词,可数名词,单数可数名词与冠词,可数名词变复数,合成名词变复数,集合名词,基础英语语法课件,第6页,6/168,不可数名词,不可数名词,不可数名词与冠词,不可数名词与量词、不定代词,既是可数又是不可数名词，但意思不一样,基础英语语法课件,第7页,7/168,名词全部格,名词全部格,1.,在词尾加,s,用于有生命名词后，比如,my fathers coat,the foxs tail,peoples china,Joans and Janes rooms.,用于时间、距离、价值等或者国家、城市等名词之后，比如,todays papers,ten minutes rest,3 days holiday,a miles walk,a dollars worth of stamps,名词全部格所修饰词省略情况，比如,the tailors(shop),服装店,the butchers,肉店,2.of,结构,用于无生命名词，比如,a map of the world,基础英语语法课件,第8页,8/168,名词在句子中作用,名词在句中作用,eg.i got a very good seat.,The play was very interesting.,She is a good teacher.,A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.,I have just received the letter from my brother,TOM.,宾语,主语,表语,主语,介词宾语,同位语,基础英语语法课件,第9页,9/168,含有名词性质其它形式,He,is my best friend.,Five,plus one is six.,Fishing,is my favorite sport.,To get to the top,is my goal.,what he says,sounds right.,基础英语语法课件,第10页,10/168,区分可数与不可数名词,A.book B.milk C.rice D.bun E.soup F.water,G.tea H.hamburger I.bread J.money K.paper L.desk,M.toy N.baby O.season P.egg Q.coffee R.computer S.tree,T.meat U.pork V.tooth W.room X.pen Y.beef Z.chair,区分可数与不可数名词练习,基础英语语法课件,第11页,11/168,可数名词与冠词,可数名词单数形式前面必须加冠词，定冠词或者不定冠词,Last week,I went to the theatre.,I got a very good seat.,The play was very interesting.,A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.,This is a private conversation.,There are a pen,a book and a computer on the desk.,基础英语语法课件,第12页,12/168,名词变复数,1.,绝大多数可数名词复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。,2.,凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es组成复数。,3.,以辅音字母+y结尾名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。,4.,以-o结尾名词，黑人和英雄喜欢吃土豆、西红柿和芒果,6.,以-f或-fe结尾名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves,5.,以-us结尾名词（多为外来词），通常将-us改变为-i组成复数。,基础英语语法课件,第13页,13/168,7.,以-us结尾名词（多为外来词），通常将-us改变为-i组成复数。,读音改变：尾音Es改读ai，其中kEs要改读为sai，gEs要改读为dVai。,例：fungusfungi;abacusabaci;focusfoci;cactuscacti;cestuscesti,8,、以-is结尾名词，通常将-is改变为-es。读音改变：尾音is改读i:z。,例：axisaxes;basisbases;narisnares;hypothesishypotheses;restisrestes,9.,以-ix结尾名词，通常将-ix改变为-ices，但有例外。读音改变：尾音iks改读isi:z。,例：matrixmatrices;directrixdirectrices;calixcalices;appendixappendices反例：affixaffixes,基础英语语法课件,第14页,14/168,10.,以-um结尾名词，将-um改变为-a。读音改变：去掉鼻尾音。,例：forumfora;stadiumstadia;aquariumaquaria;datumdata;vacuumvacua,11.,以-a结尾名词，在该词末尾加上后辍-e。读音改变：尾音E改读i:。,例：larvalarvae;formulaformulae;alaalae;mediamediae;hydrahydrae,基础英语语法课件,第15页,15/168,合成词变复数,合成名词变复数,1,、合成名词复数形式通常将主题名词变为复数形式，如：,daughters-in-law;lookers-on;passers-by;hand-guns,fire-engines,editors-in-chief,runners-up,letter-boxes,2.,假如没有主体名词，则在最终一个词后面加复数形式，如：,grow-ups,go-betweens,stand-bys,基础英语语法课件,第16页,16/168,集合名词,第一类 形单可单复 family(家庭)，team(队)，class(班)，audience(听众),形式为单数，但意义能够用为单数或复数,His family is large.他家是个大家庭。,His family are all waiting for him.他一家人都在等他。,This class consists of 45 pupils.这个班由45个学生组成。,This class are reading English now.这个班学生在读英语。,使用方法特点：若视为整体，表示单数意义；,若考虑其个体组员，表示复数意义。,基础英语语法课件,第17页,17/168,第二类 形单意义复cattle(牛，牲畜)，people(人)，police(警察)，sheep(羊),使用方法特点为：只有单数形式,但却表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语用复数；,不与 a(n)连用，但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。