Non-finite-verbs非谓语动词课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Welcome,Grammar,Non-finite Verbs,非,谓语,动词,动名词,gerund,不定式,infinitive,分词,participle,2、形式,不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。,动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。,分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分,主语,定语,宾语,表语,状语,宾语补 足语,不定式,过去,分词,v-ing 形式,3语态：,必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。,A,动词,-ing,形式的一般式,1 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。,Swimming is her favorite sport.Learning is important,to modern life.,3,动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。,I remembered,sending him an e-mail last week,.He suggested,taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday,.,点津坊,在现代英语中，,作宾语,的动词,-ing,形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。,I really regretted,missing such an exciting lecture,.(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.),We remembered,seeing the film,.(=We remembered having seen the film.),I cant stand,being kept waiting,.,Having been shown the lab,we were taken to see the school library.,D,动词-ing形式的否定形式,动词-ing形式的否定形式由not加动词-ing形式构成。,His,not,coming,made everyone present very disappointed.,A,动词-ing形式作主语,1 动词-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。,Seeing,is believing.=,To see,is to believe.百闻不如一见。,2 为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。,It is no use,crying over spilt milk,.,作无益的后悔是没有用的。,Its a waste of time,arguing about it,.,争论这事是浪费时间。,必背,动词-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。,Its no good,talking to him,.,和他谈话是没有用的。,It is useless,telephoning him,.He is not willing to come.,给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。,B,动词-ing形式作表语,1 表示主语的内容Her job is,keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible,.,2 表示主语具有的特征The problem is quite,puzzling,.这个问题很令困惑。,1.Her work is _(look)after the children.,2.My aim is _(go)to Tsinghua University.,3.One of my bad habit is _(bite)nails（指甲）.,looking,going,biting,只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词(这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语。),Fancy,meeting,you here!,想不到在这儿见到你了！,I suggest,doing,it in a different way.,我建议用另一种方法做这件事。,只能接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词,：,建议冒险去献身，忍受期待不停顿；放弃延期悔失去，坚持欣赏实践成；注意原谅避反对，考虑要求不自禁；允许习惯不介意，价值开始想动名,。,5.Leave off _(bite)your,nails!,6.He didnt feel like _,(work),so he suggested,_(spend)the day in,the garden.,7.You certainly mustnt,miss _(see)the wonderful,film.,biting,working,spending,seeing,8.The doctor advised _(stay)longer in hospital.,9.We appreciate your _(want)_(help)us in our difficulties.,10.Michael has delayed _ (write)to her till today.,11.The law forbids _(sell)liquor to children.,12.They all suggested _(give)more chances.,13.Can you imagine _(leave)standing outside for a whole night.,14.They built the banks to prevent the area from _(flood).,既可用动词-ing形式作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语，也能用不定式作宾语，但用法并不相同，主要有以下几种情况：,有些动词,如,attempt,continue,hate,intend,like,love,prefer,等，后面接动词-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。,They prefer spending/to spend their summer vacation in Dalian.,I intend to buy/buying an English-Chinese dictionary.,提示,应尽量避免接连出现两上动词-ing形式。,I am starting to learn Russian.,避免说：,I am starting learning Russian.,有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。,有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。,come to do,表示一个渐渐发展的过程,I hope we shall be friends and come,to understand one another,.,come doing,表示陪衬性的动作,It was already two oclock when she came,hurrying in,.,go on to do,做完一件事后,接下去做另外一件事,Having finished the exercises,we went on,to learn the new words in the next unit,.,go on doing,继续做同一件事。,Though it was raining heavily,they went on,working,.,mean to do想要做某事,I didnt mean,to hurt you,.,mean doing意味着要有一个结果,Missing the train means,waiting for another hour,.,regret to do对即将要做的事表示遗憾 I regret,to say I must leave tomorrow,.,regret doing对所做的事感到后悔 I regret,not having told her earlier,.,remember to do 讲的是将来的事，表示“不要忘记”Remember,to lock the door,when you leave.remember doing 讲的是过去的事，表示“记起来”I remember,posting that letter,.我记得寄了那封信。