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英语句子成分和句子结构分析
语法讲解1
认识语法
一、英语语法分为两大部分
词法(微观遣词);句法(宏观造句)
01词法(微观遣词)
1. 实词:有实际意义的词。
名词n.:表事物名称
动词vi./vt.:行为,动态。
vi.不及物动词,本身可以表达完整意义,后面不需要带宾语
vt.及物动词,本身无法表达完整意义,后面必须带宾语
形容词adj.: 修饰n.
副词adv.:修饰v./adj.或者句子中其他adv或者整个句子
代词Pron.:代替n.
数词num.:表数量(基数词),表顺序(序数词)
2. 虚词:没有实际意义的词。
介词prep.:说明词与词之间的关系
连词conj.:说明句子与句子之间的关系
冠词art.:在n.前,限定n.
感叹词int.:表达感叹
02句法(宏观造句)
1.句子的成分
2.句子结构
3.句子的变化
4.句子的功能
5.句子的类型:简单句,并列句,复合句
6.复合句:名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句
二、语法四大原则
1. 词性决定词用
2. 同类同用
同种类型的词,用法相同,越细分,越一致
3. 动词即句魂
句子里最重要的是谓语,谓语部分最重要的就是动词
4. 举一反三
由表及里,发掘句子结构,归属;认识句子本质,由点及面,放大到句群。
语法精讲2
句子的成分
主体:主语,谓语,宾语,表语
次体:定语,状语,补语,同位语
主语:一个句子的主体,是全句述说的对象。常由名词,代词或相当于名词或代词的词担任,一般放在句首。
The sun(名词n.) rises in the east.
We(代词pron.) are friends
Twenty years(数词num.) is a short time in history.
Seeing(动名词) is believing
To be a teacher (不定式)is my dream
What he needs (句子)is a book 主语从句
It (形式主语)is time to go home(真正的主语)形式主语是为保持句子平衡
谓语:表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或动词词组担任,放在主语的后面
We study(实意动词) English!
I can(情态动词) do it!
I don’t(助动词) know!
He is(系动词) asleep.
宾语:表示谓语行为的对象,常由名词,代词或相当于名词的词担任,一般放在及物动词或者介词之后。
I play with him(代词)
I like china (名词)
How many do you need? —— we need two(数词)
I enjoy working with you (动名词)
I hope to see you again(不定式)
Did you write down what he said ?(句子)
Under the snow(介宾短语),there are many rocks.
He gave me(间接宾语)a book(直接宾语) yesterday
表语:用来说明主语的性质或状态,一般由名词或者形容词担任。凡是系动词(be 动词,感官动词等)出现的地方,后面必定带着表语
He is a teacher(名词)
Seventy-four !you don’t look it(代词)
Five and five is ten(数词)
He is asleep(形容词)
This picture is on the wall(介词短语)
My watch is missing/lost (形容词化的分词)
To wear a flower is to say“ I’m poor ,I can’t buy a ring”(不定式)
The question is whether they will e(句子)
语法精讲3
定语:用来修饰或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或者从句担任,形容词放在名词前面。相当于形容词的短语或者从句放在名词后面。
He is a clever boy
This is an apple tree
There are ten students in our class
She is Tom’s sister
He bought some sleeping pills
The girl in red is his sister
We have a lot of work to do
The girl standing under the tree is his daughter
Do you know the man who spoke just now.
状语:用来说明动词,形容词,副词或者整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词可放动词前,也可放在动词后;修饰形容词或者副词时放在他们前面。动词的八个状态:时间,地点,原因,状态,目的,结果,方式,程度
The students study hard
I often write to him
He wrote with a red pencil
He went to see a film
The students went away laughing
I’ll write to you as soon as I get there .
补语:表示补充说明,总是跟着宾语跑
I found a book lying on the floor.
Do you smell something burning?
She asked me to go with her.
独立成分:同位语,感叹语
Bruce,my English teacher ,is a cool man
That’s great!
语法精讲4
简单句的5种基本结构
通过一个爱情故事掌握5种简单句。
1, 主语+谓语:She es.
2, 主语+系动词+表语 She is lovely.
3, 主语+谓语+宾语 I love her.
4, 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾 I gave her a rose.
5, 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 I made her happy.
2三大句子结构类型
1, 简单句
Frank and Eric are good friends.
I make and have breakfast.
2, 并列句
I like English , but I don’t like math.
I hate grammar,while he loves it.
3, 复合句
What she does is not good.
The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.
When you finish the work,you may go out to play with Sam.
语法精讲5
简单句
Tom’s father bought him a new bike yesterday.
I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.
The man over there is my old friend.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
Kate’s uncle lives in a village.
He studies hard to learn English well.
Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
John’s father ,Mr black ,is a lawyer.
We always go to school early.
He always makes me cry in this situation.
并列句
句子+句子,并列关系
You help him and he helps you.
Hurry up,or you’ll be late .
I am thirsty,for it is hot.
复合句
一个句子在另一个句子里充当了一定的成分。句子套句子,主从关系
What she likes is watching TV. 主语从句
Do you know how much the house is. 宾语从句
That is what I want to tell you. 表语从句
It’s a question how he did it. 同位语从句
The man whom you talk with is my friend. 定语从句
If I am free,I will go shopping . 条件状语从句
四种句子类型:
英语 01
陈述句(肯定,否定)
He is six years old.
She doesn’t like English.
02
疑问句(一般,特殊,选择,反义)
Do you like swimming? ↑一般疑问句
What are you doing ? ↓特殊疑问代词+一般疑问句=特殊疑问句
Is this a pen ↑or a pencil?↓选择疑问句
She likes dancing↓,doesn’t she?↑反义疑问句。前肯后否或者前否后肯
03
祈使句:命令,要求,请求。一般会略去主语,动词开头
Be careful , boys!
Don’t speak in class!
04
感叹句:how/what 开头
How clever the boy is !
What a nice day it is!
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