一生要去的50个地方之Chichen Itza, Mexico.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2014/3/30,#,The New Seven Wonders,One of,Chichen Itza,Mexico,Pre-,Hispanic,City of,Chichen-Itza,墨,西,哥,玛,雅,古,迹,hispnik,adj,.,西班牙的,Chichen Itza,Location,Chichen Itza is located in the eastern portion of,Yucatn,（,ju:kta:n,尤卡坦州,（位于,墨西哥）,state in Mexico.The northern Yucatn,Peninsula,pnnsl n.,半岛,is,arid,rd,adj.,干旱的,；,农,荒芜的,and the rivers in,the,i,nterior,（,ntr,n.,内部；,本质,adj,.,内部的；国内的；本质,的）,all run underground.,There are two large,natural sink holes,called,cenotes,sinuti n.,天然,井,),that could have provided plentiful water year round at Chichen,making it attractive for settlement.Of the two cenotes,the,“,Cenote Sagrado”,（圣井）,or Sacred Cenote(also variously known as the,Sacred,(sekrd,adj.,神圣,的）,Well,or Well,of,Sacrifice,(,skrfas,n.,祭品,),),is the most famous.,Cenote,Sagrado,TheYucatn,Peninsula is,a,limestone,（,lamstn n.,岩,石灰岩,）,plain,with no rivers or streams.The region is,pockmarked,(,有,凹痕的）,with,natural sinkholes,called cenotes,which expose the water table to the surface.One of the most impressive of these is the Cenote Sagrado,which is 60 metres,in,diameter,（,n,.,直径,）,and,sheer,cliffs,（陡峭的悬崖）,that drop to the water table some 27 metres,below.,圣 井,The Cenote Sagrado was a place of,pilgrimage,（,plgrmd,n.,朝圣,之,行,）,for,ancient Maya people who,according to,ethnohistoric,（,e,nu-histrik,adj.,人种史学,的）,sources,would conduct sacrifices during times of drought.Archaeological investigations support this as thousands of objects have been removed from the bottom of the cenote,including material such as gold,carved jade,copal,（,kp()l,n.,柯巴,脂）,pottery,（,pt()r,n.,陶器,）,flint,（,flnt n.,打火石）,obsidian,（,bsdn,n.,黑曜石,）,rubber,cloth,as well as,skeletons,(,skltn n.,骷髅,),of children and men.,圣 井,圣井，也,称祭,井，由一条,274,米长，高于地面的石子路连接。这口深达,23,米的天然井为当地人提供饮用水，被作为朝圣之地。,玛雅人对雨神极为崇拜，每到春季都要举行盛大的祭献仪式。每当,祭献，,国王都要将挑选出来的一名,14,岁的美丽少女投入这口通往“雨神宫殿”的圣井，让她去做雨神的新娘子，向雨神乞求风调雨顺。在献美女的同时，祭司和贵族们也把各种黄金珠宝投入圣井，以示诚意。那些在井中数小时后仍存活的人则被救起，并受到礼遇，他们被认为已与雨神交谈过了,。,The,Skull,Platform,shows,the clear cultural influence of the central Mexican,Plateau,（,plto,adj.,高原印第安人,的）,.,Unlike the,tzompantli,of the highlands,however,the skulls were impaled vertically rather than,horizontally,（,hrzntli,adv.,水平,地）,as,at,Tenochtitlan,（特诺奇蒂特兰城）,.,骷髅平台（,tzompantli,）,骷髅平台位于武士神庙的东侧，是长,60,米、宽,15,米的建筑，其侧壁上刻满骷髅，可能是陈列被献祭者首级之处,。