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,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,Specialized English for Bridge Engineering,桥梁工程专业英语,Lectured By Wei Xing,主讲：卫星,Lecture 1 Introduction,引言,1.1,什么是专业英语,普通英语,（,Common English,Ordinary English,）,科技英语（,English for Science and Technology,）,专业英语,（,English for Special Science and Technology,）,是结合各自专业的科技英语,有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为密切。,隶属于科技英语,是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与事实为主要目的。遵守科技英语的,语法体系,和,翻译方法,;,特别,注重客观事实和真理,，表达,准确、精练和正式,。,专业英语与科技英语既有区别又有联系。专业英语的学习需要有一个,良好的科技英语基础,，同时也要,注意其自身的词汇特点、语法特点、修辞特点和翻译特点,等等。,1.2,学习专业英语的重要性,(1),科研信息获取,(2),研究成果展示,(3),国际交流合作,当前大部分资料都可以通过互联网传播，而这些资料中,90,以上都是英语。,世界上科技情报资料的交流主要靠使用英语,对子电气工程、电子工程和信息类等专业来说，绝大部分专业资料和信息都是以英语形式出观。,专业英语阅读能力,申报国家奖项,申请专利,发表学术论文：,85,以上的科技资料都是以英语形式出版的,专业英语写作能力,专业英语表达、听说、应变能力,1.3,课程的学习内容,主要内容：,基础知识（文体特点，语法特点，词汇特点，常用符号公式表达）,阅读翻译，,专业词汇,周次,课程安排,1,引言，语法特点,词汇特点，常用符号公式表达,2,科技文章翻译技巧,3,Unit 1 Reinforced Concrete Bridges,钢筋混凝土桥,4,Unit 2 Prestressed Concrete Bridges,预应力混凝土桥,5,Unit 3 Segmental Concrete Bridges,节段施工的混凝土桥（,1,）,6,Unit 3 Segmental Concrete Bridges,节段施工的混凝土桥（,2,）,7,Unit 4 Steel-Concrete Composite I-Girder Bridges,钢,-,砼组合板梁桥,周次,课程安排,8,Unit 6 Steel-Concrete Composite Box Girder Bridges,钢,-,砼组合板箱梁桥,9,Unit 7 Orthotropic Deck Bridges,使用正交异性板桥面的桥梁,10,Unit 7 Orthotropic Deck Bridges,使用正交异性板桥面的桥梁,11,Unit 8 Horizontally Curved Bridges,曲线桥,12,Unit 9 Highway Truss Bridges,公路桁梁桥,13,Unit 9 Arch Bridges,拱桥,14,Unit 9 Suspension Bridges,悬索桥,15,Unit 9 Cable-Stayed Bridges,斜拉桥,16,科技论文写作技巧,17,Lecture 2 Features of Specialized English,专业英语的特点,2.1 Grammar Features,客观性（,Objective,）,、,准确性（,accuracy,）,和,精练性,(conciseness),。,(1),广泛使用被动语态,(2),广泛使用非谓语形式,(3),省略句使用频繁,(4),It,句型和祈使句使用频繁,(5),复杂长句使用频繁,(6),后置形容词短语作定语多,语法特点,(1),广泛使用被动语态,2.1 Grammar Features,主体,多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人的主观臆断；,中心,是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。,(,客观性,),1)The behavior of a cable-stayed girder can,be approximately simulated by,an elastically supported girder,可以用弹性支承梁来近似模拟斜拉桥的受力行为。,2)The Tsing Ma Bridge(Hong Kong),was completed,in 1997,香港青马大桥于,1997,年建成,2.1 Grammar Features,3)Plate elements are used to model girder webs,可以用板（壳）单元模拟主梁腹板,4)The meters,are calibrated,and the scale,is designed,to read the value of the desired unit.,这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。,使用被动句的情况：不必说出主语、不愿说出主语或说不出主语。科技文体往往是前后两种。,2.1 Grammar Features,(2),广泛使用非谓语形式,非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓语形式分为,动名词,分词,动词不定式,。,动名词,用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句,The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.,2)An object becomes hot.It is placed in the sun.,Once,being placed,in the sun,an object becomes hot.,物体放置在太阳下会变热。,The signal should be filtered before,being amplified,.,放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波,(,精炼,),2.1 Grammar Features,3)We must do various experiments before a new structure is designed.,Before,designing,a new structure we must do various experiments.,在设计一个新的结构之前，我们必须做各种实验,用动名词短语做主语,4),Changing resistance,is a method for controlling the flow of the current.,改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法,5),Conducting electricity,means the flow of electrons through an object.,传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动,2.1 Grammar Features,分词,过去分词,短语替代从句中的,被动语态,现在分词,短语替代从句中的,主动语态,The arch bridge,which is shown in Fig.1,is a fixed arch.,The arch bridge,shown,in Fig.1 is a fixed arch.,图,1,中表示的拱是无铰拱。