针灸医学史.ppt

按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,針灸醫學史,林昭庚,中國醫藥大學中國醫學研究所,內容,以西方的觀點簡述針灸醫學史,針灸醫學史目錄,針灸代表人物與著作,針灸研究,世界各國針灸情況,世界衛生組織的政策,全世界針灸系所的設立,History of Acupuncture,Predates written history,One of the three pillars of Chinese medicine,Huang Di Nei Jing,Earliest written account,2,nd,century B.C.,Actually 2 books in one,History Continued,1822,Missionaries brought Western Influence,Acupuncture no longer taught in Imperial Medical College,Early 20,th,century,Schools threatened,most closed,Instruction continued in secret.,History Continued,1949,Communist takeover,Closed China to most western influences,Caused revival of Chinese Medicine,Trained a corps of“Barefoot Doctors”,Western History,The first medical description of acupuncture was by a European physician,Ten,Rhijne,in about 1680,who worked for the East India Company and witnessed acupuncture practice in Japan,Definitions,Acupuncture,Acus-needle,Punctura-puncture,Acupoints,Specific points utilized in treatments,Qi,Vital energy,That which animates life,Prehistoric Ice Man may have used acupuncture,Scientists have,determeined,that,Oetzi,who was 45 years old when he died,has arthritis in his lower back,knee and ankle.,Prehistoric Ice Man may have used acupuncture,15 different groups of tattoos which covered the mans body are found along the same meridians as those used by Chinese acupuncture,L,Dorfer,;M Moser;F Bahr;K,Spindler,;et al.,A medical report from the stone age?,Lancet;,1999;354(9183);.1023,History in The West,1774,Publications in France,Experiments began,Source for most of western exposure,1825,Memoir on Acupuncturation Bache,1825,Bache experimented on prisoners in Pa.,History Western Continued,Civil War,Citations in the Field Surgeons Manual,1892,Sir William Osler,1971,James Reston,1977-84,Acupuncture analgesia studied,America,The USA took the lead to surge popularity of acupuncture around the world in 1970s,Now,Let Me Tell You About My Appendectomy in Peking.,,Western Continued,1990s,NIH began exploring uses for acupuncture,Asthma,Back pain,Nausea etc.,1991,1500 Physicians,8000 Nonphysicians,針灸醫學史,目錄,序,第一章 上古時期,第一節 時代背景及醫藥史簡況,一、時代背景,二、醫藥史簡況,(,一,),疾病,(,二,),醫藥,(,三,),巫醫,第二節 針灸的起源,一、針術的起源,二、灸法的起源,參考文獻,第二章 春秋到兩漢時期,第一節 時代背景及醫藥史簡況,一、時代背景,二、醫藥史簡況,(,一,),醫事制度,(,二,),醫藥帛書和簡牘,第二節 針灸理論的形成,一、陰陽五行及氣精神學說,二、氣功養生術,三、解剖實驗,四、經絡學說的起源,(,一,),腧穴的發現,(,二,),經絡的發現,五、經絡學說的形成,(,一,),十二經脈,(,二,),奇經八脈,(,三,),絡脈,(,四,),腧穴,六、經絡學說的內容,(,一,),經絡系統,(,二,),腧穴,七、針灸療法,(,一,),針刺工具,(,二,),針刺療法,(,三,),灸療,八、刺灸禁忌,(,一,),刺禁,(,二,),灸忌,九、臨床治療,(,一,),取穴方法,(,二,),針灸適應證及其治療,第三節 中外醫藥交流,參考文獻,第四節 