美国诗歌复习.doc

致海伦埃德加爱伦坡海伦！你的美貌于我就像昔日尼西亚的轻帆小船，温柔地，飘荡在芬芳的海面上。带着那倦旅劳累的流浪者向他故乡的海岸转航。 早已习惯在绝望之海上长久徘徊游荡，你紫蓝色的长发，你典雅的脸庞，还有你水中仙女般的风姿，引我返航，去向希腊的荣光，去向罗马的辉煌！ 看！在彼处精美绚烂的窗龛里，你玉立一如雕像，玛瑙灯在你手中光芒明亮。啊！灵魂化身的美女，你所来之处，就是圣地！AnalysisIn To Helen, Poe is celebrating the nurturing power of woman.1 Poe was inspired in part by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, particularly in the second line (Like those Nicean barks of yore) which resembles a line in Coleridges Youth and Age (Like those trim skiffs, unknown of yore).2 AllusionsPoe, in referring to Helen, may be alluding to the Greek goddess of light or Helen of Troy who is considered to be the most beautiful woman who ever lived, though there is not enough information given to determine for certain.人生礼颂 Herry Wadsworth Longfellow/享利.沃兹渥斯.朗费罗 Tell me not in mournful numbers, 请别用哀伤的诗句对我讲； Life is but an empty dream! 人生呵，无非是虚梦一场！ For the soul is dead that slumbers 因为沉睡的灵魂如死一般， And things are not what they seem. 事物的表里并不一样。 Life is real! Life is earnest! 人生是实在的！人生是热烈的！ And the grave is not its goal; 人生的目标决不是坟墓； Dust thou art , to dust returnest, 你是尘土，应归于尘土。 Was not spoken of the soul. 此话指的并不是我们的精神。 Not enjoyment , and not sorrow, 我们的归宿并不是快乐， Is our destined and our way; 也不是悲伤， But to act, 实干 That much to-morrow. 才是我们的道路， Find us farther than to-day. 每天不断前进，蒸蒸蒸日上。 Art is long , and time is fleeting. 光阴易逝，而艺海无涯， And our hearts , though stout and brave. 我们的心哪虽然勇敢坚强， Still , like muffled drums , are beating 却像被布蒙住的铜鼓， Funeral marches to the grave。 常把殡葬的哀乐擂响。 In the worlds broad field of battle, 在这人生的宿营地， In the bivouac of Life, 在这辽阔的世界战场， Be not like dumb,driven cattle! 别做无言的牲畜任人驱赶， Be a hero in the strife! 做一名英雄汉立马横枪！ Trust no future.howeer pleasant! 别相信未来，哪怕未来多么欢乐！ Let the dead Past bury its dead! 让死去的往昔将死亡一切埋葬！ Act,act in the living Present! 上帝在上，我们胸怀勇气， Heart within,and God Oerhead! 行动吧趁现在活着的好时光！ Lives of great men all remind us 伟人的生平使我们想起， We can make our lives sublime, 我们能使自己的一生变得高尚！ And departing,leave behind us 当我们辞别人间， Footprints on the sands of time; 能把足迹留在时间的流沙上， Footprints that perhaps another, 也许有个遭了船灾的苦难弟兄， Sailing oer life solemn main, 他曾在庄严的人生大海中飘航， A forlorn and shipwrecked brother, 见到我们的脚印， Seeing,shall take heart again, 又会满怀信心。 Let us,then,be up and doing, 让我们起来干吧， With a heart for any fate; 下定决心，不管遭遇怎样； Still achieving,still pursuing 不断胜利，不断追求， Learn to labour and to wait. 要学会苦干和耐心等待。 灵魂选择自己的伴侣 狄金森 灵魂选择自己的伴侣 然后，把门紧闭， 她神圣的决定， 再不容干预 发现车辇停在她低矮的门前， 不为所动， 一位黄帝跪在她的席垫， 不为所动 我知道她从一个民族众多的入口 选中了一个， 从此封闭关心的阀门， 像一块石头。. Summary on the contentThe speaker says that the Soul selects her own Society- and then shuts the Door, refusing to admit anyone else-even if an Emperor be kneeling / Upon her mat-.Indeed, the soul often chooses no more than a single person from an ample nation and then closes the Valves of her attention to the rest of the world. FormThe meter of The Soul selects her own Society is much more irregular and halting than the typical Dickinson poem, although it still roughly fits her usual structure: iambic trimeter with the occasional line in tetrameter. For exemple,the odd lines are all in tetrameter .It is also uncharacteristic in that its rhyme scheme-if we count half-rhymes such as Gate and Mat-is ABAB, rather than ABCB; the first and third lines rhyme, as well as the second and fourth. And the same as the following lines.However, by using long dashes rhythmically to interrupt the flow of the meter and effect brief pauses, the poems form remains recognizably Dickinsonian, despite its atypical aspects. We can find that there are a lot of dashes in the poem. In fact, dash is a mon technique in Dickinsons poem. Her purpose of using