,The,Skull,Platform,The,Temple of the Warriors complex consists of a large stepped,pyramid,（,prmd,n.,金字塔）,fronted,and,flanked,（,flk,vi.,侧面与,相接,）,by,rows of carved,columns,（,klm,n.,圆柱,，柱形,物）,depicting,（,vt,.,dpkt,描述）,warriors.This complex is,analogous,（,nlgs,adj.,类似,的）,to,Temple B at the,Toltec,（,tltek,adj.,托尔特克人,的）,capital,of,Tulan,and indicates some form of cultural contact between the two regions.The one at Chichen Itza,however,was constructed on a larger scale.At the top of the stairway on,that is,a Chac Mool.,Temple,of the Warriors,奇琴伊察的武士庙，建有,1000,根圆柱，被称为“千柱厅”。比起玛雅人早先建造的那些古城，奇琴伊察的建筑虽然稍晚，但别具特色，也可以说，这座举世闻名的武士庙是当时世界上最为超前的杰作,。该,庙建于公元,11,世纪，以内部占地广阔著称。穹窿形的石房顶用木楣支持，木楣则置放在石柱之上。现在，房顶和木楣都已不见，只有石柱石墙仍然留存。武士庙刻有极其丰富的浮雕装饰。大门上有两根纤细的蛇形柱，蛇头雕刻精美，两边墙面雕有龙头蛇身图案浮雕，梯道两边的顶端立有武士小雕像，在武士庙中通到圣殿的阶梯顶上，有座称为“查克穆尔”的人像。考古发现，托尔特克人在尤卡坦半岛，留下许多这种石刻人像。而当时奇琴伊察的祭师，可能把活人祭品的心脏摆在这个斜倚的人像,上,.,Temple,of the Warriors,奇琴伊察最令人注目的古典时期建筑之一是一组精美的普克风格建筑群。虽然被西班牙人起了修女院（Las Monjas,The Nunnery）的绰号，这组建筑实际上是城市在古典时期的政府宫殿。东边不远是一座不大的庙宇，绰号“教堂”（,La Iglesia,，The Church），装饰有精美的雨神面具。,“修女院”建筑群附近还有一些其他建筑，包括,：Akab,Dzib（玛雅语“黑暗或朦胧的文字”），有着象形文字铭文的,宫殿,；,“红房子”“鹿房子”,Las Monjas,is one of the more,notable,（,adj.,值得注意的；显著,的,）,structures,at Chichen Itza.It is a complex of,Terminal,Classic,(,古典时期,),buildings,constructed in the Puuc,architectural,(,普克建筑,),style,.The Spanish named this complex,Las Monjas,(“The Nunnery”),but it was actually a governmental palace.Just to the east is a small temple(known as the,La Iglesia,“The Church”),decorated with,elaborate,（,lbrt,adj.,精美的,）,masks.,Las Monjas,Las Monjas,The,Nunnery,El,Caracol,(“The Snail”),is located,to the north of,Las Monjas,.It is a round building on a large square platform.It gets its name from the stone,spiral,（,sparl,adj,.,螺旋形,的,）,staircase,inside.The structure,with its unusual placement on the platform and its round,shape(the others are,rectangular,（,adj.,矩形的,）,in keeping with Maya practice),is theorized to have been a,proto-observatory,（,原型观测,）,with,doors and windows,aligned,（,land,v.,使成,一线；,排,整齐,）,to,astronomical events,specifically around the path of,Venus,(),as it,traverses,（,v.,横越，穿越,）,the heavens,.,“修女院”,北面是一个方形大平台上的圆形建筑,“椭圆形天文台”，,又名“蜗牛”，得名于圆形建筑内部螺旋状的石头阶梯。天文台是为掌管风和学习的羽蛇神而设，门设在可以观察春季昼夜平分点、月亮最大南北倾斜及其他天文现象的位置。玛雅人用太阳照射在门上在屋内形成的阴影来判断夏至与冬至的到来。在建筑的边缘放着很大的石头杯子，玛雅人在里面装上水并通过反射来观察星宿，以确定他们相当复杂且极为精确的日历系统。