英语国家概况期末复习.doc

人物与历史文献USTea Act 茶税法The Treaty of Paris 巴黎公约 1783年美英两国于巴黎签订的条约同样成为巴黎条约，该条约的签订代表着英国承认美国独立，停止敌对行为，但仅承认美国占领密西西比河以东的土地。第二次大陆会议 (The Second Continental Congress) 费城(Philadelphia)召开 George Washington 乔治华盛顿: mander in Continental Army 美利坚合众国宪法（The Constitution of the United States），通称美国联邦宪法或美国宪法（U.S. Constitution） 1787年宪法 Thomas Jefferson托马斯杰斐逊:The Declaration of Independence 独立宣言 Abraham Lincoln亚伯拉罕林肯: the Emancipation Proclamation 解放黑人奴隶宣言Homestead Act 宅地法Gettysburg Address 葛底斯堡演说Franklin D. Roosevelt富兰克林 德拉诺罗斯福: The New Deal罗斯福新政 1933年富兰克林罗斯福就任美国总统后所实行的一系列经济政策，其核心是三个R：救济（Relief）、复兴（Recovery）和改革（Reform），因此有时也被称为三R新政。Agricultural Adjustment Act 农业调整法National Industrial Recovery Act 全国工业复兴法社会保障法马丁路德金恩 (Martin Luther King)Civil Rights Movement 民权运动我有一个梦想 (I Have a Dream) Harry Truman哈瑞杜鲁门: 杜鲁门主义 The Truman Doctrine马歇尔计划（The Marshall Plan）， 也称为欧洲复兴计划European Recovery ProgramReagan里根: Star Wars Program 星球大战计划Irangate Scandal 伊朗门事件Nixon尼克松: Watergate Scandals 水门事件Bill Clinton 克林顿: Zippergate ScandalUK大宪章：Magna Carta / The Great Charter 1215年King John 国王约翰 to impose legal limits on the Kings personal power in raising money from his subjects权力请愿书: The Petition of Right 1628年Charles 查理一世 第29页权利法案 :Bill of Rights 第32页The treaty of Paris 1763年 第32页概念搭配UK1、Constitution A constitution is a set of rules and conventions that lays down the powers and functions of state institutions and their relationship with each other.2、The cabinet The major decision-making body in the government, is often associated with the office of the Prime Minister.3、Tribunal (法院，仲裁机构)A more informal and less expensive alternative to civil and criminal courts, which handles minor cases outside of the official court system.4、The Lord Chancellor（英国上议院的）大法官The Lord Chancellor is head of the judiciary (司法部，法院)in England and Wales.5、The social security system It is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need from the cradle to the grave.US1、 Congress (国会)The legislative branch of the federal government ,is made up of the Senate and the House of Representative.2、 The Supreme CourtConsists of a chief justice and eight associate justices.问答题英国部分Unit 3 P411. Who were the main foreign invaders of Britain at different times in British history? What contributions have they respectively made to the British culture, or what impacts have they had? 英国历史上不同时期主要的外国侵略者？及对英国的文化贡献或影响？P13(1)Julius Caesar 凯撒大帝(55BC) Hadrians Wall Words of Latin origins, Roman numbers, the solar calendar, Roman laws, and the census人口普查senss took root locally. Christianity spread(2)Germanic tribesmen 日耳曼人 developed the Heptarchy, heptk 七王国；七头统治；七国连盟 established Old English (3)Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊 Christianity gained hold in Britain(4) Normans 诺曼人 madeNorman feudalism封建主义；封建制度 fjudlz()m2. What was the social background for the Reformation to take place in England? What major achievements did the Elizabethan i,lizbi:n 伊丽莎白一世时代的era r witness?英格兰革新的社会背景？伊丽莎白一世见证的成就？P28In the Middle Ages, the Church had gained not only material importance, but also extensive power in politics and law. P28Elizabeth: Putting to rest the religious issues; Reducing the power of the old nobility; Reaching farther than before through trade and adventure;Defeating Armada at sea Cultural and artistic movements (the English Renaissance)3. How did the English Civil War break out? What were the consequences of the war?英国内战如何爆发？结果如何？P29The absolute rule of Charles I aroused the resistance of the people and the bourgeoisies. Charles took conteraction. He wanted to arrest Pym, Hampden and three other leaders of the mons, but he failed to do so. So, he departed for the north, hoping to find supporters in the west and north districts. Thus the Civil War began.Consequences: The King Charless arm was defeated. Charles I was beheaded. In 1649, the House of Lords and the office of King were abolished and a Council of State was set to carry the executive work of the government, and England was declared a monwealth.Unit 4 P504. What are the characteristics of the British Constitution ?英国宪法的特点？P43(1) Constitutional monarchy mnk 君主立宪制(2) Parliamentary sovereignty svrnt 议会至上(3) Representative democracy 代议民主(4) The rule of law P435. What are the functions of Parliament? How does the law-making process work?议会的功能是什么？法律制定工作是如何运行的？P44(1) To legislate立法(2) To vote the taxation 征税 and expenditures kspndt 支出of the government (3) To examine government policies and administration 行政 (4) To debate major political issues of the day （P45）6. What is meant by the “two-party system” in the UK today? How effective is such a system ?英国两党制在今天有何意义？这种制度如何起作用？