英语长句分析经典100句.pdf

英语长句的翻译方法在翻译长句时，首先，不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理，因为，无论是多么复杂的句子，它都是由一些基本的成分组 成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中 心内容及其各层意思，然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑 关系，再按照汉语的特点和表达方式，正确地译出原文的 意思，不必拘泥于原文的形式。一、英语长句的分析一般来说，造成长句的原因有三方面：（1）修饰语过多；（2）并列成分多；（3）语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法：（1）找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，从整体上把握句子的结 构。（2）找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从 句的引导词。（3）分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句，宾 语从句，表语从句等，若是状语，它是表示时间、原因、结 果、还是表示条件等等）。(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，例如，定语从句 所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。(5)注意插入语等其他成分。(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析：例 1.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析：(1)该句的主语为behaviorists,谓语为suggest,宾语为一个从句，因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。(2)该句共有五个谓语结构，它们的谓语动词分别为 suggest,is raised,are,develop,experience 等，这五 个谓语结构之间的关系为：Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句；who is raised in an environment为定语从句，所修饰的先行词为child;where there are many stimuli为定语从句，所修饰的先行词为 environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句，所修饰的先行词为 stimuli;在suggest的宾语从句中，主语为child,谓语为 experience,宾语为 greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后，我们就会对该句具有了一个较为 透彻的理解，然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法，就可以把该句翻译成汉语为：行为主义者认为，如果儿童 的成长环境里有许多刺激因素，这些因素又有利于其适当 反应能力的发展，那么，儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。例 2.For a family of four,for example,it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home,with almost unlimited entertainment available,than togo out in search of amusement elsewhere.分析：该句的骨干结构为it is more to do sth than to do sth else.是一个比较结构，而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。(2)该句中共有三个谓语结构，它们之间的关系为：it is more convenient as well as cheaper to 为主体结构，但it是形式主语，真正的主语为第二个谓语结构：to sit comfortably at home,并与第三个谓语结构 to go out insearch of amusement elsewhere 作比较。(3)句首的for a family of four作状语，表示条件。另 外，还有两个介词短语作插入语：for example,with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个 介词短语作伴随状语，修饰to sit comfortably at home.综合上述翻译方法，这个句子我们可以翻译为：譬如，对于一个四口之家来说，舒舒服服地在家中看电视，就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目，这比到外面别的地方去 消遣又便宜又方便。二、长句的翻译英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念，而汉语则不 同，常常使用若干短句，作层次分明的叙述。因此，在进行 英译汉时，要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的 长句分解，翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中，我们一般采取下列的方法。(1)顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致 时，可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如：例 1.Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,electricity is working for us,driving our refrigerators,heating our water,or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.分析：该句子由一个主句，三个作伴随状语的现在分词以 及位于句首的时间状语从句组成，共有五层意思：A.既使 在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时；B.电仍在为我们工 作；C.帮我们开动电冰箱；D.加热水；E.或是室内空调 机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉 语完全一致，因此，我们可以通过顺序法，把该句翻译成：即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时，电仍在为我 们工作：帮我们开动电冰箱，把水加热，或使室内空调机继续运转。例 2.But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited,and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their expectation of life”，the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.分析：该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that，it 为形式主语，that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to结构，其中，不定式作主语，the time 是expectation of life”的同位语，进一步解释其含义，而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构，表达 了四个层次的意义：A.可是现在人们意识到；B.其中有些 矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的；C.人们甚至还可以比较合理的 估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”；D.将这些已知矿 源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法，把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整，整个句子就翻译为：可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多 少年”，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物的全部已知矿 源和储量将消耗殆尽。下面我们再列举几个实例：例 3.Prior to the twentieth century,women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世纪以前，小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有 任何特点，因而无法成为具有个性的人；他们还要屈从于 由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。例 4.This method of using“controls”can be applied to a variety of situations,and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as”Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?”and“Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况，也能用来 找到很不相同的各种问题的答案，从“铁生锈，是否必须有 一定的湿度才行？”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高？”例 5.It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama,the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of mans life of all the dead,great and obscure,who once walked the earth,and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟 场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣；其后，这种爱 好变得成熟起来，我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和 复杂性，对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣；对历 史的爱好，最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而 告结束。对死去的，无论是伟大与平凡，所有在这个地球 上走过而已逝的人，都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的 潜力。例 6.If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction,and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment,they would not be so hurt,and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备，而且认为这 是一个显示出孩子正在成长，正在发展珍贵的观察力和独 立的判断力的标志，他们就不会感到如此伤心，所以也就 不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。(2)逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如：例 1.Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,because nowhere in nature is it found free,owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen,for which it has a strong affinity.分析：这个句子由一个主句，两个原因状语和一个定语从 句，“铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句，也是全句的中 心内容，全句共有四个谓语结构，共有五层意思：A.铝直 到19世纪才被人发现；B.由于在自然界找不到游离状态的 铝；C.由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起；D,最普遍的是 跟氧结合；E.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习 惯通常因在前，果在后，这样，我们可以逆着原文的顺序 把该句翻译成：铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起，最普遍的 是跟氧结合；因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力，由于这个原因，在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以，铝直到19世纪才被 人发现。例 2.It therefore becomes more and more important that,if students are not to waste their opportunities,there will have to be much more detailed information aboutcourses and more advice.分析：该句由一个主句，一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从 句组成，”变得越来越重要”是主句，也是全句的中心 内容，全句共有三个谓语结构，包含三层含义：A.变 的越来越重要；B.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会；C.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。为了使 译文符合汉语的表达习惯，我们也采用逆序法，翻译成：因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们（上大学）的机会，就得 为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指 导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。下面我们再举几个实例：例 3.It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型，再往下学似乎就越来越 难了，这其中的原因，也许教师比学生更容易理解。例 4.They(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫 困的手段，而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳 动，因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。例 5.A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor,the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation,a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的 现象，穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出 现而成为美国典型的穷人，正是这个时候大批大学生被赶 进了知识分子的贫民窟。例 6.Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会 地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。例 7.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们，昆虫将吞噬我 们所有的庄稼，害死我们的牛羊家畜，使我们不能生存于 世。(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并 不十分密切，翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长 句的从句或短语化成句子，分开来叙述，为了使语意连贯，有时需要适当增加词语。