,forget to do忘记要做某事,She nearly for,got,to give the porter a tip for his service,.,forget doing忘记以前曾做过的事,Ill never forget,meeting my school headmaster for the first time,.,stop to do停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事,While working,he stopped,to talk with Tom at times,.,stop doing停止正在做的事,When the teacher came into the classroom,the pupils stopped,talking,.,try to do设法做某事I must try,to get everything ready,before he arrives.,try doing试验做某事Would you please try,doing that again,?,need,require,want作“需要”解时，后面接动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用动词-ing形式比较普通。,Your composition needs,correcting/to be corrected,.His coat wants,cleaning/to be cleaned,.The old woman requires,looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully,.,D,动词,-ing,形式作宾语补足语,1,动词-ing形式可以在,see,hear,notice,watch,feel,smell,look at,listen to,observe,find,等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语,和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。,We heard the children,shouting upstairs,.I felt my heart,beating violently,.,2,动词,-ing,形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别。在,see,hear,feel,watch,notice,等感官动词后,既可用动词,-ing,形式构成复合宾语,也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词,-ing,形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。,He saw a girl,getting on the bus,.,He saw a girl,get on the bus,and drive off,.,3,动词,-ing,形式也可用在,have,get,leave,keep,set,catch,等表示致使的动词后作宾语补足语。,They should not leave us,wondering what they will do next,.,I wont have you,running about in the room,.We kept the fire,burning all night long,.,点津坊,如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词,-ing,形式,。,I saw him enter the room sit down and light a cigarette.,E,动词,-ing,形式作定语,1,单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。,说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。,a reading,room=a room which is used for reading 阅览室,running,shoes=shoes for running 跑鞋,a working,method=a method of working工作方法,必背,a,drawing,board 画板,a,sewing,machine缝纫机,a,swimming,pool游泳池,a,waiting,room候车室,a,dining,car 餐车,a,driving,permit,驾驶许可证,a,singing,competition,歌咏比赛,a,walking,stick手杖,表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。,developing,countries=countries that are developing,发展中国家,an,ordinary-looking,house=a house that looks ordinary,看起来很普通的房子,a,puzzling,problem=a problem that puzzles somebody,困扰人的问题,必背,a,barking,dog狂吠的狗,a,disappointing,play,令人失望的戏剧,an,astonishing,adventure,惊人的冒险,a,sleeping,baby 熟睡的婴儿,boiling,water正在沸腾的水,failing,sight 逐渐衰退的视力,the,setting,sun落日,the,coming,week下一周,2 作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。,The bottle,containing vinegar,should be sent to the laboratory.They lived in a house,facing south,.,3 某些情况下，动词-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须用定语从句。,作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句,。,【误】,The professor,coming,here,yesterday,will give us a lecture.,【正】,The professor,who came here yesterday,will give us a lecture.,动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。,【误】,The temple,having been destroyed by the earthquake,will be rebuilt soon.,【正】,The temple,which has been destroyed by the earthquake,will be rebuilt soon.,F,动词-ing形式作状语,动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。,1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。,Having made full preparations,we are ready for the examination.(=After we have made full preparations.),2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。,Being ill,he didnt go to school yesterday.,(=Since he was ill.),3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。His father died,leaving him a lot of money,.=and left him a lot of money.,4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。,Working hard at your lessons,you will succeed.=If you work hard at your lessons.,5,表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句,。,Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.=Although they knew all this,6,表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。,He lay on the grass,staring at the sky for a long time,.=and stared at the sky for a long,time.,e.g._a reply,he decided to write a sixth letter.,A.Not receiving B.Not to receive,C.Not having received,D.Having not received,e.g.Having finished my homework,I went to watchTV.,解析,没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前所以应该用,having done,;此题又是表否定含义，分词的否定式为,not doing/not having done,;故选,c,-ing 形式,-ing,形式主要考查其在句子中作,定语,和,状语,的用法,European football is played in 80 countries,_ it the most popular sport in the world.,making,B,.makes,C,.made,D,.to make,He rushed to the train station,only _,the train had gone.,finding B.found,C.finds D.to find,D,解析,Making it the popular sport in the world,为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,v-ing,表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。