dashes is to pause or emphasize. She wants to stress her irregular sentence-making. Another tecnique of expression is the capitalization. In this poem the first letter in every line is capitalized. She must have her own special intention in plenty using them. Maybe she thinks this act is unusual. A critic said that she did so only in order to lead nobility and granduer to the fable realm. mentaryThe tone of The Soul selects her own Society- is quiet, grand, and ominous. The idea that The Soul selects her own Society (that people choose a few panions who matter to them and exclude everyone else from their inner consciousness) conjures up images of a solemn ceremony with the ritual closing of the door, the chariots, the emperor, and the ponderous Valves of the Souls attention. Essentially, the middle stanza functions to emphasize the Souls stonily unpromising attitude toward anyone trying to enter into her Society once the metaphorical door is shut-even chariots, even an emperor, cannot persuade her. The third stanza then illustrates the severity of the Souls exclusiveness-even from an ample nation of people, she easily settles on one single person to include, summarily and unhesitatingly locking out everyone else. The concluding stanza, with its emphasis on the One who is chosen, gives The Soul selects her own Society- the feel of a tragic love poem, although we need not reduce our understanding of the poem to see its theme as merely romantic. The poem is an excellent example of Dickinsons tightly focused skills with metaphor and imagery; cycling through her regal list of door, divine Majority, chariots, emperor, mat, ample nation, and stony valves of attention, Dickinson continually surprises the reader with her vivid and unexpected series of images, each of which furthers the somber mood of the poem. Chinese version灵魂选择它自己的伴侣选定精神伴侣，然后谢客关门；既作神圣抉择，必当匿影藏形。车輦沓至纷来，姑娘不闻不问；皇帝跪于席垫，万难打动芳心。茫茫人海无限，唯独选中一人；从此心如盘石，封闭情感闸门。Song of Myself华尔特.惠特曼 1我赞美我自己，歌唱我自己，我所讲的一切，将对你们也一样适合，因为属于我的每一个原子，也同样属于你。我闲游，邀请我的灵魂一起，我俯首下视，悠闲地观察一片夏天的草叶。By Walt Whitman瓦尔特-惠特曼 作A child said what is the grass? Fetching it to me with full hands;一个孩子问什么是小草？给我送来满满一手心；How could I answer the child? I do not know what it is any more than he.我该怎样回答这孩子？我所知道的并不比他多多少。I guess it must be the flag of my disposition, out of hopeful great stuff woven.我猜它一定是我品性的旗帜，源自于希望的锦绣飘摇。Or I guess it is the handkerchief of the Lord,或者我猜它是上苍的手绢，A scented gift and rememberance designedly dropt,一件芬芳的礼物或者无意抛落的纪念品，Bearing the owners name someway in the corners, that we may see and remark, and say whose?镌下主人的姓名在某些角落里，我们可能会看见并引起注意，并问“这是谁的”？Or I guess the grass is itself a child, the produced babe of the vegetation.或者我猜小草自己就是一个孩子，那出生于植物的婴孩。致水鸟吕志鲁译披着滴落的露珠， 天空灿烂，白日的行程就要结束； 穿过玫瑰色的遥远空际， 你往何方把孤单的前程追逐？ 看你远远飞翔而无计可施， 捕鸟人的眼光徒劳眷顾； 满天红霞把你映衬， 暗黑的身影飘飘飞舞。 你是在寻找开阔的大河之滨， 还是波浪拍岸的水草之湖？ 或者潮水冲刷的海滩， 那里的巨浪奔腾起伏？ 有上苍把你关照， 在无路的海岸为你指路 在荒漠和无边的空际， 你孤单的飘荡不致迷途。 你成天翕动翅膀， 任空气稀薄暴寒冷，飞在高处， 疲乏中你不肯降落舒适的大地， 即使黑夜即将紧闭它的帷幕。 你很快就会结束这样的劳苦， 你即将找到你夏天的住处； 休息中呼唤自己的伙伴， 芦苇也会躬身把你的窝巢遮护。 你的身躯全被吞没， 天堂深渊里，你踪影全无； 然而你的启迪深深留在我的心底， 我将久久地久久地把它记住砖 从一地又到一地， 天空无垠，你的飞翔从无迟误； 愿引领你的向导把我引领， 孤单的长路中迈开永不偏离的脚步。 WilliamCullenBryant(1794-1878),第一位蜚声世界的美国诗人.浪漫主义.早年创作较多,后投身社会活动,创作减少.其诗特色如下: 1.大量描绘自然 2.风格忧郁,感性 3.寓情于景 4.强调自我 5.有自然即上帝的倾向,神秘主义 6.语言简单朴素,形式较古典 下面一首致水鸟很典型地体现出以上所有特色。我实在不觉得这首诗好到哪里去，读了几遍也只能用ordinary来形容。他写的这些，也不是不好，只是没什么特色，比较平凡而已。然而因为实在太典型了，所以有作业要求分析之，说说它“怎么表现出浪漫主义的特点”。可是，一下子看了太多评论，我都不知道哪些是我自己的想法。不过，对这位已经被研究得差不多的诗人，我也不知道有什么自己的想法可以加进去。只是文章还得好好写，然而到现在还只有开头一段的泛泛而谈。 本诗第一节就以整节的篇幅描绘一只水鸟孤独地飞在天中的画面背景：傍晚，落日，绯红的天边，一只水鸟将飞向何方？fallingdew,laststepsofday点明时间，step一词给时间的逝去一种不紧不慢的动感，写出诗人看着日落时的无奈。far,depths两词点出空间的广阔，和一只水鸟“弱小”的形象形成非常强的反差。 