,2.1 Grammar Features,2)FEM,as it was pointed out above,is a useful tools for structure analysis.,FEM,as,pointed out,above,is a useful tools for structure analysis.,正如上面所指出的那样，有限单元法是结构分析的有用工具。,3)The Wanxian Yangtze Bridge,which is located in China with a span of 420 m,is the longest reinforced concrete arch in the world.,The Wanxian Yangtze Bridge located in China with a span of 420 m is the longest reinforced concrete arch in the world.,主跨,420m,的中国万县长江大桥是世界上最大跨度钢筋混凝土拱桥。,2.1 Grammar Features,不定式,用不定式短语来替代表示,目的和功能,的从句或语句,(1)The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.,The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger,to satisfy,the increasing demand of electric power.,单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。,(2)What does a fuse do?It protects a circuit.,The function of a fuse is,to protect,a circuit.,保险的作用就是保护电路。,2.1 Grammar Features,(3),省略句使用频繁,省略成分：,状语从句中的主语、全部或部分谓语,；,定语从句中的关系代词,which,和,that,、从句中的助词,等；还,常用介词短语替代从句,。,1)If,it is,possible,the closed-loop control approach should be used in this system.,If possible,the closed-loop control approach should be used in this system.,2)As,illustrated,in Fig.1,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,As in Fig.1,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.,就像图,1,所示的那样，这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。,可能的话，这个系统应该使用闭环控制方法。,(,精炼,),2.1 Grammar Features,3)The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system,which has,two circuits in it.,The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system,with,two circuits in it.,这个装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。,As already discussed,前已讨论,As explained before,前已解释,As described above,如上所示,If possible(necessary),如果可能（必要）,其他常用的省略形式：,If so,倘若如此,As previously mentioned,前已提到,When needed(necessary,feasible),必要时,Where feasible,在实际可行的场合,Where possible,在可能的情况下,2.1 Grammar Features,(4),It,句型,和,祈使句,使用频繁,It,句型：,it,充当形式主语，避免句子“头重脚轻”,It is very important(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable)to,It takes very much time learning,It is clear(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable)that,It happened that,It must be admitted that,祈使句,:,无主语，精炼。,Let A be equal to B.,设,A,等于,B,。,Consider a high-pressure chamber.,假如有一个高气压气候室。,（准确、精炼）,2.1 Grammar Features,(5),复杂长句使用频繁,1)It has been mentioned above,that,it is very important,that,all erection phases be reviewed to ensure,that,the stresses are within allowable limits at each stage.,前面已经提到：对每个施工阶段进行检查，保证结构应力不超过各阶段的允许限值是非常重要的。,（准确、精炼）,为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句,2.1 Grammar Features,2)The reluctance motor operates synchronously at a speed,which,is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for,which,the stator is wound.,磁阻电动机以某一速率同步动转，该速率是由电源频率和定子绕制的级数决定的。,3)The testing of a bearing will be described in this section with chief reference to the tests,that,are normally taken on every machine,before,it leaves the makers works.,支座的试验将在本节中叙述，它主要涉及每个支座在离开制造厂前应进行的试验。,2.1 Grammar Features,(6),后置形容词短语作定语多,代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。