,His parents died,leaving,him an orphan,.,He rushed to the post office,only to,find it was closed,动 词-ing 形 式 的 逻 辑 主 语,A,作主语的动词-ing形式,动词-ing形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。,Reading aloud,is very helpful.(,Reading aloud,的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来),点津坊,如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时,一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加s),His fathers falling ill,worried him greatly.,(his father,是falling ill,的逻辑主语),B,作表语的动词-ing形式,动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。,What worries me most is,her staying too late every night.,(staying too late every night,的逻辑主语是,her,),动词-ing形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。an,interesting,book=a book that interests its readers,一本有意思的书,a,running,stream=a stream that is running,一条奔流的小溪,C,作定语的动词-ing形式,如果动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用-ing形式的被动式。,The meeting,being held in Beijing now,is of great importance.,(,the meeting,和举行之间的关系是被动的，所以用,being held),D,作宾语的动词-ing形式,动词,-ing,形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在,-ing,形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。,比较,He insisted on,doing it himself,.(doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”)He insisted on,my doing it,.(doing it的逻辑主语是“我”),Would you mind,opening the window,?,(,opening the window,的逻辑主语是“你”),Would you mind,my opening the window,?,(,opening the window,的逻辑主语是“我”),E,作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式,动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。,We often hear,her singing this song,.,(,singing this song,的逻辑主语是“她”),We often hear,this song(being)sung,.(逻辑主语“this song”和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动的，所以用动词-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词.),F,作状语的动词-ing形式,1 动词-ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。,Entering the classroom,I found nobody in it.,若动词,-ing,形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的,-ing,形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。,【误】,Looking out through the window,the garden was beautiful.(,looking out through the window,的逻辑主语是,the garden,，显然不对),(正),Looking out through the window,we saw a beautiful garden.,(误),Reading the evening newspaper,a dog started barking.,(逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报),(正),I,was reading the evening newspaper,when a dog started barking.,2,如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任。,The last bus,having gone,we had to walk home.Weather,permitting,the football match will be played on Friday,必背,高中阶段有一些固定的动词-ing形式短语,如,generally speaking,judging from.,considering.,talking of.,supposing.,等,它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种动词-ing短语可当作一个插入语。,Generally speaking,boys are more interested in science than girls.一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣.,Judging from his accent,he must come from Canada.从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大.,Considering how poor he was,we decided to let him attend the concert for free.考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。,Supposing it rains,what will you do?假使下雨，你会怎么办呢？,B)关于逻辑主语的问题,1._to the meeting surprised all of the boards.,Mike coming,B.Mike came,C.Mike coming,D.Mikes coming,D,2.Its no use_that you didnt know the rules.,you pretend,B.you pretending,C.your pretending,D.your pretend,C,1不定式作主语：,1)change the following into the infinitive,1._(die)for people is a glorious thing.,2._(talk)with him is a great pleasure.,不定式,3._(help)others is our duty.,4._(see)is to believe.,2)change the sentences above into the ones,using“it”as informal.,3)A:,如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由,for,引起的短语。,It is easy for the students to read.,It will be a mistake for us to help you.,在“It is+形容词+of sb+不定式”结构中,，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征,如,kind,silly,good,unwise,clever,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,rude,impolite,bold,thoughtful,honest,bad,sensible,naughty,等。