,People will laugh at you.人们会笑你。,The police are looking for him.警察在找他。,Many cattle were killed for this.就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。,注：表示牲畜头数，用单位词 head(单复数同形)。如：,five head of cattle 5头牛，fifty(head of)cattle 50头牛,基础英语语法课件,第18页,18/168,第三类 形复意义复,goods(,货物,),clothes(,衣服）,使用方法特点：只有复数形式,(,当然也表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语也用复数,),Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season.,衣服在雨季不易干。,Such clothes are very expensive.,那样衣服很贵,If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer.,假如货物质量不好，则理应向制造商提出控诉。,基础英语语法课件,第19页,19/168,第四类 形单意义单,baggage/luggage(,行李,),clothing(,衣服,),furniture(,家俱,),machinery(,机器,),poetry(,诗,),scenery(,风景,),jewelry(,珠宝,),equipment(,设备,),使用方法特点：是不可数名词，只用单数形式，不用不定冠词,(,当然更不能用数词,),，,没有复数形式。,Our clothing protects us from against the cold.,我们衣服能够御寒。,Have you checked all your baggage?,你全部行李都托运了吗,?,The thief stole all her jewelry.,小偷把她全部首饰都偷走了。,The hospital has no decent equipment.,这家医院没有像样设备。,The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry.,人们认为唐朝是中国诗歌全盛时期。,基础英语语法课件,第20页,20/168,注：,machinery,poetry,jewelry,scenery,等对应个体可数名词是,machine,poem,jewel,scene,等。如：,a poem/a piece of poetry,一首诗,many machines/much machinery/many pieces of machinery,许多机器,基础英语语法课件,第21页,21/168,不可数名词量,不可数名词和量词以及不定代词,1.,不可数名词量能够借助于量词来表示,2.,不定代词能够修饰不可数名词，如,some,any,a little,little,a piece of paper,a piece of news,a piece of bread,a glass/cup/bottle/tin of,a bar of chocalate,基础英语语法课件,第22页,22/168,既可又不可且意义不一样名词,既可作可数名词，又可做不可数名词，但意义不一样,可数名词,不可数名词,a room,一个房间,room,空间,a chicken,一只小鸡,chicken,鸡肉,a glass,一个玻璃杯,glass,玻璃,a time,一次,time,时间,an iron,一个熨斗,iron,铁,an air 一个气质,air,空气,基础英语语法课件,第23页,23/168,还有一些词和名词性质相同，属于名词类词，比如,代词，数词,动名词，动词不定式和从句。,基础英语语法课件,第24页,24/168,二、代词,基础英语语法课件,第25页,25/168,分 类,人称代词,物主代词,指示代词,不定代词,主格,宾格,名词性物主代词,形容词性物主代词,反身代词,疑问代词,基础英语语法课件,第26页,26/168,人称代词,主格,宾格,形容词性物主代词,名词性物主代词,反身代词,我,I,me,my,mine,myself,你,you,you,your,yours,yourself,他,he,him,his,his,himself,她,she,her,her,hers,herself,它,it,it,its,its,itself,我们,we,us,our,ours,ourselves,你们,you,you,your,yours,yourselves,他们,they,them,their,theirs,themselves,基础英语语法课件,第27页,27/168,不定代词,不定代词,是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词词,some,:,someone,somebody,something,somewhere,any,:anyone,anybody,anything,anywhere.,no,:no one,nobody,nothing,nowhere.,evey,:everyone,everybody,everthing,everywehere.,one,:none,many,much,a few,a little,all,both,either,neither,each,other,another,基础英语语法课件,第28页,28/168,eg.there are three students talking in the classroom.I know all of them.,all students were present at the meeting.,eg.Both of my sister and I like the song very much.,he likes both his sons.,all:,三者或以上全都，既可做形容词又可做代词,both,：二者全都，既可做形容词又可做代词。,基础英语语法课件,第29页,29/168,eg.They like neither of the two paintings.,neither student gives the answer.,There are shops on either side of the street.,you may take either with you.,neither:,二者中,任何,一个都不，既可做形容词又可做代词,either,：二者中任何一个，既可做形容词又可做代词,基础英语语法课件,第30页,30/168,each:,每一个，强调个体,1.each,既可做形容词又可做代词，而,every,只能做形容词。