,1)All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics,which are analogous to those of waves moving through water.,All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water.,2)The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs,The instruments present include some digital ones relative to DSPs,所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。,到场的仪器中还有一些与,DSP,有关的数字仪器,（精炼）,2.2 Rhetoric Features,注重科学技术方面的观察、试验和客观规律、事物特征,涉及的内容,(,如概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等,),大多没有特定的时间关系和时效性,(1),广泛使用一般现在时,(2),较多地使用图、表和公式,常使用数据、图、表和公式等非语言因素来表明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等。,(3),逻辑语法使用多,修辞特点,进行条件论述、理论分析和公式推导时，多使用逻辑语法，即表示条件、原因、语气转折、限制、假设和逻辑顺序等词汇,although,because,but,if,once,only,suppose,as a result,because of,due to,so,therefore,thus,without,等。,2.3,Vocabulary Features,(1),词汇分类,专业或技术词汇,次技术词汇,pier,，,abutment,，,cable-stayed bridge,很多专业和学科所共有的词汇,不同专业和学科往往具有不同词义,某个专业所特有的词汇，其专业性强，词义狭窄和单一。,power:,幂，乘方,动力，功率，效率,电源，电力，功率，电能,concrete:,坚固,混凝土,beam,：,光柱,梁,：专业或技术词汇，次技术词汇，非技术词汇,(,桥墩,),（桥台）,(,斜拉桥,),2.3,Vocabulary Features,非技术词汇,在普通英语或非专业英语中使用较少，但实际却属于非专业英语的词汇,take in -absorb,Look into -examine,find out -discover,turn round -rotate,make good use of -utilize,change -convert,2.3,Vocabulary Features,(1),词汇构成,1),合成法,由相互独立的两个或更多的词合成得到新词,名词,+,名词（,n.+n.,）,n.:,horsepower,bandwidth,power utilization,名词,+,形容词,(n+adj.)adj.,：,ice-cold,network-wide,名词,+,副词,(n+adv.)n.,，,adj.:,feedback,形容词名词（,adj+n,）,n.,，,adj.,：,low-pass,high-speed,short-circuit,newtype,形容词,+,名词,+ed(adj.+n.+ed)adj.:,forward-directed,，,small-sized,介词,+,名词,(prep.+n.)adj.,n.,：,bypass,overhead,on-line,overvoltage,2.3,Vocabulary Features,2),派生法,通过对词根加上各种前缀或后缀来构成新词,专业英语词汇大部分都是用派生法构成的，,semi-,构成的词有,230,个以上,:semiconductor,，,semimonthly,等，,thermo-130,个以上：,thermo-chemical,，,thermo-electrical,micro-300,个以上,:,auto-260,个以上,:,前缀（,prefix,）：词义变化，词类不变,后缀（,suffix,）：词义可能变化可能不变，词类一定会变,常用的前缀和后缀却多达百个，可见派生法的构词能力是非常强的。作为一个专业技术人员，至少应掌握,50,个常用前缀和后缀。,名词前缀,前缀,含义,例词,auto-,自动，自己，自身,autocompensation,，,automation,，,autoexcitation,counter-,反，逆，抗，补,countermodulation,；,countercurrent,hydr(o),水，流体，氢,(,化,),hydroenergy,，,hydropower,hyper-,超，过,hyperfrequency,，,hyperplane,mini-,微，小,minicomponent,，,minipad,micro-,微，百万分之一,micromotor,，,microadjustment,semi-,半，部分，不完全,semiconductor,，,semiempirical,，,semielectronic,super-,超，上，特,superconductor,，,supergrid,ultra-,超，过度，极端,ultra-high voltage,（,UHV,）,ultraspeed,extra-,超，特,extra-high voltage(EHV),后缀,含义,例词,-age,抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等,voltage,，,percentage,-ance,-ence,抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等,resistance,电阻，,difference,差别,-ency,抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等,efficiency,效率，,frequency,频率，,emergency,紧急情况,-ion,，,-tion,-sion,抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等,action,作用，,automation,自动化,transmission,传输,-logy,学论，技术,technology,技术，,dermatology,，,iatrology,医学，,electrotechnology,电工学,-ness,性质、状态、程度,hardness,硬度，,deepness,深度，,brightness,亮度，,roughness,粗糙度,-ship,情况、性质、状态、关系、地位,relationship,关系，,friendship,友好，,membership,会员资格，,scholarship,奖学金，学问，学识，,fellowship,伙伴关系,-er,-or,driver,驱动器,capacitor,电容器，,conductor,导体，,reactor,电抗器，,breaker,，,disconnector,断路器,名词后缀,词缀,含义,例词,-able,-ible,measurable,可测量的,convertible,可逆的,-ous,continuous,继续的,electriferous,带电的,simultaneous,同时的,-ful,powerful,强大的，,useful,有用的,-less,colorless,无色的,形容词后缀,副词后缀,词缀,含义,例词,-ly,。