阅读理解方法指导（new）.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,阅读理解方法指导一,主旨大意题和细节理解题,2013,年高考考纲：要求考生能读懂简易的文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志及,各类媒体,中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。考生应能：,1.,理解语篇,主旨大意,；,2.,理解文中,具体信息,；,3.,根据,上下文,提供的线索,推测生词的词义,；,4.,根据文中,事实和线索,做出简单的,判断和推理,；,5.,理解文章的,基本结构,和,文脉逻辑关系,；,6.,理解作者的,观点、意图和态度,；,7.,提炼,文章结构、,概括,主要内容、,理解,关键信息。,阅读理解,集中全面,地考查考生从阅读中,准确获取信息,的能力，强调考生,对语篇的整体把握,能力，,对语言文化因素的运用,能力和,解决实际问题,的能力。,通过分析文章的篇章结构，抓住,文章开头的主题,或,文章最后的结论,从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。,常见的提问形式：,1.What is the passage mainly about?,2.What is the best title for the passage?,3.Which of the following would be the best title?,4.Which of the following sentences can,summarize,the main idea of the passage?,5.Which is the,subject,discussed in the text?,6.Which of the following statements best express the main idea of the,paragraph,?,Part 1:,主旨大意题,Example 1,Some supermarkets have a special way of getting people to come to the bakery counters.Sometimes they spray a,“,cake smell,”,into the air.At other times they spray the fresh of baking bread.These smells are enough to make people,s mouths water.The customers then race madly to the counter to buy cakes,bread,rolls and other baked good,s,!,Q:,The main idea of the paragraph is _.,A.what cakes smell like B.why bakeries make money,C.how people are attracted to bakery counters D.what bakery counters in supermarkets sell,C.how people are attracted to bakery counters,读首句抓大意,主题句出现在文章的,开头,。这些文章,开门见山,提出主题，随之用细节来解释或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。在,说明文，议论文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种方式,。,Example 2,Humankind has tried to improve its standard of living since the very beginning of civilization.Back then,as well as today,providing food and security was the basic task for a person.However,nowadays the range of required goods has expanded significantly.People feel the need for not only some primary things,such as a piece of bread and a roof over their heads,but also for various facilities and luxuries.Providing humanity with these things is connected to the use of natural resources,which requires energy.In turn,the common sources of energy we use today cause pollution,so economic growth is almost inevitably(,不可避免地,)associated with environmental damage.,Q:,What does the passage mainly talk about _?A.Pollution caused by plant construction B.Effects of windmills on the environment C.Economic growth and human civilization D.Economic growth and environmental damage,D.Economic growth and environmental damage,读尾句抓大意,主题句可能出现在文章的,段尾,。这些文章通常先,描述问题或现象,，再,摆出事实依据，层层推理论证,，然后表述细节后归纳要点，最后,自然得出结论,，即段落的主题。,Example 3,When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can,the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment,and then it comes down.When a bullet is shot straight up,it will travel much faster and higher than a ball,but it,too,will come down.Whatever goes up must come down.We have always thought this to be true.An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long.Yet it doesn,t stay up forever.Finally,like everything else,the plane must come down.,Q:,Which of the following statements can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A.A ball falls down like a bullet.B.Anything that goes up must fall down.C.A plane travels in the same way as a bullet.D.Everything has weight,B.Anything that goes up must fall down.,从段落中抓大意,有些文章或段落的主题句位于文章或段落的,中间部分,。此类文章往往以一句或几句话做铺垫引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例陈述细节或继续论证，即,引入,-,主题思想,-,解释或继续论证,。