中国哲学简史(上).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,怎样准备四级考试,Testing items:(125 minutes),Part I Writing (30m),Part II Reading comprehension,(skimming and scanning),(15m),Part III Listening comprehension,(35m),Part IV Reading comprehension,(Reading in Depth)(25m),Part V Cloze (15m),Part VI Translation (5m),分析,过去的全真试卷，了解考试的范围、题型和方向。,认识,自己目前的英语学习情况和英语基础，了解自己离欲达到的目标有多远的路要走。,认认真真地,复习,，一点一滴地积累，根据自己的情况制定复习计划，规划每天要花在英语复习上的时间和精力。,充分复习准备好以后，还要有良好的应试,心态,和自信心，才能确保万无一失、顺利过关。,Listening comprehension,Short conversations(8),Longer conversations(2),Short passages(2),Compound dictation(7+3),A.听力理解,教学大纲要求，学生能听懂题材熟悉、句子结构比较简单、基本上没有生词、语速为每分钟130-150词的简短会话、谈话、报道或讲座，掌握其中心大意，抓住要点和有关细节，领会讲话者的观点和态度。,在难度上，四级的内容涉及欧美国家的政治、经济、文化、教育、社会问题及科普知识，具有较宽的知识面，需要掌握一定的词汇量。,在信息量上，要有基本的概括和分析能力。,在题型上，四级测试出题的重点在是非判断、推理判断、辨认信息及总结中心思想。,文化功底：文化背景知识,甲：哎，小张，小王怎么啦，恐怕不来了吧！,乙：瞧，伙计，说曹操曹操就到！,问题：这会儿谁来了？,A.小王 B.小张,C.曹操 D.伙计,一金发碧眼老外选了：C.曹操,M:How do you like Professor Bachmans course on Philosophy?He is a distinguished scholar on that subject.,W:He is a great teacher.But I am having,a,hard time,with the,reading list,.I feel I can hardly finish it.,Q:What problem does the woman have with the course?,A.She doesnt like the way he teaches.,B.She is having a hard time following his lecture.,C.She is not interested in this course.,D*.She is having difficulty with the heavy reading assignments.,听音技巧：,音素辨别：,Ive got a very bad pain/pen.,Its a great pressure/pleasure.,She sells seashells on the seashore;the shells she sells are seashells Im sure.,连读：,all in all，see off，hurry up，for a week,worn out，put off，first of all，look at it，eight hours，lab assistant，I,turned on,the air-conditioner.,good day，stop pouring，I,turned dow,n the air-conditioner.,answer it，for ever,882，8034,弱读：,If,Id cut,my hand,I wouldnt be here now.,He can speak Chinese.,He cant speak Chinese.,I was hurt n angry.,重音,economy，society，optimistic，employee，interview，aspect，event，participate，obviously，diplomatic,语调辨别,M:I have got a good idea.,W:What?,Q:Which of the following is true?,A:The woman wants to know what the mans idea is.,B:The woman didnt hear clearly what the man said.,短暂记忆和长期记忆：,Long-term memory:to store your knowledge,Short-term memory:to process the temporary information,多朗读，跟读，听写，增强语感，使语言的音、形和义能迅速地、准确地结合起来。,做全真题；看听力原稿，查生词；听、写原稿；一个意群一个意群听。,应试技巧：,常见的问题类型：直接题，间接题，同义词题，反义词题，隐含意义题等,了解要求：四选一，问题不给出，考试范围为：数字、地点、购物、运动、电话、健康、问路等,使用技巧：抓信息词，抓关键词；预测法，排除法，抛弃法,前期扎实练基本功，临考冲刺练应试技巧。,基本功扎实，有技巧可以更上一层楼；没有基本功，技巧再好也白搭！