地,carefully,仔细地，,-ward,。向,backward,逆向，反馈,downward,向下的,eastward,向东的,-wise,方向,clockwise,顺时针方向,动词后缀,词缀,含义,例词,-en,broaden,加宽，,harden,硬化，,shorten,变短,-fy,electrify,使。带电，,-ize,standardize,使标准化,词缀,含义,例词,circ,圆，环,circuit,电路，,circum,圆周,chron,表时间,synchronism,同步,chronic,慢性的,fold,倍数,threefold,三倍,fourfold,四倍,fivefold,五倍,meter,仪器仪表,ammeter,安培表，,voltmeter,伏特表,wattmeter,功率表,gram,，,graph,文字，图形,diagram,图表,program,程序,telegraph,电报,phone,声音,microphone,话筒,Telephone,电话,therm(o),热,thermoelectron,热电子,thermoanalysis,热分析,词根,3),词汇缩略,2.3,Vocabulary Features,只由词汇中的部分字母或由词组中每个词汇的首字母。,节略词,，,缩略词,，,首字词,和,缩写词,节略词：只取词汇前面几个字母或只由后面词根组成,ad,del,exam,deg,lab,di(a),dir,dep,advertisement;,delete,examination,degree,laboratory,diameter,directory,department,2.3,Vocabulary Features,缩略词：由,词组中某些词的词头字母,（有时多于一个）所组成，作为一个词按照正常的,规则发音,ADINA,2.3,Vocabulary Features,首字词：与缩略词类似，区别在于每个实词只取第一个字母，且必须逐字母念出,PC,RC,CAD,FEM,PPC,ACI,ASCE,IABSE,FIB,AASHTO,ECCS,缩写词：并不一定由某个词组的首字母组成。有些缩写词仅由一个单词变化而来，且大多数缩写词每个字母后都附有一个句点。,2.3,Vocabulary Features,appx.appendix,附录；,fig.figure,图；,sq.square,平方；,msg.message,信息；,amp.amplifier,放大器；,o.p.operational amplifier,运算放大器；,2.3,Vocabulary Features,混合法,:,由两个词汇的第一个词汇的前面几个字母和第二个词汇的后面几个字母结合在一起构成。,positron,negatron,字母外形法,:,对一些形状与字母外形相似的物体，可以利用连字符把字母和名词连接在一起组成新词汇。,X-ray X,射线,U-shaped magnet,马蹄形磁铁,Y,-direction,Y,轴方向,H-frame structure H,型框架结构,positive electron,正电子,negative electron,负电子,2.3,Vocabulary Features,人名法,:,对一些科学家、发明家所发现或发明的理论、方法、定理或定律、东西和物品等，用他们的名字组成新词。,Ohm,欧姆,Volt,伏特,Watt,瓦特,Ampere,安培,Hertz,赫兹,Kelvin,开尔文,Coulomb-,库仑,2.4,Symbol and Formula,国际单位制中的前缀,前缀,符号,数值,中文名称,例词,tera-,T,10,12,兆兆（亿万）,giga-,G,10,9,千兆（十亿）,gigahertz,(,GHz)10kHz,1GHz,meg(a)-,M,10,6,兆,megohmmeter,megohertz(MHz),kilo-,k,10,3,千,kilometer(km)kilovolt(kV)kilowatt(kW)kilogram(kg,）,hecto-,h,10,2,百,hectogram,deca-,da,10,1,十,decameter,deci-,d,10,-1,分（十分之一）,decimeter,centi-,c,10,-2,厘,centimeter(cm),milli-,m,10,-3,毫,milliampere,（,mA,）,milliammeter,micro-,10,-6,微,microfarad,（,F,）,nano-,n,10,-9,纳,nanometer (nm),pico-,p,10,-12,微微,picocoulomb(pC),picofarad(pF),femto-,f,10,-15,毫微微,atto-,a,10,-18,微微微,2),小数，分数，百分数,2.4,Symbol and Formula,0.1:,zero point one,point one,o point one,one tenth,decimal one,0.01:,point zero one,10.35:,ten point three five,1/2:,a(one)half,1/3:,a third,1/4:,one quarter,1/8,:a eighth,2/3,:two-thirds,two over three,two divided by three,3/4,:three-fourths,three quarters,3%,:three percent,0.2%,:point two percent,5:,five per mill,3),幂（,power,）根（,root,）,x to the second power,2.4,Symbol and Formula,:x square,x squared,the square of x,the second power of x,y to the third power,:y cube,y cubed,the cube of y,the third power of y,:,the nth power of a,a to the n power,:the square root o f three,:the cube(third)root of a,:the nth root of a,2.4,Symbol and Formula,4),数学运算符号,A+B,A and B,A plus B,A-B,A minus B,AB,A times B,A multiplied by B,AB,A over B,A divided by B,AB,A plus or minus B,A=B,A equals B,a equals to b,a is equal to b,AB,A is not equal to B,A is not B,AB,A is approximately equal to B,AB,A is greater than B,AB,A is greater than B,AB,A is much(far)greater than B,AB,A is much less than B,AB,A is greater than or equal to B.,AB,A is less than or equal to B.,AB,A is proportion to b,a varies directly as b,A:B,A to B,2.4,Symbol and Formula,2.4,Symbol and Formula,
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