針灸典籍及醫家,一、針灸典籍提要,二、針灸醫家傳記,第三章 兩晉南北朝時期,第一節 時代背景及醫藥史簡況,一、時代背景,二、醫藥史簡況,(,一,),醫事制度,(,二,),醫藥成就,第二節 針灸的發展,一、經脈學說的發展,二、對腧穴學的貢獻,三、針灸術法,(,一,),針法,(,二,),灸法,四、針灸禁忌,五、妊婦經脈禁忌,六、臨床治療的發展,(,一,),脈症辨證施治,(,二,),臨床治療範圍的擴大,(,三,),針灸廣泛應用於防治急症,(,四,),癰疽針灸法,(,五,),取穴特點,第三節 中外醫學交流,一、中醫傳入朝鮮,二、中醫傳入日本,參考文獻,第四節 針灸典籍及醫家,一、皇甫謐與,針灸甲乙經,二、已亡佚的針灸著作,三、在針灸方面有建樹的醫家,第四章 隋唐五代時期,第一節 時代背景及醫藥史簡況,一、時代背景,二、醫事制度,三、臨床各科的發展,第二節 針灸發展期,一、承前啟後注典經文,二、腧穴學的進展,三、腧穴名稱部位漸趨統一,四、明堂經穴圖,五、腧穴排列系統,六、刺灸法,(,一,),刺法,(,二,),灸法,七、針、灸和中藥的關係,八、針灸禁忌,九、臨床治療的進展,(,一,),妊娠十月脈診法,(,二,),熱證亦可用灸,(,三,),中風治療進展,(,四,),腳氣,(,五,),骨蒸,(,六,),痔疾,(,七,),橫產,(,八,),急症針灸地位,(,九,),針灸病案,第三節 術數針灸趨避法,一、人氣人神所在刺灸避忌法,(,一,),內經,中的人氣禁刺法,(,二,),皇帝蛤蟆經,中的人氣人神刺灸,避忌法,(,三,),晉唐以後的人神禁刺法,(,四,),”,人神,”,的意義及人氣人神刺灸避,忌思想之分析,二、針灸服藥合藥從辰宜忌論,(,一,),皇帝蛤蟆經,中針藥從辰宜忌論,(,二,),晉唐以後的針藥從辰宜忌論,三、術數針灸趨避法之分析,(,一,),人神及從辰趨避法的適用範圍,(,二,),針藥從辰趨避法與人神針灸禁忌法,的區別與聯繫,第四節 中外醫學交流,一、中朝醫藥交流,二、中醫學在日本的進展,三、中醫藥與阿拉伯諸國的交流,四、中印醫藥交流,參考文獻,第五節 針灸典籍及醫家,一、針灸典籍提要,二、針灸醫家傳記,第五章 宋金元時期,第一節 時代背景及醫藥史簡況,一、時代背景,二、醫事制度,三、醫藥史簡況,第二節 針灸大發展,一、針灸流派輩出,(,一,),皇帝內經明堂派,(,二,),扁鵲針灸派,(,三,),古今兼收派,(,四,),講究刺法派,(,五,),推崇灸法派,(,六,),按時取穴派,(,七,),重視解剖派,二、鑄造針灸銅人,(,一,),北宋以前的銅人,(,二,),針刺人體模型的出現,(,三,),針灸銅人的出現,三、,圖經,石刻,四、十四經穴系統的建立,五、子午流注學說,(,一,),子午流注學說形成的條件,(,二,),子午流注的產生,(,三,),對子午流注的不同看法,六、靈龜飛騰八法,七、針刺手法,(,一,),針刺基本手法,(,二,),針刺輔助手法,(,三,),單式補瀉手法,(,四,),複式補瀉手法,八、灸法,(,一,),施艾材料,(,二,),艾炷大小,(,三,),隔物灸法,(,四,),灸瘡及麻醉後灸,(,五,),保健穴灸,(,六,),天灸,(,七,),特殊灸法,(,八,),灸法補瀉,九、針灸禁忌,十、臨床治療的進展,(,一,),補充經脈病候,(,二,),添充傷寒刺法,(,三,),強調助陽補腎宜灸,(,四,),重視補脾胃,(,五,),傷寒陰證宜灸,(,六,),發展中風刺灸法,(,七,),癰疽歸經灸,(,八,),重視敏感壓痛點取穴,第三節 中外醫學交流,一、中朝醫學交流,二、中日醫學交流,三、中國與其他諸國的醫學交流,參考文獻,第四節 針灸典籍及醫家,一、針灸典籍提要,二、針灸醫家傳記,第六章 明清時期,第一節 時代背景和醫藥史簡況,一、時代背景,二、醫事制度,三、醫藥史簡況,第二節 針灸興盛期,一、繼續鑄製銅人,二、針灸歌賦的盛行,三、產生中西匯通學派,四、重視經絡學說,五、經穴理論的進展,(,一,),創經絡分野法,(,二,),經氣流注新釋,(,三,),十二經絡配十二時辰質疑,(,四,),奇經八脈的理論已臻完善,(,五,),完成,361,穴的歸經,(,六,),奇穴,六、針法進展,(,一,),針具的消毒及事故的處理,(,二,),針刺手法,(,三,),針刺的不同觀點,七、豐富的灸法,(,一,),施灸材料,(,二,),隔物灸法,(,三,),燒灼灸法,(,四,),艾卷灸法,(,五,),灸器,八、刺灸禁忌,九、臨床治療,(,一,),補充奇經病候,(,二,),針灸治急症的範圍,(,三,),外科病症,第三節 中外醫學交流,一、中朝醫學交流,二、中日醫學交流,三、中越醫學交流,四、中歐醫學交流,參考文獻,第四節 針灸典籍及醫家,一、針灸典籍提要,二、針灸醫家傳記,第七章 近現代,第一節 時代背景及醫藥史簡況,一、時代背景,二、醫藥史簡況,第二節 針灸低潮到高潮,一、中醫針灸興滅鬥爭,二、針灸教育及其機關團體,三、針灸文獻,四、實驗研究,五、經絡實質的研究,(,一,),經絡即血管,(,二,),經絡現象產生於大腦皮層,(,三,),經絡是單獨系統,(,四,),生物電磁場論,(,五,),經絡控制論,(,六,),其他經絡假說,六、針刺麻醉,(,一,),歷史回顧,(,二,),針麻手術,(,三,),針麻原理研究,七、經絡外延的擴展,八、穴位的標準化,(,一,),穴名標準化,(,二,),經穴部位標準化,九、形形色色的針刺療法,(,一,),豐富的針具,(,二,),人體各部針法,(,三,),名家針刺手法,十、豐富多彩的灸法,十一、時間醫學,十二、針灸臨床進展,(,一,),概論,(,二,),針灸選穴,(,三,),臨床治療舉例,(,四,),名家經驗,第三節 台、港、澳地區針灸概況,一、台灣針灸發展概況,(,一,),目前台灣民間已成立了二個針灸學會,(,二,),培訓各國針灸人才,(,三,),相關公、私立醫院設有針灸科,(,四,),針灸在台灣納入保險給付,(,五,),台灣針灸之研究及學術交流,(,六,),台灣之重要針灸著作及研究成果,(,七,),結論,二、港澳針灸概況,第四節 