,比如：,each student has a dictionary.,evey student has a dictionary.,each of the students has a dictionary.,every of the students has a dictionary.,故,each,有,each of,结构，而,every,就没有，就是这个原因。,every,：每一个，强调整体,基础英语语法课件,第31页,31/168,形容词修饰复合不定代词,eg.I have something important to tell you.,.复合不定代词受定语修饰时，定语应放在它们后面,There is nothing wrong with the radio.这收音机没有毛病。,Have you seen anyone anybody famous?你见过名人吗,基础英语语法课件,第32页,32/168,不定代词与部分否定,不定代词与部分否定,不定代词all,both,every 等与 not 连用时组成部分否定；若要表示完全否定，则需换用 none,neither,no one等。比较：,All of the students like the novel.全部这些学生都喜欢这本小说。,Not all of the students like the novel.并不是全部这些学生都喜欢这本小说。,All of the students dont like the novel.并不是全部这些学生都喜欢这本小说。,None of the students like the novel.这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。,基础英语语法课件,第33页,33/168,数词,三、数词,基础英语语法课件,第34页,34/168,基数词,1.,基本数词：,1-10,，,11-20,，整十表示,2.,表示数字词,dozen,一打，,12,个；,dozens of eggs,；,six dozen eggs 6,打鸡蛋,score 20,个,3.,表示,“,几十年代,”,或者,“,几十岁,”,eg.in the thirties,在,30,年代,in his thirties,在他,30,多岁时候,4.,在习语中，有时要用基数词复数形式,eg.by twos and threes,三三两两,in two twos,一眨眼,基础英语语法课件,第35页,35/168,序数词,1.,基本形式,2.,序数词前普通必须使用定冠词,the,eg.the first class;the third day,3.,假如序数词前没有加,the,而是使用了不定冠词,a,an,，则表示,“,又一,”,eg.we will have to do it a third time.,4.,分数表示法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，若分子大于,1,，分母则要用复数,eg.1/6 one sixth,5/6 five sixths,基础英语语法课件,第36页,36/168,加、减、乘、除,2+3=?,Howmuchistwoplusthree?,2+3=5,Twoplusthreeisfive,Twoandthreeisequaltofive,Twoandthreemake,s,five,Twoaddedtothreeequalsfive,Ifweaddtwoto/andthree,wegetfive,1.,“加”用plus，and或add表示；,“等于”用is，make，equal等词表示。,基础英语语法课件,第37页,37/168,106?,Howmuchistenminussix?,10-6=4,Tenminussixisfour,Takesixfromtenandtheremainderisfour.,Six(taken)fromtenisfour,2.“减”用minus或takefrom表示,基础英语语法课件,第38页,38/168,3*4,?,Howmuchisthreetimesfour?,3X4=12,Threetimesfouris/aretwelve,Multiplythreebyfour，wegettwelve,Threemultipliedbyfourmakestwelve,3.“乘”用time（动词）或multiply表示,基础英语语法课件,第39页,39/168,164=?,Howmuchissixteendividedbyfour?,1644,Sixteendividedbyfourisfour,Sixteendividedbyfourequals/gives/makesfour,4.“除”用divide过去分词形式表示,基础英语语法课件,第40页,40/168,冠词,定冠词,不定冠词,基础英语语法课件,第41页,41/168,不定冠词,表泛指,。如：,There is,a,book on the table.,指人或事物某一个类。,如：,His father is,a,driver.Longjing is,a,wonderful tea.,指某一个人或事物，但不详细说明。,如：,My sister was saved by,a,PLA man in the fire.,基础英语语法课件,第42页,42/168,用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示,“,每一,”,。,如：,We have meals three times a day.,（我们一天吃三餐。）,表示一样。如：,They are of,an,age.,（他们是同岁。）,表数量，相当于,one,但语意较弱。,如：,There is,a,pen and two books on the desk.,使抽象名词详细化。,如：,The little girl is,a,help to her mother.,（,a hand,译,帮手,）,基础英语语法课件,第43页,43/168,不定冠词,固定搭配。,如：,A few,a little,a lot of,a bit,a couple of,all of a sudden(,突然,),as a matter of fact(,实际上,),in a hurry(,慌忙,),in a word(,简言之,),have a good time(,玩得愉快,),do sb.a favour(,帮忙,),pay a visit to(,访问,),as a rule(,通例,),as a whole(,总之,),in a day or two(,一两天,),in a way(,在某种程度上,),of a size(,大小相同,),have a word with sb.(,与,交谈,),make a living(,谋生,),take a pride in(,自豪,),take a walk(break,bath,seat)(,散步,(,休息、洗澡、就座,),a great deal of(,大量,),be a pity(,遗憾,),have a cold(headache,fever)(,感冒,(,头痛、发烧,),many a(,许多,),catch a cold(,感冒,),基础英语语法课件,第44页,44/168,定冠词,表示上文提到过人或事物。