高中英语语法知识复习专题：被动语态.docx

一、被动语态的句型
1.常见句式是：
主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）
例如：He was scolded by the English teacher.
2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分
例如：
The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.
注意：使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者”
3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。
例如：
®She lent me a bike.
被动：
1）I was lent a bike(by her).
2）A bike was lent to me(by her).
4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词
例如：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.
5.双重被动式：
主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分
例如；
These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.

二、主动表示被动的几种情况
1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。
常见动词是：
cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。
例如：
This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。
These books sell well.这些书好卖。
The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。
Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。
The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。
2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。
常见动look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。
例如：
The apples taste good./The flower smells wonderful./The news proved/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.
注：prove也可用于被动式，
如：
His answer(was) proved right.
3.不定式在某些形容词之后，且与主语有动宾关系。
常见形容词有：
hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible等。例如：The problem is easy to do./The question is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year.
比较：
The problem is to be done./The question is to be answered.没有形容词时，虽然不定式与主语是动宾关系，但必须用被动式。
三、容易误用被动语态的几种情况：
1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。
2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。
3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.因为象lose heart, make a face, keep silence, lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。
4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.因为象take part in, belong to ,own, have, hate, fail, contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。