P48The British party politics of government in the UK Parliament with power being held by either Conservative Party or Labour Party. The party which wins most MP seats in the House of mon bees the goverment. The largest minority party bees the official Opposition,with its own leader and shadow cabinet. 美国部分Unit 1 P1231. What are the characteristics of Middle America, geographically, culturally, and politically?美国中部的地理、文化、政治特点？P115 Geographically, the Middle America refers to the territory between the East Coast of the United States (particularly the northeast) and the West Coast. It has yielded some of Americas greatest agricultural and mineral wealth,is the heart of America. Culturally, America is contrasted with the more culturally progressive urban areas of the country, particularly, those of the East and West Coasts. The conservative values considered typical of Middle America (often called family values in American politics) are often called Middle American values.The idea of Middle America may exclude locations such as Chicago (the third largest city in the United States and one of the worlds ten alpha cities) and very wealthy cities like Aspen, Colorado. The coastal regions of the southern United States are implicitly included. Politically, The phrase Middle American values is a political clich; like family values, it refers to more traditional or conservative politics, although larger cities such as St. Louis, Missouri and Minneapolis, Minnesota, and major university towns such as Madison, Wisconsin, Columbia, Missouri and Lawrence, Kansas provide exceptions. Many of the political battleground states are situated in Middle America.2. What makes the Northeast stand out as a unique cultural region?美国东北部独特的文化区域？P119the Northeast of America is densely populated and high urban, and its the nations economic and cultural center. Since this area was one of the two earliest settlements by British colonists, Americans tend to trace many of the nations core values to the region. One of the regions greatest strengths in its economic petition with other regions is its long tradition of support for education. Additionally, the region has also enjoyed a long history of booming tourism industry, both for its beautiful landscape and for its significant role in shaping the early part of American history. Unit 2 P1433. What do you think of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America? Were they great ?你怎么看待美国的开国元勋？他们获得哪些伟大的成就？America has produced such great men as George Washington,Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Undoubtedly, the Founding Fathers of the United States of America made great contributions to the US. All served in important positions in the early government of the United States. They also put forth a set of political ideas that became so deeply embedded in the national consciousness that they are often referred to as the American Credo.4. What were the main reasons that made the United States the worlds leading industrial power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?19到20世纪美国位于世界工业霸权的地位的主要原因？P128A Yankee tradition of trade and merce that provided both the skill and the capital required for industrial expansion; a mitment to private property and the profit system that gave the Rockefellers , the Morgans , and the Carnegies the incentive to build corporate empires ; an abundant and skilled labour supply ; political institutions .P130第一段全部5. What were the chief causes of the Great Depression? Did the New Deal solve the problems brought about by the Depression? Why and why not?大萧条的主要原因？新政解决大萧条问题了吗？P132The chief causes can be found in the unbalanced economy both domestic and international of the twenties.The New Deal didnt solve the problem itself. The New Deal was a series economic programs to help alleviate the disastrous impact of the Great Depression. The programs focused on three aspects, including relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy to normal levels and reform the financial system to prevent a repeated depression.