國內外針灸交流,一、概論,二、中國針灸的國際交流,三、國際性針灸組織,四、國際針灸學術交流,五、國外針灸概況,(,一,),日本,(,二,),美國,(,三,),法國,(,四,),英國,(,五,),德國,(,六,),其他國家,六、國外針灸研究,(,一,),針灸新療法,(,二,),針刺麻醉,(,三,),針灸臨床,參考文獻,第五節 針灸典籍提要,針灸之代表人物與著作,朝代,人物,著作,先秦,扁鵲,扁鵲內經、扁鵲外經、扁鵲鏡經,東漢,華佗,華佗枕中灸刺經、華佗針灸經,東漢,張仲景,傷寒雜病論,魏晉,曹翕,灸經,魏晉,皇甫謐,針灸甲已經、脈訣、難經集注、論寒食散方,晉代,葛洪,抱朴子、肘後備急方,南北朝,秦承祖,偃側雜針灸經、明堂圖,隋唐,孫思邈,千金要方、千金翼方,唐代,崔知悌,灸骨蒸法圖、癥瘕痃氣灸法,宋,王懷隱,太平聖惠方,北宋,王惟一,銅人腧穴針灸圖經、明堂經、鑄造銅人,宋,楊介,存真圖,金元,竇漢卿,針經指南、銅人針經密語,宋代,席弘,席橫家針灸書、席弘賦,明代,李時珍,醫學八脈注、四診發明、本草綱目、奇經八脈考,明代,楊繼洲,針灸大成,明代,張介賓,景岳全書,清,廖潤鴻,勉學堂針灸集成,民國,黃維三,針灸科學,民國,吳惠平,中國針灸學、針灸基礎學、針灸醫學、吳惠平針灸學,民國,林昭庚,針灸醫學史、新針灸大成、針灸大成新解、中西針灸科學、針灸學新論、針灸醫學文摘,針灸研究,針刺機轉之探討,麻醉、免疫、生理,等,針刺麻醉,緩解手術疼痛，減少副作用,針刺與免疫學,白血球、干擾素、抗體,針刺與生理學,運動、循環、呼吸生理,針刺安全深度,屍體、電腦斷層、得氣深度,針灸實證醫學,世界各國針灸情況,世界衛生組織,(WHO),認可之針灸適應證,1979,年,43,種,1996,年,64,種,神經內科系統疾病,坐骨神經痛,頭痛,偏頭痛,三叉神經痛,坐骨神經痛,頭痛,偏頭痛,三叉神經痛,神經麻痺症,頸臂神經症候群,膀胱神經症（失禁）,小兒麻痺症（急性脊髓灰白質炎）,周圍神經病變,顏面神經麻痺,肋間神經痛,偏癱,神經根疼痛綜合症,緊張性偏頭痛,失眠,原發性低血壓,其他腦病後遺症,高血壓,手術後疼痛,運動系統疾病,冰凍肩（五十肩）,網球肘,上、下背痛、關節痛,冰凍肩（五十肩）,網球肘,背痛,運動系統慢性疼痛,(,頸、肩、脊柱、膝等,),競技證候群,頸椎病,肌筋膜炎,下頜關節功能異常,扭傷和勞損,呼吸系統疾病,哮喘,急性支氣管炎,支氣管哮喘,急性扁桃體炎和急性咽喉炎,扁桃體切除後疼痛,慢性咽炎,腸胃系統疾病,便秘,腹瀉,(,功能性,),胃下垂,打嗝,賁門鬆弛不能及賁門痙攣,便秘,泄瀉,胃下垂,呃逆,腸道躁激綜合徵,十二指腸潰瘍,胃及十二指腸潰瘍,胃炎,大腸局部性腸炎,潰瘍性結腸炎,麻痺性腸阻塞,肝膽系統疾病,膽結石,膽絞痛,膽道蛔蟲症,泌尿系統疾病,遺尿,小兒遺尿,尿失禁,尿瀦留,泌尿道結石,婦科疾病,經前緊張徵候群,引產,妊娠反應,痛經,胎位不正,缺乳,無痛分娩,五官科系統疾病,近視,急性化膿性鼻竇炎,兒童近視,鼻竇炎,梅尼爾氏症候群,白內障,中心視網炎,感冒、急性鼻炎、鼻咽炎,結膜炎,急性咽炎（咽喉痛）,急性扁桃腺炎,梅尼爾氏症,過敏性鼻炎,(,花粉,),急性齒齦炎,慢性齒齦炎,牙痛,拔牙後牙痛,皮膚系統疾病,帶狀,疱,疹,世界衛生組織於,2002,年,5,月發表,2002-2005,年傳統醫藥及替代醫藥全球策略，建請各國將傳統醫學納入現有醫療政策。美國國家衛生研究院,(NIH),也特別撥款，並成立輔助與替代療法的專責機構。,Academy for Five Element Acupuncture,-Masters degree training programs in classical five element acupuncture and Chinese herbal studies.Hallandale Beach,Florida.,Academy for Five Element Acupuncture,-Masters level program in classical Five Element Acupuncture.Hallandale,Florida.,Academy of Chinese Culture and Health Sciences,-Master of Science in Traditional Chinese Medicine degree program.Oakland,California.,The Academy of Classical Oriental Sciences,-Offers a four year full-time Diploma program in Traditional Chinese Medicine.Nelson,British Columbia,Canada.,Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin,-Offers a master degree in Oriental Medicine.Accredited program includes acupuncture,Chinese herbs,Tai Chi and Qigong.Texas.,The Acupuncture Center,-Links to educational resources.The school is accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine(ACAOM).,目前設立針灸系、所的學術單位,Acupuncture Massage College,-Offers a degree in acupuncture and a diploma in massage therapy.Includes course details and student