例如：例 1.The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子，但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译，就可能被翻译成：没有阅读能力的 美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。这样，就使得译 文极为不通顺，不符合汉语的表达习惯，因此，我们应该 把它译为：大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直 令人难以置信。例 2.Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.（85 年考题）分析：在此长句中，有一个插入语“it is often said，三 个并列的谓语结构，还有一个定语从句，这三个并列的谓 语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义,因此在翻译时，可以采用分句法，按照汉语的习惯把整个 句子分解成几个独立的分句，结果为：人们常说，通过电视可以了解时事，掌握科学和政治的最 新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有 娱乐性的新节目。F面我们再举一个例子：例 3.All they have to do is press a button,and they can see plays,films,operas,and shows of every kind,not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85 年考题)他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开，就可以看到电 视剧、电影、歌剧，以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政 治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。例 4.Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns,so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成 高度复杂、有智慧的型式，但是行星的数目如此之多，以致 有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。(4)综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和 分句法，事实上，在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法，而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用，这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况 下，一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便，这就需要我们的仔细分析，或按照时间的先后，或按照逻 辑顺序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便 把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如：例 1.People were afraid to leave their houses,for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency,they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析：该句共有三层含义：A:人们不敢出门；B:尽管警察 已接到命令，要作好准备以应付紧急情况；C:警察也和其 他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中，B表示让 步，C表示原因，而A则表示结果，按照汉语习惯顺序，我 们作如下的安排：尽管警察已接到命令，要作好准备以应付紧急情况，但人 们不敢出门，因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为 力。F面我们再举几个例子:例 2.Modern scientific and technical books,especially textbooks,requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas,observations and discoveries.对于现代书籍，特别是教科书来说，要是作者希望自己书 中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的 话，那么就应该每隔较短的时间，将书中的内容重新修改。例 3.Taking his cue from Ibsens A DolT s House,in which the heroine,Nora,leaves home because she resents her husband5 s treating her like a child,the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的剧作玩偶之家中的女主人公娜拉离家出走，因 为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中 得到启示，从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己，她要 生存就必须有经济上的权利。例 4.Up to the present time,throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs,but concentrated manufacturing activity,business relations,government,and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前为止，经历了 18和19两个世纪，这种新的倾向是把 住宅安排在城市的近郊，而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部 门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区英语长句分析经典100句长难句结构分析最新经典一百句1.The American economic system is,organized around a basically private-enterprise,market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.参考译文美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经 济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场 上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被 制造出来。2.Thus,in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers,coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.参考译文因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需 求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入 效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源 如何被用来制造它们。3.If,on the other hand,producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost,this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers,which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.参考译文另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本 下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而 这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。4.In the American economy,the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights,including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.参考译文在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生 产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产 品价格和与另一个私人个体（经济单位）自由签定合同的权 利。5.At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient,allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.参考译文同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪 些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们（计算机）也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的 顾客。6.Numerous other commercial enterprises,from theaters to magazine publishers,from gas and electric utilities to milk processors,bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.参考译文不计其数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版 商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，都通过计算机的使 用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。7.Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age。For these children to develop to their full adult potential,their education must be adapted to those differences.参考译文残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的潜能，他们的教育必 须适应这些不同。8.The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens,whatever their special conditions,deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.参考译文在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿 童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就 是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。9.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price,thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.参考译文它（广告）能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格 被迅速分销出去，因此可以（使公司）建立一个坚固的国内市 场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。10.Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.参考译文除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件，没有 任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在 广告中的承诺。11-2011.If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.参考译文如果其信息只被局限于告知-就广告而言，如 果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即便是 一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说 服意味，那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。12.The workers who gets a promotion,the student whose grades improve,the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.参考译文得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会 了 一门新语言的外国人-这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋 显示其努力的人们的例证。13.As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off,and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trust worthy and reliable.参考译文随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们 多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断 了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。14.The individual now has more information available than any generation,and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated,time-consuming,and sometimes even overwhelming.参考译文现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都 多，而找到与他/她的特定问题相关的那一点信息的任务不 仅复杂、耗时，有时甚至令人难以招。15.Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing,and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.参考译文通过远程会议，专家知识可以在全世界范围内 被分享，而争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关人员也不必 离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。16.The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system,in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.参考译文现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构，在这个结构里面善于竞争的A类好像 在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。17.While talking to you,your could-be employer is deciding whether your education,your experience,and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your“wares and abilities must be