英语国家社会与文化入门(上)Unit_20_From_Racism_to_Multiculturalism.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 20 From Racism to Multiculturalism,Ethnicity and immigration,(,种族特点与移民,),Migration has accounted for up to 50%of Australias population increase.During the middle of the 19th century migrants were predominantly British and those who benefited from assisted migration(,资助移民计划,)were almost all from Britain.The gold rushes from the 1850s attracted large numbers of non-assisted migrants(,非资助移民,)from Germany and China.By the 1870s,the Chinese constituted the 3rd largest group in Australia,after the British and Germans.,Pacific Islanders were kidnapped and brought to North Queensland to be sold as indentured,labourers,to work in the sugar industry(,太平洋岛民被绑架到昆士兰北部卖给蔗糖业做包身工,).But later the Pacific Island,Labourers,Act 1901 requested that Pacific Islanders should be sent back to heir home islands(1901,年的,太平洋岛国劳工法案,要求太平洋岛民被遣送回自己的岛国,),After the 2nd World War,the Labor Government introduced a massive program of assisted immigration(,大规模的移民计划,),aimed at supporting a large scale expansion of the economy,defend Australia against the threat of Eastern Communism and keep Australia“white and free”(,目的是支持经济的大规模扩张,保卫澳大利亚免受东方共产主义的威胁，保持澳大利亚的种族纯净和自由,).The preferred migrant groups were British,followed by other northern,then southern and central Europeans.,White Australia Policy,(,白澳政策,),This badge from 1906 shows the use of the expression White Australia at that time,The,White Australia policy comprises various historical policies that intentionally restricted non-white,immigration,to,Australia,from 1901 to 1973.,Competition in the,goldfields,labour,disputes and Australian,nationalism,created an environment of racial antagonism during the second half of the,19th century,which led to the passage of the,Immigration Restriction Act,in 1901,one of the first Acts of the new,national parliament,upon,federation,.The passage of this bill is considered the commencement of the White Australia Policy as Australian government policy.Subsequent acts further strengthened the policy up to the start of,World War II,.,The policy was dismantled in stages by successive governments after the conclusion of World War II,with the encouragement of first non-,British,and later non-white immigration.From 1973 on,the White Australia policy was for all practical purposes defunct,and in 1975 the Australian government passed the,Racial Discrimination Act,which made racially-based selection criteria illegal.,Multiculturalism(,多元文化主义,),Multiculturalism was adopted in 1973.It was comprised of 3 areas of policy:Cultural Identity(,文化身份,),which means the right to express and share ones cultural heritage;Social Justice(,社会公正,),the right to equal treatment and opportunity;and Economic Efficiency(,经济效益,),the need to maintain and develop the skills of all Australians regardless of their backgrounds.,The Special Broadcasting Service(SBS)television channel(,特殊广播节目电视台,)began broadcasting in 1980.It currently broadcasts in 68 languages and provides a variety of programs for ethnic minority groups(,少数民族群体,).,Pauline Hanson and the One Nation Party,（波林,汉森和“同一国家党”）,Pauline Lee Hanson,(born 27 May 1954)is an,Australian,politician,and former leader of,Pauline Hansons One Nation,a political party with a,populist,and anti-immigration platform.In 2006,she was named by,The Bulletin,as one of the 100 most influential Australians of all time.,One Nation,is a,far-right,and,nationalist,political party in,Australia,.It gained 22 percent of the vote translating to 11 of 89 seats in,Queensland,s,unicameral,legislative assembly at the,1998 state election,and made major inroads into the vote of the existing parties.Federally,the party peaked at the,1998 election,on 9 percent but progressively lost ground at the,2001,and,2004 elections,.,Migration to Australia today,（如今涌向澳大利亚的移民）,Countries of birth of Australian estimated resident population,2006.Source:Australian Bureau of Statistics,According to the,Australian Bureau of Statistics,16,in mid-2006 4,956,863 of the Australian