元素的性质课件_85页.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,主族,(,Main groups),The members of a group have,analogous valence-shell electron configurations,.,The element at the head of a group,often has a character that is,quite distinct,from the other members of the group.,There are,diagonal relationships,between elements,especially between,Periods 2 and 3,.,There is a,trend toward metallic character,on going to the,left,along a period and on going,down,a group.,元素的性质,He-,Rn,，,天然存在形式,单原子气体,；,Ar,the 3rd most abundant gas in the atmosphere(after N,2,O,2,);,He,the 2,nd,abundant element in the universe after H,rare on Earth.,A component of natural gases(notably Texas),He,Buoyancy in airships;dilute O,2,;coolant;He-,Ne,lasers.,Cryogenics,superfluidity,(,E,左,时，发生歧化反应,2,Cu,+,Cu,2+,+Cu,3,Cl,2,(g)+6OH,-,(,aq,),ClO,3,-,(,aq,)+5Cl,-,(,aq,)+3H,2,O(l),分解,4,KClO,3,(s),3KClO,4,(s)+,KCl,(s),2KClO,3,(s),(MnO,2,),2KCl(s)+3,O,2,(g),氧化剂,(焰火，火柴),2,NaClO,3,(,aq,)+SO,2,(g)+H,2,SO,4,(,aq,),2NaHSO,4,(,aq,)+2,ClO,2,(g),(paramagnetic yellow gas,漂白纸浆),HX,(V),O,3,，HX,(VII),O,4,ClO,3,-,(,aq,)+H,2,O(l)ClO,4,-,(,aq,)+2H,+,(,aq,)+2e,-,HClO,4,无色液体，最,强酸,。,Powerful,氧化剂，爆炸！,The,perhalic,acids and their anions are strong oxidizing agents.They do,however,have,considerable kinetic stability,.,Frost(or Latimer)diagram display the same information but in a different way.When interpreting electrode potential data,either in numerical or graphical form,it is important to remember that,a single potential in isolation has no meaning,!,The,interhalogens,(,互卤化物),have properties intermediate between those of the constituent halogens.,Nonmetal form,covalent halides,;metal form,ionic halides.,(,共价与离子型卤化物),The,oxoacids,of chlorine are all oxidizing agent.,Acidity and oxidizing strength of,oxoacids,both increase as the oxidation number of the halogen increase.,(,含氧酸的酸性与氧化性),氧(硫)族,Chalcogen,(“,成矿,”),23%of the mass of the atmosphere,Liquid oxygen is pale blue(-183,C),The gas is colorless.,Paramagnetic,2 10,10,kg LO,2,/y(US),Ca.80kg/person,Steel industry,光解水：2,H,2,O(l)2 H,2,(g)+O,2,(g),光合作用：6,CO,2,(g)+6H,2,O(l)C,6,H,12,O,6,(s)+6O,2,(g),A blue gas,dark blue liquid;,Pungent smell;,Cover the Earth(3mm),处理含,CN,-,电镀液:5,O,3,+2CN,-,+H,2,O=2HCO,3,-,+N,2,+5O,2,南极臭氧层空洞,“臭氧层破坏的危害”,臭氧层的破坏,卫星观测资料表明，自20世纪70年代末以来，全球臭氧总量明显减少，19791990年，全球臭氧总量大致下降了3%。南极附近臭氧量减少尤为严重，出现了“,南极臭氧洞,”。,平流层臭氧量的减少，除了受太阳活动等,自然因子,的影响外，人类使用消耗臭氧物质也是重要原因。人们使用冰箱、空调等释放出的,氟氯烃化合物,，上升到平流层后，通过光化学反应大量消耗臭氧。据研究，大气中的臭氧总量减少1%，到达地面的太阳紫外线辐射就会增加2%。到达地面的太阳紫外线辐射增加，一方面,直接危害人体健康,，另一方面还对,生态环境和农林牧渔业,造成破坏。为此，臭氧层保护被认为是当今全球最重要的环保项目之一。,为了保护臭氧层，国际社会多次召开会议，要求各国减少并逐步禁止氟氯烃等消耗臭层物质。,PbSHgS,FeS,2,ZnS,冶金(,Cu),副产物；富硫石油,2,H,2,S(g)+3O,2,(g)=2SO,2,(g)+H,2,O(l),2H,2,S(g)+SO,2,(g)=3S(s)+H,2,O(l),S,8,(s)113,C S,8,(l),Chain(red-brown),S,3,S,2,(like O,2,),硫的用途：,Sulfuric acid,vulcanize rubber,（,硫酸，硫化橡胶）,Block-like rhombic form SNeedlelike monoclinic S,SeTe,Like,silver-white metals,but,poor electrical conductors,电负性,增,减,电负性数据,原子半径和离子半径,Metallic character increases down Group 16 as,electronegativity,decreases,.,从上到下，电负性减小，金属性增强。