,It is+形容词+for/of sb+不定式结构,在,“It is+,形容词,+for sb不定式”,结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如,important,possible,impossible,necessary,difficult,hard,reasonable,等。,比较,It is good,of you to help,me with my English.(强调you的特征=You are good to help me.)It is good,for you to give up,smoking.(强调的是give up smoking这一行为=For you to give up smoking is good.),2不定式作表语,1.Her work is _(look)after the children.,2.My aim is _(go)to Tsinghua University.,3.She seemed_(think)about the problem.,3不定式作宾语：,有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有：,want,demand,like,hate,hope,begin,seem,fail,help,offer,manage,pretend,forget,remember,promise,prepare,learn,expect,agree,determine,prefer,intend,etc.,They wanted_(get)on the bus,didnt they?,He said he wished_(be)a professor.,I agreed_(go)there with the doctor.,My daughter preferred_(dance)when she was in her twenties.,He had promised _(give)me a hand.,比较,一般说来，动词-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。,Smoking,is forbidden here.Its not good for you,to smoke so much,.They prefer,staying indoors when the weather is cold,.,Would you prefer,to stay at home this evening,?,I like,singing,but I dont like,to sing,this night.,4.不定式作宾语补足语,A)1.I didnt want my parents_(help)me.,2.Wed prefer you _(take)the job instead of Zhang.,3.The school ordered all the classroom_(clean).,4.My parents expect me_(go)to a ideal university.,5.Joan promised the dinner_(cook)before we returned.,6.The doctor advised the patient _(take)two pills every four hours.,7.He determined me,_,(tell)everything.,不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词名代词之后，与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。,动词不定式作定语,1 主谓关系,The future,to greet us,will be bright.The next train,to arrive,was from New York.,2 动宾关系,On Sundays,he always has a lot of letters,to write,.,He can find no one,to make friends with,.,3 同位关系,We students should have the courage,to face any difficulty,.,4,修饰关系,Now it is time,to begin our class,.,点津坊,由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。,She has a child,to take care of,.There is nothing,to worry about,.He has no friend,to depend on,.Ive got a lot of things,to see to,this morning.,5.不定式作定语,Change the following into infinitives.,He was the first person that came to the classroom this morning.,The only thing that I want to get is the diamond necklace.,Everything that is done needs praising.,Here are some books that you can read.,不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。1 表示目的Im saving up,to buy a computer,.,动词不定式作状语,点津坊,有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order(not)to do,和so as(not)to do结构(so as to do不可以置于句首)。,He shouted and waved,in order to,be noticed.Ill write down his telephone number,so as not to,forget it.,2 表示结果,He got to the station only,to find the train had gone,.,必背:,不定式表示结果常见于下列句型,1)so.as to do,Would you be so kind as,to lend me your bicycle?,2)such.as to do,We are not such fools as to,believe him.,3)enough to do,He didnt run fast enough to catch the train.,4)only to do,He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.,5)too.to do,His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.,1.He got up early so that he could catch the first bus to the town.,He got up early _ _ _ catch the first bus.,2.We must work hard at English in order that we can contact foreigners freely.,We must work hard at English _ _ _ contact foreigners freely.,3.He was so frightened that he could hardly say anything.,He was frightened_say anything.,He was_ brave _ say anything.,_(save)the badly sick lady,the doctor had an operation on her.,5.He hurried to the station only _(find)the train left.,“be+不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况：1表示命令和指示,The room is,to be locked,.,2表示计划或安排,We are,to begin the work next month,.,be+不定式结构,比较,be to do表示计划和安排将要发生的动作。,Another new railway is,to be built in my hometown next year,.,明年我家乡又要修建一条铁路了。,be about to do表示最近即将要发生的动作。不能和具体的时间状语连用。,The manager was,about to leave,when,his secretary called him back.,经理正要离开时，他的秘书叫住了他。,with/without+名词+不定式“结构在句子中通常起状语的作用。,With so much work to do,I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you.,With him to stay in the house,I feel quite safe.,Without anything to eat,he died of hunger.,with/without+名词+不定式结构,I hope,to have met,him at,the railway station,bu