,El,Caracol,Question,1,Why the shape of other platforms are,rectangular?,In,keeping,with,Maya,practice,Archaeologists,have identified,13,ballcourts for playing the,Mesoamerican,（,中美洲）,ballgame,in Chichen Itza,but the Great Ball Court about 150 metres,to,the north-west of the Castillo is by far the most impressive.It is the largest and best preserved ball court in ancient Mesoamerica,.The parallel platforms flanking the main playing area are each 95 metres long.,The,walls of these platforms stand 8 metres,high;,set,high up in the centre of each of these walls are rings carved with intertwined feathered,serpents,(,sp()nt n.,蛇；狡猾的人,),.,Great,Ball Court,球 场,在奇琴伊察一共有,7,个中美洲足球球场，其中金字塔西北,150,米左右的球场最为引人注目。这是古代中美洲最大的球场，有,166,米长,68,米宽。球场内部两侧排列着雕刻着球员形象的石板,。,奇,琴伊察的球赛是一种宗教仪式,.,，祭司会先算上一卦，卦上可能是说，如果甲队赢，当年就会风调雨顺，否则就是个灾年。双方队员都闷在鼓里，不知道卦上的内容,.,只管拼了个你死我活。最后，可能乙队赢了。祭司揭开卦的内容，可怜的甲队和乙队的队长都要献上他们的人头，以平熄神怒。这种场景，可以从球场上的一幅队长断头图上看到。球场的一面外墙上建有美洲虎神庙，上面有另一个美洲虎王冠。因为在地下掩埋了一千年，上面的红漆以及镶的玉点都已经消磨不见了。球场旁边是一个露天平台，侧面装饰着骷髅浮雕（穿在木架上的石刻头骨）。,Great,Ball,Court,At,the base of the high interior walls are slanted benches with,sculpted,(,sklptid,雕刻的,),panels,(,pnl,n,.,镶板,;,一组人员,),of,teams of ball players.In one panel,one of the players has been,decapitated,(,dkptet,vt.,斩首；解雇,),;,the wound emits streams of blood in the form of,wriggling,（,rgl,）,adj.,扭动的）,snakes,.At one end of the Great Ball Court is the North Temple,also known as the Temple of the Bearded,Man,The biggest one,Great,Ball Court,El,Castillo,-Temple,of Kukulkan,Dominating,(,v,.,支配；,统治,),the,North Platform of Chichen Itza is the,Temple of,Kukulkan,usually,referred to as,El Castillo,(the castle,).This,step pyramid stands about 30 metres,high,and consists of a series of nine square,terraces,(,tereisis,n.,梯田,).,The,4,faces,of the pyramid have,protruding,(,prtrud,adj,.,突出的；伸出的,),stairways that rise at an angle of 45,.,The,serpent,(,sp()nt n.,蛇；狡猾的人,),effect demonstrated during the night show with artificial lighting.The serpent effect observed during the,spring,equinox,（,i:kwnks,春分或秋分）,El,Castillo,-Temple,of Kukulkan,卡斯蒂略金字塔（又称羽蛇神金字塔，城堡，玛雅金字塔，或墨西哥金字塔）雄居奇琴伊察的正中，是为羽蛇神而建的神庙。金字塔的地基呈方形，四边依阶梯上升，直至顶端的庙宇。在春季和秋季的昼夜平分点，日出日落时，建筑的拐角在金字塔北面的阶梯上投下羽蛇状的阴影，并随着太阳的位置在北面滑行下降。,古代中美洲城市中，在旧金字塔之上加盖更大更雄伟的金字塔是一种惯例，卡斯蒂略金字塔正是其实例之一。考古学家在金字塔北面阶梯上发现的一个入口通往一个隧道，人们在隧道内可以沿着掩盖在金字塔内部的老金字塔的台阶向上攀登，直到顶端，并能见到刻在石头中，漆成红色镶着玉点的羽蛇神王的美洲虎王冠。内部老金字塔的设计据说是按照月亮历而来，而外面的新金字塔则是太阳历。,在一次致命的坠落事故之后，金字塔的顶端如今已经不再对游客开放了。,El,Castillo,-Temple,of,Kukulkan,(a Maya feathered serpent deity similar to the Aztec Quetzal coatl,),Elaborate mosaic masks,Mosaic mask on the western face of,La Iglesia,Grand Ballcourt from El Castillo,天然,井,天然,井，玛雅人祭祀时将少女和珠宝投入。阴气重，水混浊。,卧,姿的玛雅人,卧姿的玛雅人，腹部是放祭品的地方，有些,像,日本,的,女体筵席。,Question 2,Does,习大大,come to Chichen Itza with his wife before?,Of course!,Thank You,-NJY,