一整节的问句之后，第二节里，诗人就把水鸟塑造成一个坚定的形象：猎鸟人算计着你的飞行轨迹，要将你猎下，却无能为力。这里有一种人和自然的对比：在自然的面前，人显得无力，尽管拥有更高的智慧，但自然却丝毫不受影响，一如既往地运行着，就连一只孤独的水鸟都具有这非凡的魄力。 第三、四节讲水鸟将如何到达自己的目的地。一切都像浑然天成，不论是在无形海岸还是在无尽的天空，都有一种神秘的“力”作为它的向导；它虽独行，却不会迷失；而它要回去的地方也是自然。这种“力”是什么，诗人没有说明。我们也可以把它想成无论什么东西，上帝也好，自然也好，在年轻的布莱恩特的眼中，这种“力”也许没有具体的形象，只是冥冥中的一个向导而已。 从第五节开始，全诗的象征意味显明起来。凉夜将降，水鸟飞行终日，疲惫不堪，诗人却不希望它降临福地。这里的“福地”指什么？是水鸟长途跋涉的终点，还是它生命的终点？“暗夜”究竟是指真正的夜，还是指生命息止之时？手边仅有诗一首，加些许简单的诗人生平，这些问题无法回答。 第六节，这种象征意味更加明显。虽然描写得非常具象：水鸟熬过暗夜，结束旅程，迁徙至温暖的家。但此时它的同伴们却“尖叫”起来，而芦苇也长过它憩息的地方。如此一联系，原诗中的rest也许不是单指休息，而是水鸟在长途跋涉之后西去了。诗至此，一反第二节的坚强形象，一种宿命感突现出来。归途：回到哪里？ 第七、八节是诗人的借景抒情。他从水鸟身上学到了许多，因而坚定起来。“lesson”指什么，“He”又是谁，诗人没有作出明确的答复。自然是如此强大，离群的水鸟终究逃不过一命。而作为孤独的人，是否也该遵从自然的安排呢？这样想，他便坦然了。 布莱恩特早年受英国“墓园派”诗人影响非常大，对“忧郁”“死亡”这些话题格外迷恋。在这首诗里也有所体现。诗中描写的自然是一幅清冷的景象，水鸟的命运也不见得很好。然而诗人的坦然似乎表明，他找到了自己心中的“向导”，建立起了一种类似于宗教的情结。The Message of “To A Waterfowl” The poets use the form of verse in different types of rhymes, meters, poetic feet, line lengths and other sound devices, to convey various themes, from ordinary people to divinity or God, from strong emotional patriotism to resentment to an accused person, from nature to human being, from zest for life to melancholy feelings of death, from romantic imagination to realistic description, and so on. William Cullen Bryants “To A Waterfowl” is a well-known poem about nature, in which he relates a scene of nature to the divine power and the divine power to the human life and the author shows the reader his sense of divine power guiding and protecting everything in nature. The author starts his poem by the question where the solitary waterfowl pursues his way: Whither, midst falling dew, While glow the heavens with the last steps of day, Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue Thy solitary way? By this stanza, we can imagine an individual migrating waterfowl, not in flocks, flying “midst falling dew” at the end of the day. Thus the author purpose to arise sympathy with the bird is acplished. The second stanza helps to establish the emotion of sympathy. The hunter attempts to get the bird down, though he fails. The bird continues flying alone to “ the plashy brink of weedy lake or marge of river wide, or where the rocking billows rise and sink on the chafed ocean-side”. Seeing the birds homeward flight, the author sinks himself into meditation. The following 3 stanzas (4,5,6) tells us that there exist a Power who guides the bird to fly through the pathless coast, the desert and the illimitable air without being lost, and leads the bird to get to his homeing after having overe difficulties during the flight: always wings fanning, far height, cold and thin atmosphere, and dark night. At last the bird is safe at home by the images of a summer home, rest, scream among the bird fellows, and the nest sheltered by the bent reeds. Stanza 7 is a turning point in this poem, moving from the observation of the bird and the meditation about its flight to a statement of the meaning of this kind of experience. As the author states in this stanza: Thourt gone, the abyss of heaven Hath swallowed up thy form; yet, on my heart Deeply has sunk the lesson thou hast given, And shall not soon depart. The “lesson” of this experience touches the authors heart very much. He gains an inner assurance of his own that the Power, who guides the bird through the boundless and pathless sky, will lead his steps aright. Wee can see that the author parallels the flight of the bird to his own earthbound journey through life. From a bird and its flight to an ordinary person and his course of life, this poem conveys that everything in nature is under the beneficence and protection of the Power.