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一、被动语态的句型
1.常见句式是:
主语(受动者)+be+过去分词+(by+施动者)
例如:He was scolded by the English teacher.
2.主语+get+过去分词+其它成分
例如:
The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.
注意:使用这种结构不能带有“by+施动者”
3.带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为动句,其主语可以是直接宾语,也可以是间接宾语。
例如:
®She lent me a bike.
被动:
1)I was lent a bike(by her).
2)A bike was lent to me(by her).
4.情态动词+be+过去分词
例如:This problem must be worked out in half an hour.
5.双重被动式:
主语+被动式谓语+不定式的被动式+其它成分
例如;
These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.
二、主动表示被动的几种情况
1.不及物动词与状语连用,用以表示主语的品质和状态。
常见动词是:
cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。
例如:
This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。
These books sell well.这些书好卖。
The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。
Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。
The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。
2.一些连系动词的主动式+形容词。
常见动look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。
例如:
The apples taste good./The flower smells wonderful./The news proved/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.
注:prove也可用于被动式,
如:
His answer(was) proved right.
3.不定式在某些形容词之后,且与主语有动宾关系。
常见形容词有:
hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible等。例如:The problem is easy to do./The question is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year.
比较:
The problem is to be done./The question is to be answered.没有形容词时,虽然不定式与主语是动宾关系,但必须用被动式。
三、容易误用被动语态的几种情况:
1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。
2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。
3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.因为象lose heart, make a face, keep silence, lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式,不能用被动式。
4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.因为象take part in, belong to ,own, have, hate, fail, contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。
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