,Example 4,Shu,Pulong,has helped at least 1,000 people bitten by snakes.,“,It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career.,”,he said.In 1963,after his army service,Shu,entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese Medicine.As a part of his studies he had to work in the mountains.There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.,“,I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met.It was a very hot afternoon.The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand.He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake.In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart.Rushing home he shouted,Bring me the knife.,Minutes later the man lost his arm forever.,”,“,The story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.,”,He said.,Q:,The best headline for this newspaper article is _,A.Astonishing Medicine B.Farmer Loses Arms C.Dangerous Bites D.Snake Doctor,D.Snake Doctor,首尾呼应抓大意,文章一开始就点题，接着举例，最后回归主题。主题句以,首尾呼应的形式出现在文首与文末,。,Example 5,According to the designer,the,lampbrella,(,雨水感应式路灯,)would move at a relatively low speed,so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians.Besides,it would be grounded to protect from possible lighting strike.Each,lampbrella,would offer enough shelter for several people.Being installed at 2 meters off the ground,it would only be a danger for the tallest of pedestrians.,Q:,What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us about the,lampbrella,?A.Its moving speed B.Its appearance C.Its installation D.Its safety,D.Its safety,归纳要点抓大意,主题,隐含,在文章中。文章或段落中没有明显的主题句，考生必须根据文中内容，进行,综合分析,，,找出共同的东西,，,归纳总结,。,这种类型的文章通常是叙述一件事的发展过程或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。,Example 6,We think of a flood or an earthquake as a natural disaster.To many of nature,s animals,however,the greatest disaster is the coming of large numbers of humans.When settlers came from the East to America,s great western plains,they killed millions of bison,poisoned the prairie dogs and shot the coyotes.All this upset the area,s balance of nature.For the animals,it was worse than a flood or an earthquake.,Q:,Which of the following is the best title for the passage?,A.Natural Balance Itself B.Floods and EarthquakesC.American Settlers D.Humans-a Disaster to Nature,D.Humans-a Disaster to Nature,在做阅读理解题时，可利用,排除法,解题：首先排除最不可能的选项，再凭借对材料的理解来对剩余的选项进行筛选。这就需要我们了解准确选项和干扰选项的特点。,1,、读首句抓大意,2,、读尾句抓大意,3,、从段落中抓大意,4,、首尾呼应抓大意,5,、归纳要点抓大意,解题心得,：,主旨大意题的解答常用,略读法,(Skimming),。,快速阅读文章,找出各个段落的,主题句,。,把各个段落的主题句联系起来,着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼,的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能,涵盖全文,。,忌：,不能太过笼统，言过其实或以偏概全。,如：,某个具体事实或细节,；,某些不完全的事实或细节片面,推出的错误结论；,非文章事实的主观臆断,。,Part 2,：细节理解题,事实细节是作者表达中心思想的具体手段。关于细节的问题是对,文中的某个词语、句子、段落等细节及事实提问,，所提的问题一般可以,直接或间接地在文中找到答案,。,常见的提问形式：,1.Which of the following statement is,true/not correct,?,2.All the statements are,true except,_.,3.Which of the statements is,not mentioned,in the passage?,4.Which is,the right order,of,the events given in the passage?,Example 1,Offer Limited to,40,per household,2012,American Silver Eagle Coin,Your cost 1-4 Coins$38.95 each+,s/h,5-9 Coins$38.45 each+,s/h,10-19 Coins$37.95 each+,s/h,20-40 Coins$37.45 each+,s/h,Note:,$10,s/h,(shipping and handling)for each purchase,Q:,If you buy six 2012 U.S.Mint Silver Eagles by post,you should pay at least _.A.$230.7 B.$233.7 C.$240.7 D.$243.7,C.$240.7,分析计算找细节。,此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。需仔细,分析计算,。,Example 2,A map would help me,and I decide to buy one at our next shop.Lots of things are for sale at the bus stop,s shop,but there are no maps.I direct myself towards the shop,s operator,but I run into the language barrier.The operator is an Anglo,and when I speak to him in Spanish,he says that he doesn,t understand.I try to practice my very precarious(,不可靠的,)English with him,but it,s no use.I have a rough idea of the sound of the words that I want to say,but I can,t pronounce them right.I make signs,signaling a big piece of paper and say,“,for California,”,but he turns into a question mark,with eyes wide open,arms raised and hands extended.,“,Map,”,I say,but I don,t pronounce the word very well.,“,Freeways,streets,”,I add,but he still doesn,t understand.He points out chewing gum,candies,pieces of cake,sandwiches,soft drinks,and cigarettes,trying to guess what I,m asking for.But he doesn,t show me any maps.Finally,I back out of the store,and as I leave I hear him say,“,I,m sorry.,”,Q:,The writer tries to make himself understood by all the following EXCEPT _.,A.gesture B.words or phrases,C.pronunciations D.spelling the word,D.spelling the word,A,B,B,C,C,B,对号入座找细节,此类题目可以直接从原文中找到信息，而且选项在语言表述上没有大的变化。