如：,I have bought a book.,The,book is very useful.,用于说话人与听话人心中都有数人或事物。如：,Close,the,window,please.,用于表示世界上独一无二事物前,。如：,the sun,the moon,the earth,the world,等。,用于表示方位名词之前,。如：,the east,the right.,用于序数词或形容词最高级之前。如：,the first,the tallest.,用于形容词之前，使其名词化。,如：,the sick,the wounded.,用于由普通名词组成专有名词之前。如：,the United States,the United Nation.,基础英语语法课件,第45页,45/168,用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等名词之前。如：,the Changjiang River,the East Lake.,用于复数姓氏之前,，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：,The Smiths,用于乐器名词前,。如：,play,the,piano;play,the,violin.,创造物。如：,The compass was invented in China.,年代名词前。如：,He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.,固定词组中。如：,in the morning(afternoon,evening),on the other hand,at the same time,基础英语语法课件,第46页,46/168,零冠词,表示总称复数名词之前。如：,Children love,cartoons,.,（儿童喜欢卡通影片。）,不含普通名词专有名词前。如：,We are studying,English,.,名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词全部格修饰时。如：,I like,this picture,;I do not have,any money,;As time went on,Einsteins theory,proved to be correct.,季节、月份、星期等名词前，普通不用冠词。,如：,She likes,spring,most.,呼语前不用冠词。如：,What shall I do next,Mother,?,三餐饭前不用冠词。,如：,What did you have for,lunch,?,节假日前不用冠词。如：,People give gifts to each other on,Christmas Day.,球类和棋类运动名称前不用冠词。,如：,She is fond of playing,basketball.,在一些成对出现短语中不用冠词。,如：,arm in arm,（手挽手）,;hand in hand,（手牵手）,;side by side,（肩对肩）,;day and day,（日日夜夜）,;young and old,（老老少少）,;from door to door,（挨门挨户）,;from beginning to end,（从头到尾）,;from morning till night,（从早到晚）等。,基础英语语法课件,第47页,47/168,用冠词与不用冠词区分,在有些短语中，有冠词与没有冠词意义差异很大，,参考附件,练习,基础英语语法课件,第48页,48/168,练习,他和我都教英语。,我是一个学生，我画了很多画。,吃了一顿丰盛饭后，他们就围着营火讲起了故事唱起了歌。,假如你把汽车停错了地方，交通警察很快就会发觉。,我姑姑是个演员。,我不能付账单，因为我包不见了。,去年我去意大利，我参观了博物馆，还去了公园。,基础英语语法课件,第49页,49/168,形容词与副词,Adjectives and adverbs,基础英语语法课件,第50页,50/168,形容词,adjectives,功效,Functon,修饰名词,to modify nouns,使语言表意更准确、更丰富、更生动、更有表现力,to make speeches more accurate,，,richer,more vivid,and more expressive.,传达了说话人或者作者情感和态度。,to convey the emotion and attitudes of speakers or writers.,基础英语语法课件,第51页,51/168,I have a seat.,Shanghai is a city.,We live in a country.,On a day,the ants began drying the grain.,The grasshopper says,I kept myself busy by singing,day and night.,good,examples:,bustling,beautiful,cold frosty,arrogant,基础英语语法课件,第52页,52/168,这些句子就变得苍白、没有生机，不能完全描绘出事物，不能准确表意，,更不能表示作者情感和态度，就想黑白电影一样少了色彩。,基础英语语法课件,第53页,53/168,分类,只做定语形容词,只做表语形容词,既能做定语又能做表语形容词,基础英语语法课件,第54页,54/168,英语中绝大多数形容词既可做定语又可做表语,most adjs.in English can act both as attributes and predicatives,the clothes are very old.,these old clothes are mine.,the new library is wide and bright.,the wide and bright library is new.,基础英语语法课件,第55页,55/168,只能作定语,有些形容词表示事物属性，只能作定语，,放在名词前面修饰名词,eg.,表材料：,golden,wooden,表时间：,daily,everyday,monthly,，,present,last,exsiting,表相对关系：,former,latter,outer,upper,lower,表方位：,indoor,outdoor,inside,outside,eg.:This is our daily work.,The outdoor cinema is quite popular now.,基础英语语法课件,第56页,56/168,另外带有连字符表示度量复合形容词，只能作定语，假如要作表语，,则应去掉连字符：,compound adjectives with hyphens,expressing measurement,can