information.Miami,Florida,USA.,Acupuncture Research Group,-Research and education in acupuncture,TCM and low-level laser treatment.University of Innsbruck,Austria.,AcupunctureS,-Directory of acupuncture,Oriental medicine and Chinese medicine schools,colleges and programs in the United States.,American College of Acupuncture,-Acupuncture training for physicians,dentists and veterinarians.Training in New York,New York and China.,American College of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine,-Offers Master of Science in Oriental Medicine.Houston,Texas.,American College of Traditional Chinese Medicine,-Specializes in Chinese herbal medicine.Four-year M.S.degree in Traditional Chinese Medicine.San Francisco,California.,American Institute of Alternative Medicine,-Professional Masters Level Acupuncture Program offered in Columbus,Ohio.,American International Acupuncture Institute,-Provides training in Chinese medicine and acupuncture.Dr.Stanley L.S.Chang,founder.Brooklyn,New York.,Arizona School of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine,-Offers professional masters degrees in these disciplines.Tucson,Arizona.,Asheville School of the Healing Arts,-Offers training programs in traditional Chinese medicine,Asian bodywork therapy,and qigong(chi kung).Asheville,North Carolina.,Atlantic Institute of Oriental Medicine,-Masters Degree program in Traditional Chinese Medicine/Oriental Medicine.Fort Lauderdale,Florida.,Atlantic University of Chinese Medicine,-Offers Masters Level Diploma in Oriental Medicine.Mars Hill(Asheville),North Carolina.,Bastyr,University,-Offers graduate program in Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine.Kenmore,Washington.,Beijing Herbal Medicine Acupuncture Institute,-Offers International Correspondence Program of Traditional Chinese Medicine.,Blue Poppy Seminars,-Professional seminars and continuing education.On-site and distance learning.Division of Blue Poppy Enterprises,Boulder,Colorado.,British Medical Acupuncture Society,-Training courses for medical doctors,dentists and veterinarians.3-year program leads to accreditation and the Diploma of Medical Acupuncture.Cheshire,United Kingdom.,Bubishi.Com,-Martial arts and Chinese medicine.Calendar,healing arts center,massage therapy and bulletin board.Information for Northwest Wisconsin School for Oriental Bodywork Therapy.,Calgary College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture,-Offers a diploma program towards Doctor of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Includes details of