解答此类题目可以,带着问题阅读短文,，采用,“,对号入座法,”，,把找到的原文找到的关键信息与题目进行对照得出答案。,Example 3,When I was a child,I often dreamed the time when I could leave home and escape to the city.We lived on a farm,in the winter especially,we were quite cut off from the outside world.As soon as I left school,I packed my bags and moved to the capital.However,I soon discovered that city life has its problems too.Is life better then,in the city?Perhaps it is,when you are in your teens or twenties.However,as you get older,and especially if you have small children,the peace of the countryside may seem preferable.I certainly hope to move back there soon.,Q:,1.What was the writer always thinking about when he was a child?A.Staying on the farm B.Moving to the countryside C.Leaving home for the city D.Running away from the school,Q:,2.Which of the following is true about the writer?A.He is very old now.B.He is in good condition.C.He prefers driving a car.D.He lives in the city now.,C.Leaving home for the city,D.He lives in the city now.,断章取义找细节,此类题目通过,语句的同义或反义转换,来考查考生对英语语言的理解能力。解答这类题可用“,断章取义法,”，即带着问题,有针对性地扫读,短文，,锁定,相关词句，然后寻找相关的同义或反义表述。,Example 4,She is a British athlete by the name of,Tanni,Grey-Thompson.Born with,spina,bifida(,脊椎裂,)which left her,paralysed,from the waist down,Tanni,used a wheelchair from the age of 7.At first,she was not keen on sport,apart from horse-riding,which gave her a sense of freedom.But in her teens,she started taking sports more seriously.She tried swimming,basketball and tennis.Eventually she found athletics,and never looked back.Indeed,Tanni,s,athletic career took off.In 1984,when she was 15,she pulled off a surprise victory in the 100,metres,at the Junior National Wheelchair Games.In 1988,Tanni,went to her first,Paralympic,Games in Seoul.She won bronze in the 400,metres,.Even greater success followed at the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics.,Tanni,won gold in the 100,200,400 and 800,metres,relay,setting two world records in the process.In the same year she achieved the first of her six London Wheelchair Marathon victories.,Tanni,retired finally after the Visa,Paralympic,World Cup in 2007.Her wish is to coach young athletes for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.,Q:What,s the right order of the events related to,Tanni,?a.She works as a coach.b.She took up athletics.c.She won four medals in Barcelona.d.She competed in her first,Paralympic,Games.e.She achieved a victory in her first London Wheelchair Marathon.A.b,d,c,e,a B.a,d,b,c,e,C.a,d,c,e,b D.b,d,a,e,c,b,a,A.b,d,c,e,a,c,d,e,首尾定位找细节,这种题型要求考生根据,动作发生的先后顺序,和句子之间的,逻辑关系,，确定事件发生的正确顺序。可采用“,首尾定位法,”，即先找出,第一个,动作和,最后一个,动作，迅速,缩小选择范围,，从而快速选出正确答案。,Example,5,Alex Goldberg,the programs founder,said;We set up Young Inspirations because we wanted to give young people experiences which will potentially be life changing and broaden their outlook.,At a time of funding cutbacks where schools are finding it more and more difficult to offer this kind of mentoring,it is extremely important that these opportunities are available both to help youth with their school work and grades and to give them opportunities which may help shape their futures.Kieran Hepburn,14,is one of a group of Banbury youth who has benefited from the program so far.,Q:According to Alex Goldberg,it is difficult for schools to offer the mentoring to _.A.the lack of support from firms B.the cultural differences C.the effect of unemployment D.the shortage of money,D.the shortage of money,题干定位找细节,快速寻找信息点一般为功能型阅读题，主要形式有广告，公告，演出信息，航班时间表等。做这类题时，没有必要阅读全文，宜采用“,题干定位法,”解题。,1,、分析计算找细节,2,、对号入座找细节,3,、断章取义找细节,4,、首尾定位找细节,5,、题干定位找细节,解题心得,：,细节理解题的破解一般采用,寻读法,(Scanning),，,即,先看试题，再读文章,。,对有关信息进行,快速定位,，,再将相关信息进行,整合、甄别、分析、对比,，,有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案,。,此法加强了阅读的针对性,，,提高了做题的准确率,，,节省了宝贵的时间,。,寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。,忌,：,主观臆断；必须忠于原文。,Thank you!,