only be attributes;,otherwise,hyphens should be removed.,eg.:she has a five-year-old son.,her son is five years old.,基础英语语法课件,第57页,57/168,只能作表语,表语形容词，只能跟在系动词后面作表语，不能放在名词前作定语,最经典就是以,a-,开头形容词：,afraid,害怕,asleep,睡着,alike,相同,alive,活着,alone,单独,ashamed,惭愧,awake,醒着,aware,意识到,eg.:the baby is asleep.,I am afraid of dogs.,基础英语语法课件,第58页,58/168,通常还有一些表示健康和情绪词也通常只作表语,eg.fine,健康,ill,生病,well,身体健康,glad,高兴,pleased,高兴,sorry,难过,upset,沮丧,content,满足,certain,确信,sure,确信,fond,喜欢,ready,准备好,基础英语语法课件,第59页,59/168,在句子中作用,定语,表语,状语或者主语补足语,基础英语语法课件,第60页,60/168,定语,单个形容词作定语通常前置,eg.This is a private conversation.,Your nephew is a nice little girl.,He is an honest boy.,A strange man came in.,基础英语语法课件,第61页,61/168,单个形容词修饰,something,等复合不定代词时候要后置；,形容词短语作定语总是后置,eg.Is there anything interesting in the new book?,I have something important to tell you.,He is someone humorous.,I like something cheaper.,Do you know anybody famous in the field?,Do you have the instruments necessary for the experiment?,I know an actor suitable for the role.,基础英语语法课件,第62页,62/168,多个形容词修饰名词次序,多个形容词修饰名词时次序：,冠词、指示代词全部格,序数词,基数词,特征,尺寸,年纪温度新旧,形状,颜色,地域,材料,用途,名词,口诀：美小圆旧黄 法国木书房,eg.there is a big round conference table in the meeting room.,基础英语语法课件,第63页,63/168,表语,形容词作表语，放在系动词后面：,eg.She looks elegant.,The story is inspiring.,He is interested in watching TV.,She appears quite old.,基础英语语法课件,第64页,64/168,宾语补足语,They find the problem difficult.,Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad.,His harsh words made us angry.,在特定结构中做宾语补足语,基础英语语法课件,第65页,65/168,作状语,eg.he arrived home,hungry and tired.,he sat there in the corner,silent.,he came over,eager to help.,这种形容词用作状语主要表示原因、结果或伴随等，,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。,这类结构通常可用从句或并列句来改写：,He came over,eager to help./,He came over and(he)was eager to help.他走过来，急于想帮忙。,【注】以上形容词用作状语情形，有些人也称之为主语补足语，,因为它们是补充说明主语。,基础英语语法课件,第66页,66/168,the+adj,the+形容词表示某一类型人,He set up a school for the deaf and the dumb.,他创建了一所聋哑学校。,He stole from the rich to give to the poor.,他偷富人东西去接济穷人。,Those of us who are sighted dont understand the problems of the blind.,我们这些有视力人不了解盲人困难。,基础英语语法课件,第67页,67/168,这类结构常见有：,the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the blind 盲人,the sick 病人 the old 老人 the young 年轻人,the dumb 哑巴 the deaf 聋子 the dead 死者,the weak 弱者 the strong 强者 the wealthy 富人,the jobless 失业者,基础英语语法课件,第68页,68/168,the+分词形容词表示某一类型人,Times are hard for the unemployed.,失业者日子极难熬。,Many of the wounded died on their way to hospital.,许多伤员死在去医院途中了。,基础英语语法课件,第69页,69/168,这类结构常见有：,the wounded 伤员 the injured 伤员,the killed 被杀者 the employed 被雇用者,the unemployed 失业者 the accused 被告,the learned 有学问人 the aged 老年人,the missing 失踪人 the living 活着人,基础英语语法课件,第70页,70/168,形容词短语,1.be+形容词+about,be angry about 为生气 be anxious about 为忧虑,be careful about 当心 be certain about 确信,be curious about 对好奇 be disappointed about 对感到失望,be excited about 对感到兴奋 be glad about 对感到高兴,be happy about 为感到高兴 be hopeful about 对抱有希望,be mad about 对入迷 be nervous about 为感到不安,be particular about 对考究 be sad about 为而难过,be serious about 对认真 be sure about 对有把握,be worried about 为担忧,基础英语语法课件,第71页,71/168,2.be