courses,admission and fees,college clinic.Alberta,Canada.,Canadian College of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine,-4-year,full-time course of study.Victoria,BC,Canada.,Canadian Institute of Postgraduate Studies in Traditional Chinese Medicine,-TCM education at postgraduate level.Victoria,BC,Canada.,Cecilia,Yankelevish,de,Caceres,-Professor of Acupuncture,-Offers courses in acupuncture for professionals.,Classical Five Element Acupuncture,-Postgraduate courses for licensed medical professionals and advanced students.,Khosrow,Khalighi,teaches in San Francisco,California.,College of Acupuncture and Therapeutics,-Courses in fundamental acupuncture,traditional Chinese medical acupuncture and related therapies.Kitchener-Waterloo,Ontario,Canada.,The College of Chinese Medicine,-The Acupuncture Society offers professional courses in acupuncture,Chinese herbal medicine and acupressure.London and Middlesex,United Kingdom.,College of Integrated Chinese Medicine,-Offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in acupuncture,alternative and Chinese medicine.Reading,United Kingdom.,Colorado School of Traditional Chinese Medicine,-Offers Masters degree program in Traditional Chinese Medicine,continuing education courses.Denver,Colorado.,Dallas Institute of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine,-Offers Masters in Oriental Medicine and Acupuncture degree in Dallas,Texas.,Dao Fellowship,-Intensive acupuncture courses in China for medical doctors,physiotherapists,chiropractors,osteopaths and acupuncturists.Promotes studies and safe use of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Britain.Dr.Gilbert,Shia,founder.,Daoist,Traditions College of Chinese Medical Arts,-Four-year Masters of Oriental Medicine Diploma program.Training in both classical traditions and modern TCM.Asheville,North Carolina.,DistanceCE,-Online continuing education courses for acupuncturists,nurses and other health professionals in English and Chinese.,DRU(,Dongguk,Royal University),-Graduate school of acupuncture and Oriental medicine.Los Angeles,California.,East West College of Natural Medicine,-Oriental Medicine Program.Sarasota,Florida.,Eastern School of Acupuncture and Traditional Medicine,-School of acupuncture approved by the New Jersey State Department of Education and accredited by ACAOM.Montclair,New Jersey.,East-West Center,-Oriental health therapy seminars both local and travel-study.Iowa City,Iowa.,East-West School of Chinese Medicine,-Four year program in Chinese Medicine.Tel-Aviv,Israel.Multilingual