,Oxygen and sulfur occur naturally in the elemental state.,Sulfur forms long chains and rings with itself,but oxygen does not.,Compounds with hydrogen,H,2,O,的纯化：离子交换除钙，镁离子；,H,2,O,是氧化剂,：,2,H,2,O(l)+2e,-,2OH,-,(,aq,)+H,2,(g)E=-0.42V at pH=7,2Na(s)+2H,2,O(l)2NaOH(,aq,)+H,2,(g),BUT,除非有强还原剂，,H,2,O,只有在高温下才起氧化剂作用，如,CH,4,(g)+H,2,O(g)CO(g)+3H,2,(g),(,合成气),H,2,O,是还原剂(,mild,)：,2H,2,O(l)4H,+,(,aq,)+O,2,(g)+4e,-,E=-0.81V at pH=7,Lewis base Fe(H,2,O),6,3+,Structural snapshot.,Liquid water,probed on the sub-,femtosecond,time scale by x-ray absorption spectroscopy,consists of structures with two strong hydrogen bonds of each molecule to its neighbors,resulting in water chains and rings.,New Insights into the Structure of Water with,Ultrafast,Probes,Yan Zubavicus,and Michael,Grunze,SCIENCE,304,974-5.,14 MAY 2004,Very pale blue liquid;d:1.44 g/ml at 25,C;mp,bp,:-0.4,152,C,Very weak acid,pK,a1,=11.75,Good,oxidizing agent,in both acidic and basic solution;,(Fe,2+,Mn,2+,),Also act as a,reducing agent,(MnO,4,-,Cl,2,),H,2,O,2,+CH,3,COOH-CH,3,C(O)-OOH(,过氧乙酸，0.5%杀菌消毒),工业应用:30%,Hair bleach(,漂白):6%,家用防腐杀菌：3%,Water,can act as a,Bronsted,acid,a,Bronsted,base,a Lewis base,an,oxidizing agent,and a,weak reducing agent,.,Hydrogen peroxide,is a strong oxidizing agent.,Hydrogen sulfide,is a weak acid.,Sulfur,can,catenate,(,连接),to form,polysulfanes,(,多硫,烷),.,Sulfur oxides and,oxoacids,硫的氧化物与含氧酸,S+O,2,SO,2,;,植被分解和火山爆发；燃油和煤(电厂),H,2,S(g)+3O,2,(g)2SO,2,(g)+2H,2,O(g),酸性氧化物,SO,2,(g)+H,2,O(l)H,2,SO,3,(,aq,),(an equilibrium mixture,见后图),还原性,和,氧化性,SO,2,(g)+Br,2,(,aq,)Br,-,(,aq,)+SO,4,-,(,aq,),2SO,2,(g)+O,2,(g),2SO,3,(g),slow reaction,catalyzed V,2,O,5,SO,3,(g)+H,2,O(l)H,2,SO,4,(,aq,),酸雨（,SO,x,NO,x,H,2,O）,H,2,SO,4,无色腐蚀油状液体；,强酸，脱水剂，氧化剂。,SO,3,(g)+H,2,SO,4,(l)H,2,S,2,O,7,(l)(,Oleum,发烟硫酸),化肥（2/3）,，石化产品，染料，清洁剂。,SO,2,，SO,3,H,2,S,(IV),O,3,H,2,S,(VI),O,4,火山喷发的气体中含有大量的二氧化硫,硫代,硫酸根,硫酸根,亚硫酸,SO,2,(g)+Br,2,(,aq,),Br,-,(,aq,)+SO,4,-,(,aq,),SO,2,(g)+MnO,4,-,(,aq,)?,SO,2,(g)+CrO,4,2-,(,aq,)?,H,2,SO,4,(,浓)+,NaBr,(,aq,),Br,2,C,12,H,22,O,11,(s)12C(s)+11H,2,O,蔗糖脱水,Sulfur dioxide(SO,2,)is the acid anhydride(,酸酐),of sulfurous acid(,亚硫酸),and sulfur trioxide(SO,3,)is the anhydride of sulfuric acid(,硫酸).,Sulfuric acid,(,硫酸),is a,strong acid,a,dehydrating agent,and,an oxidizing agent,.,金属硫化物,纳米线,气相沉积及生长机制,Metal chloride,+,S powder,metal sulfide,NWs,Chem.Comm.,2003,19,2498,Adv.,Funct,.Mater.,2004,14(2):157-162,金属硫化物,纳米线,2,m,Bi,2,S,3,过渡金属掺杂的,ZnS,纳米带及其荧光调控,CdS,一维纳米阵列的催化生长,ZnSe,微米空心球的设计与合成,Angew,.Chem.Int.Ed.,2003,42,3027.,ZnSe,微米空心球,的光学特性,沉淀/溶解平衡竞争,合成系列半导体空心微球,CdSe,空心微球,Synthesis and Size-Dependent Magnetic,Properties of,Monodisperse,EuS,Nanocrystals,Fei,Zhao,Hao,-Ling Sun,Gang Su,Song,Gao,Small,2005,online.,