,Reading comprehension,B.阅读理解：,四级考试大纲对阅读理解题的要求为：个别句子的意义，上下文的逻辑关系；字面的意思，隐含的意思；事实和细节，主旨和大意；就文章的内容进行判断、推理和信息转换。,阅读理解短文的长度平均为300词左右，阅读速度平均为80wpm。,阅读理解的题材广泛，体裁多种，题型多样。动植物、人物传记、历史、文化、环境、资源、交通、医学、经济、信息等。科普知识，社会文化和经济生活。叙述文、议论文、说明文等。,影响得分的因素：,语言功底：,语法结构复杂，太长或太短,每读5篇文章，要,精读,其中的三篇。,搞清楚其中每个词，每句话的含义。,并且用笔记本记录下所查单词的意义和用法，以及例句。对长句、难句一定要询问同学或老师，过关并作笔记，以备第二轮复习之用。平均每篇文章要记,8到10个生词,（如果有的话）。这些生词还要反复回头记忆。在第一轮的准备中打好杂实的语言功底。,文化背景知识：,熟悉的主题肯定要容易理解。有意识的扩大阅读量，包括汉语的材料，特别是科普和表达对有关社会问题的观点的散文等，对开阔自己的视野，增加自己的文化背景知识很有帮助。,（小说和诗歌就暂时不要看太多了。）,阅读的速度：,A.善于分辨段落中的重点句子，句子中的重点信息。,B.加大单位阅读量。不是一个词一个词地读，而是一个意群一个意群地读。语感越强，读得就越快。,培养良好的阅读习惯，以一种积极的心态去阅读。获取知识信息，了解他人对有关问题的态度和看法，对新的知识信息的自觉的敏锐感，对作者的观点和态度进行批判性的分析；作者的写作思路，从已读的部分可以预知作者下面要讲的内容；哪些是作者的论点，哪些是事实和论据。,判断问题的类型：,细节理解、归纳、对比或辨认题；主题思想题；词汇短语测意题；推论题等,干扰：无关选项，交叉选项，过于宽泛，过于狭窄,准确定位,理解的深度：,三个层次的意义：,如：“My fingers are all thumbs,”the girl said to him.,Factual,meaning,(,事实意义,)：,描述“她的手指都是大拇指”的事实。（也许是天生的病变。）,Conceptive meaning(概念意义)：我很笨拙！（I am very clumsy!）。,Contextual meaning(语境意义)：别指望我给你织毛衣了。（或其他含义）,Reading ability,1.Language competence,1)Vocabulary,2)Syntax,3)Discourse knowledge,2.Cultural knowledge,3.Reading skills,Reading procedure,1.Prediction,2.skimming,3.confirmation,4.scanning,5.thorough comprehension,Predict what?,1.text type,2.discourse pattern,3.writing skills,4.language features,Writing formsText types,Text types:,1.Narration,2.Description,3.Exposition,4.Argumentation,Discourse patterns,Discourse patterns:,1.Problem-solving,2.Topic-discussions,3.Question-answers,parison and contrast,5.social phenomenon,6.popular misconception-,authors opinion,Cultural knowledge,Cultural knowledge:,baby boom,sandwich generation,couch potato,Yappies,DINK family,Testing items,1.Main idea,2.Detailed information,3.Word Interpretation,4.Inference,5.True or false,C.词汇,词汇方面要把握常考单词的拼写、用法和词义，以及经常用来作为干扰项的单词的用法和词义。靠平时的积累和熟练。,Word Interpretation:,Common words with new meanings,(,Polysemy,),2)Unfamiliar or strange words,1)Common words with new meanings,E.g.observe,discipline,principal,composition,subject,item,article,2)Unfamiliar words:guess the meaning from the context,1),根据生词前后出现的其它词语的意思或整个句子的意思猜,测词义。,He is successful as a businessman because of his,dynamic,personality.He seems to have unlimited energy.,2,）利用信号词,is,is called,means,that is,i.e.,or,defined as,refer to,等对某 一词汇,的定义、解释或说明猜测词义。,The word,biotechnology,refers to a combination of biology and technology.,3）利用信号词 in contrast,in the other hand,rather than,however,yet,although,while,unlike,but,whereas,as opposed to 等判断反义词的意思。