小测Part 1: True or False1. The United Kingdom consists of four political divisions England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. F Northern Ireland英国由四个政治区组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰 P32. The longest river in Britain is the Thames. F the Severn英国最长的河流是赛文河 P73. In the UK, most undergraduate (bachelors) degrees take three years to plete. T在英国，大多数本科（学士）学位需要三年才能完成P964. The English, the Scots, and the Welsh are Anglo-Saxons, but the Irish are Celts. F只有英格兰人才能可盎格鲁萨克逊人only The English is Anglo-Saxons P135. Social class in the UK lays more emphasis on money and property. F英国的社会阶层更注重金钱和财产6. The name “England” derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who came to England in the 5th and 6th centuries. T“英国”的名字来自于盎格鲁，在第五和第六世纪中来到英国的日耳曼部落中的一个 P137. The Bank of England is a mercial bank. F英国银行是一家国家中央银行 the countrys central bank P678. The members of House of Lord are non-elected. T上议院的成员是非选举产生的P459. More than half of the full-time farms in the UK are devoted to livestock. T超过一半的英国全日制农场从事畜牧业P6510. The UKs biggest-selling newspaper is The Times. F英国销量最大的报纸是太阳报 The Sun P10411. The UK Parliament prises two elements: the House of Lord and the House of mons. F英国议会由三个部分组成：王权、上议院和下议院 The Crown、the non-elected House of Lord and the elected House of mons P4512. Social Security in U.K. is mainly supported by the government. F英国的社会保障主要是由纳税机构支持的。Taxpayers P74Part 2: Multiply choices 1. The Cabinet of the Opposition Party in Britain is known as the _ Cabinet. 英国的反对党内阁被称为“影子内阁”P45A. Shadow B. Window C. Ruling执政 D. Coalition联盟2. The mountain system the Pennines is often called the backbone of _.山地系统的奔宁山脉通常被称为英格兰脊梁 A. England B. Scotland C. Great Britain D. Ireland 3. The regional capital of Northern Ireland is _.北爱尔兰的首都是贝尔法斯特P5A. Glasgow格拉斯哥 B. Edinburgh爱丁堡 C. Cardiff卡地夫 D. Belfast4. _ led a Roman army and invaded Britain in 54 B.C.公元前54年，尤利乌斯大帝率领一支罗马军队入侵不列颠A. Emperor Claudius皇帝克劳狄斯 B. Julius Caesar C. William the Conqueror征服者威廉 D. Pope Gregory教皇格雷戈里5. A general election is held in U.K. every _ years. 在英国每5年举行一次大选A. 2 B. 4 C. 5 D. 66. Who are the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?英国的祖先和英国的创始人是谁？P13A. the Anglo-Saxons. 盎格鲁撒克逊人 B. The Normans. 诺曼人 C. the Vikings维京海盗们 D. The Romans罗马人7. In criminal trials by jury, _ passes sentenced and _ decide the issue of guilt or innocence. 在陪审团的刑事审判中，法官通过判决，并由陪审团决定是否有罪或无罪A. the judge, the jury B. the judge, the judgeC. the jury, the jury D. the Lord Chancellor, the jury大法官8. By the end of Wars of the Roses the House of _ began.玫瑰战争的结束 都铎王朝的开始A. Lancaster兰卡斯特 B. Tudor C. Plantagenet金雀花王朝 D. Elizabeth 9. The main sources of English and Welsh law include _.英格兰和威尔士法律主要包括成文法、不成文法、欧盟法律A. statutes, mon law, equity law衡平法and European munity law欧洲共同体法B. statutes, mon law and equity lawC. statutes, mon law and European Union lawD. statutes, mon law and Roman law罗马法10. Which test a student must take if they want to be admitted in universities to England? 如果他们想被大学录取，必须参加什么考试？P95A. GCSE英国中等教育证书考试 B. A-levels C. HND D. HNC国家高级证书考试11. Norman Conquest began in _.诺曼征服开始于1066A. 1066 B. 1016 C. 871 D. 46612. England first became a sea power in the time of _.英国在伊丽莎白一世时代第一次成为海上力量A. Henry VII B. Elizabeth I C. Victoria D. Elizabeth II13. In 1689 Parliament passed “_”, limiting the powers of the crown.1689议会通过了“权利法案”，限制王权的权力A. Habeas Corpus Act人身保护法案 B. the Bill of Rights C. Navigation Act航海条例 D. Magna Carta大宪章1. The Judicial Branch of America is headed by _.美国司法部门由最高法院领导A. The Supreme Court B. Congress国会C. President D. Government2. Which of the following events symbolizes the beginning of the Cold War?下列哪个事件标志着冷战的开始？A. Iron Curtain Speech铁幕演说 B. the Truman Doctrine杜鲁门主义C. Building of the Berlin Wall柏林墙的建设D. the Marshall Plan马歇尔计划3. The constitution in U.S. can only be explained by_.宪法在美国只能由最高法院解释A. President B. The Congress C. Senators参议员 D. The Supreme Court 4. The First and Second Continental Congress were held in_. 第一次和第二次大陆会议在费城举行A. Philadelphia B. New York C. Washington D.C. 华盛顿特区 D. Chicago 5. The smallest state of the United States is _.美国最小的州是罗德岛州A. Rhode Island B. Maine缅因州 C. Hawaii D. Alaska阿拉斯加 6. To the west of America lies the _Ocean.美国位于太平洋的西部A. Pacific B. Atlantic大西洋 C. Indian D. Arctic北冰洋 7. Lincoln issued the _in 1863, which declared the abolition of slavery1863年林肯发表了解放宣言，宣布废除奴隶制A. Emancipation Proclamation B. Gettysburg Address葛底斯堡演说C. the Homestead Act宅地法 D. the Declaration of Independence独立宣言8. The symbol of the US Democratic Party is _.美国民主党的象征是驴A. tiger B. elephant C. donkey D. Dog9. Martin Luther King, Jr. is the leader of _.小马丁路德金是民权运动的领袖A. Civil Rights Movement B. Counterculture Movement反文化运动C. Feminist Movement女权运动 D. Anti-Discrimination Movement反歧视运动10. _ industry is the biggest one in U.S.A. Primary B. Secondary C. Services D. Tourism 1. The Hudson River is the dividing line between the East and West, which is the biggest river in America. F密西西比河是东与西之间的分界线，是美国最大的河流。The Mississippi P1152. The name of the government for the Southern States during the American Civil War was the Southern State of America. F 美国南北战争时期南方各州政府的名字是美国州的南部。 3. The Supreme Court has 9 judges. T最高法院有9名法官 P1604. Richard Nixon got involved in the Iran-gate Scandal. F理查德尼克松卷入了水门事件The Watergate P1625. There are 100 members in the House of Representatives. F众议院有435名议员 P159