英语句子结构和成分分析.doc

英语句子结构和成分分析 英语属于结构性语言。英语的句子成分要按照特定的顺序（句子结构）来组织。特定的句子成分要用特定的词性或语法结构来充当，特定的词性或语法结构只能充当特定的成分。因此，要学好英语，一定要掌握好词性、句子成分和句子结构等内容。学好这些内容是学习好其他语法知识的基础。考点1. 词性的英文缩写在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。口诀：n.为名，v.为动；adv.副adj.形；prep.借，pron.代；num.数art.冠，conj.连interj.感叹考点2. 及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。)He opened the door.(open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。)注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。A. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。如：The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. B. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如：The man walked away. (walk不及物动词，意为“走”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物动词，“遛”)C. 英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。He listens to the music every day. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。)D. 有些动词只能作及物动词，就必须带宾语。I dont know what to do.I dont know why/how/when to do.第一个句子是正确的，what是do的宾语。第二个句子需要在do后加it.E. think, insist, agree, reply等词，后面可直接跟宾语从句，但跟名词代词等作宾语时，是不及物动词，要跟介词。I think its interesting.What do you think of the film?Ireplied thatI was unable to help them. 我回答说我不能帮助他们。He has not yetrepliedto my question. 他还没有回答我的问题。Heinsistedthat I (should) apologize to her. 他坚持我应该向她道歉。Heinsistedon paying for the meal. 他坚持要付饭钱。Heinsistedon immediate payment. 他坚持要求对方立即付款。考点3. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。)I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）助动词助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。A. 帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying. (is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词。)He has arrived. (has用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓语，是助动词。)I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和painting一起作谓语，都是助动词。）B. 帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)C. 帮助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。)The house has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。)D. 帮助构成虚拟语气If he had e yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。)E. 帮助构成倒装句的So much did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)F. 帮助构成强调意义的He did e yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。)因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。1 He did his homework at seven oclock. (did单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词。)Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。)2 He has had breakfast. (has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，had是实义动词，意为“吃”。has had一起构成了句子的谓语。)情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river. (can的词义为“能够”)You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”)I might leave tomorrow.（might的词义为“或许”）句子成分英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主 语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。考点4. 划分句子成分时的常用符号英语中划分句子成分的符号主语 在下面画直线 谓语 在下面画曲线 宾语 在下面画双横线 定语 在下面画虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”） 状语 下面为短横线 （短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟） 补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）同位语 上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich）在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are)Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps )Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are)练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。1. During the 1990s, American country music has bee more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class.3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. Smoking does harm to the health.6. The rich should help the poor.7. When we are going to have English test has not been decided.8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.9. That he isn抰 at home is not true.10. There es the bus.11. Beyond the village lies a small village.12. Now es your turn. 谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：A. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers every day.B. 复合谓语：1 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.Has he e back?He didnt attend the meeting yesterday.2 由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, bee, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。练习2. 画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。1. Our teacher of English is an American. 2. Is it yours? 3. The weather has turned cold. 4. The speech is exciting. 5. Three times seven is twenty-one.6. His job is to teach English.7. His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8. The machine must be under repairs. 9. The truth is that he has never been abroad. 宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。练习3. 画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。1. They planted many trees yesterday. 2. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4. I wanted to buy a car. 5. I enjoy listening to popular music.6. I think（that）he is fit for his office. 宾语补足语宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。练习4. 用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1. His father named him Dongming. 2. They painted their boat white. 3. Let the fresh air in. 4. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5. We saw her entering the room.6. We found everything in the lab in good order.7. We will soon make our city what your city is now.8. I want your homework done on time. 主补对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。定语后置常见的有以下几种情况：A. 副词用作定语一般要后置。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He didnt like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）B. 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）C. 介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）D. 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate. （在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）练习5. 口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。1. The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.2. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.3. We need a place twice larger than this one.4. She carried a basket full of eggs.5. Its a book worth no more than one dollar.6. Its a city far from the coast.7. He has money enough to buy a car.8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.9. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.10. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.12. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.13. There are many clothes to be washed. 14. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.15. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）A. 几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.B. 英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大先写时间，再写上/下午，再写星期几，再写几月几号。最后写几几年。I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m. on Thursday, August 28th, 2015.I was born at 6 a.m., March 16, 2000.He lives at1120 GreenStreet, London.C. 频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中要放在情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.D. 状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。练习6. 指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。1. How about meeting again at six? 2. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. 3. Last night she didnt go to the dance party becauseof the rain. 4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6. In order to catch up with the others, I must workharder. 7. To make his dream e true, Tom bees very interested in business. 8. The boy needs a pen very much. 9. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 考点9. 同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）Its good to us students. 练习7. 画出下列句中的同位语。1. The young man, my brother, works in the office.2. Our English teacher, Mrs. Wang, often helps us with study. 3. They, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.