,My sister Marie is an,optimist,while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen.,4,）,根据举例猜测词义。,Condiments,e.g.pepper,salt,and mustard,make food taste better.,5）根据标点符号猜测词义。,The,principal,money he put in his savings account to earn interest was saved even though the bank was closed by the police.,6）根据定语从句猜测词义。,The type of meter is called,multimeter,which is used to measure electricity,.,7,）根据同位语猜测词义。,The invention of,snorkel,a long air tube that reaches up to the surface,has made it possible for submarine to use their diesel engine even when they are,submerged.,8）,根据上下文的逻辑关系猜测词义。,You should cut out this paragraph in order to make the essay,succinct.,9）,根据常识猜测词义。,Fish breathe with,gills,.,D.完形填空：,综合题，用来拉开距离。得分率较低。词汇，语法，句法，以及推理理解。做题时注意从通篇看段落，从段落看句子，从句子看填空。个别问题很困难是正常的。,语法，短语、词组搭配，上下文，文化背景,E.改错,语法,习惯用语搭配,语篇意义连贯,背景文化知识,Writing,工整的书写,尽管书写不作为扣分的依据，但是阅卷者在短时间内要阅读大量的文章，不清楚的书写很容易使金子蒙上灰尘。,写作中的误区,a.构思 有些同学看到题目即变得脑袋一片空白，无话可说。就是用汉语也写不出文章来，何况英语呢？,b.相反，有些同学觉得要说的太多，无从下手。一旦开笔，有无法刹车，导致下笔千言，离题万里。,c.有些同学语文水平很高，写得很好的汉语文章，语言丰富，旁征博引。但是，英语作文时走入误区，想用英语来表达很多自己表达能力有限的东西。结果出现中文，Chinglish,拼音等混合语言。作者原想以此来更完美地表达自己的思想，结果反而因此而丢分。,有些同学生怕阅卷员读不懂其文章，用汉语和英语两种语言写作，这样的作文很令阅卷员生厌。,写作训练,学会构思,：从句子到段落到篇章。句子结构正确，不要求复杂。段落结构清楚，按主题句，支撑句的结构来写。全篇围绕主题，不要写太深，太广。文章以“小”为贵。,学会表达,：有把握说的就说，没有把握的就查、就问。经常注意阅读中的与自己预测有距离的表达法，作笔记进行积累、学习，提高自己的表达能力。,写作技巧指导,理想的段落要求是什么,?,(What is a good paragraph?),1.主题句（Topic Sentence）,2.统一（,Unity,）,3.连贯（Coherence）,4.过渡（Transitions）,5.清晰（Clarity),6.完整性(Completeness),7.多样化 (Variety),8.,有效性,(Effectiveness),Pre-writing Skills,1.Brainstorming,2.Free Writing,Brainstorming,Example:,Poverty may come from different reasons.,-unemployment,-illness,-low pension,-gambling,-a large family only one wage owner,etc.,Free-writing,Some people simply need to start writing to find a focus.Take out several sheets of blank paper,give yourself at least ten to fifteen minutes,and begin writing whatever comes to mind on your subject.Dont change,correct,or delete anything.If you run out of things to say,write“I cant think of anything to say”until you can find a new thought.At the end of the time period you may discover that by continuously writing you will have written yourself into an interesting topic.,学会模仿,：阅读一些范文，判断其中值得自己学习的方面（句子结构和表达方式），重点记忆和模仿，做到能举一反三，将所学到的结构和表达用到别的作文中去。,学会积累,：留心常用的说法如改革开放、伙食、老少皆宜等是怎样表达的，留心各个领域的常用语（如多媒体、远程教育等）的说法。找一些自己在汉语方面比较熟悉的表达法作重点记忆，积累写作的素材。,漂漂亮亮,清清爽爽,马马虎虎,糊里糊涂,一塌糊涂,预祝大家考试成功！,Good luck！,