site.,Edgewood College of Oriental Medicine,-Offers masters of science in oriental medicine degree.Atlanta,Georgia,Emperors College of Traditional Oriental Medicine,-Offers masters degree in traditional Oriental medicine,massage certificate programs.Santa Monica,California.,Five Branches Institute,-College and Clinic of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),offers training towards a career as a licensed acupuncturist.,FiveElementT,-Five element acupuncture research and training for physicians.Based in La Jolla,California.,Florida Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine,-Training in acupuncture,herbology,and,tui-na,massage.St.Petersburg and Tampa,Florida.,Gokavi,Transverse Technique(GTT),-Medical acupuncture treatment used to treat chronic pain disorders.Seminars offered by Dr.Cynthia,Gokavi,.Saskatoon,Saskatchewan,Canada.,Graduate School of Acupuncture and,Moxibustion,Meiji University of Oriental Medicine,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science,China Medical University-Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science,House of Healing Sound Acupuncture School and Treatment Center,-Rose Eng-,Lum,teaches sound healing and acupuncture in Bellevue.,Indian Academy of Acupuncture Science,-Courses in acupuncture for doctors,acupressure,cosmetic acupuncture.Founded by Dr.P.B.,Lohiya,in 1983 in,Aurangabad,India.,Institute for Teaching Contemporary Acupuncture,-Two-day intensive course for medical doctors offered by Dr.Sylvain Faust.Multilingual site.Belgium.,Institute for Traditional Medicine,-Research,training,and therapy including Tibetan,Ayurvedic,Chinese,and Native American systems.,Subhuti,Dharmananda,director.Portland,Oregon.,Institute of Chinese,Herbology,-Home study program.Oakland,California.,Institute of Taoist Education and Acupuncture,-Teaches the oral tradition of classical five element acupuncture.Located in Louisville(Boulder),Colorado.,Integrated Medicine Seminars,-Auricular therapy seminars for medical professionals.Taught by,Nader,Soliman,M.D.and Bryan L.Frank,M.D.Supplies available.Richardson,Texas.,International Academy of Medical Acupuncture,-Offers seminars in acupuncture for physicians and medical professionals.Carefree,Arizona.,International,Acupuncuture,Academy of,Bhupendra,Techniques,-Training programs offered by Dr.B.K.Singh in partnership with,Langara,College,Vancouver,Canada.,International College of Oriental Medicine,-ICOM acupuncture college offers,BSc,(,Hons,)in Oriental Medicine-Acupuncture.West Suss