resident population were born outside Australia,representing 24%of the total Australian resident population.,Northern European and Asian Australians share much the same occupational characteristics as Australian born workers while Southern and Eastern Europeans and Middle Easter migrants occupy the lower range of occupations.,Four stages of the settler-Aboriginal relations(,殖民者与土著人的关系发展的,4,个阶段,),1)expropriationof land and the killing of the Peoples(,没收土地，残杀土著人,);,2)Segregation and“Protection”(,种族隔离与“保护”,),3)Assimilation,segregation and the attempted destruction of the cultures of the Dreaming(,同化、种族隔离和企图毁坏土著人的梦创文化,);,4)from the mid 20th century:citizenship and the fight against racism.(,从,20,世纪开始：给予公民权，反对种族歧视,),*,The Aboriginal Protection Act of 1909 introduced powers to move people away from towns and reserves(1909,年的,土著人保护法,允许将土著人从城镇和保护地带走,).,Freedom Rides(,自由乘车运动,),In the mid-1960s,an aboriginal university student led a group of white university students to the outback(,内地,指澳大利亚等偏僻而人口稀少的地方,)of Australia to demonstrate against racial segregation.Their activities helped to raise the public awareness of racism and segregation in Australian society,and demonstrated the need for social change.,The struggle for Land Rights for the Indigenous people,(,为土著人争取土地权的斗争,),On January 26,1938,the aboriginal people gathered in Sydneys Australia Hall to mourn the loss of their lands and to demand the same basic rights as the rest of the population.It was the 1st national Aboriginal civil rights gathering.They call it the“Day of Mourning and Protest”,(“,哀悼与抗议日”：对澳大利亚原住民来说，,1788,年,1,月,26,日是白人对他们的土地占领的开始。从那以后，他们失去土地，在自己的土地上丧失了基本的生存权利。因此，这一天成为他们的哀悼与抗议日,),The,Mabo,Decision,(,马博裁决,),In 1982,Eddie,Mabo,and two other Torres Strait Islanders took legal proceedings to claim the traditional rights to the land they had been living on.In 1997,4 months after Eddie,Mabo,died,the High Court found in,favour,of,Mabo,.The finding is historically and politically significant because it rejects the principle of“terra nullius”.,1982,年，埃迪,马博和两名托雷斯海峡岛民提起诉讼，要求法律赋予他们对他们赖以生存的这片土地的所有权。,1997,年，在马博去世,4,个月之后，最高法院判马博胜诉,.,这一裁决在历史上和政治都具有重大意义，因为它摒弃了“无人居住论”,.,The,Wik,Decision,(,威克裁决,),In 1996 the,Wik,Peoples of Cape York Peninsula took the State of Queensland to the High Court of Australia(,生活在昆士兰州约克角西部的威克人将昆士兰州告上了澳大利亚的最高法院,).The,Wik,People were claiming rights over two pastoral leases in Northern Queensland(,威克人要求得到昆士兰北部的两块租赁牧场的土地所有权,).The court found that the pastoralists were the holders of the leases of the land and had not been granted“exclusive possession”and their pastoral activities did not necessarily extinguish all indigenous rights and interests,(,法庭认为大牧场主只是土地的租借者，他们并未得到土地的“全部占有权”，而且他们的畜牧活动并不能中止原住民对土地的权利和利益,).,The History Wars(“,历史战争”,-,对澳大利亚历史的争议,),The,History wars,in,Australia,are an ongoing public debate over the interpretation of the history of the,British,colonisation,of Australia,and development of contemporary Australian society(particularly with regard to the impact on,Aboriginal Australians,and,Torres Strait Islanders,).It has resemblances to debates in other countries.,1,The Australian debate often concerns the extent to which the history of European,colonisation,post-1788 and government administration since Federation in 1901 may be,characterised,as having been:,marked by generally low levels of conflict between Colonists and Indigenous peoples,and by generally humane intent by government authorities;with damage to indigenous people often attributable to unintended factors(such as the spread of new diseases)rather than to malicious policy.,marred by both official and unofficial,imperialism,exploitation,ill treatment,colonial,dispossession,violent conflict and,cultural genocide,by invaders or;,somewhere in between.,The History Wars also relates to broader themes concerning,national identity,as well as,methodological questions,concerning the value and reliability of written records(of the authorities and settlers)and the,oral tradition,(of the Indigenous Australians),along with the,ideological,biases,of those who interpret them.,