【黑格尔研究】黑格尔论政治身份：爱国主义、国籍、大同世界.pdf

H E G E L O N P O L I T I C A L I D E N T I T YNorthwestern UniversityTopics in Historical PhilosophyGeneral Editors David KolbJohn McCumberAssociate Editor Anthony J.SteinbockHE G E L O N P OL I T I C A L IDEN T I T YPatriotism,Nationality,CosmopolitanismLydia L.MolandNorthwestern University PressEvanston,IllinoisNorthwestern University Presswww.nupress.northwestern.eduCopyright 2011 by Northwestern University Press.Published 2011.All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America.10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataMoland,Lydia L.Hegel on political identity:patriotism,nationality,cosmopolitanism/Lydia L.Moland.p.cm.(Topics in historical philosophy)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-8101-2741-8(cloth:alk.paper)1.Hegel,Georg Wilhelm Friedrich,17701831Political and social views.2.Political sciencePhilosophy.3.Political psychology.4.Identity(Psychology)5.NationalismMoral and ethical aspects.I.Title.JC233.H46M65 2011 320.01dc222010050772o The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials,ANSI Z39.481992.In memory of Rakel Louise Erickson(19122005)andfor JimContents Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations of Works by Hegel xi Introduction:Hegel on Practical and Political Identity 31 The Sources of Political Identity:From“Anthropology”to Civil Society 242 Patriotism and the Nature of the State 473 Das Volk als Staat:National Identity as a Component of Political Identity 764 Agency in World History 975 Political Identity and Absolute Spirit 1266 Evolving Nationalities,Ethical Cosmopolitanism:Hegel Beyond the Nation State 149 Conclusion 176 Notes 179 Works Cited 207 Index 217ixAcknowledgmentsResearch for this book has been supported by several institutions,all of which I am honored to acknowledge here:the American Academy in Berlin,the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna,the Liguria Center for the Arts and Humanities in Bogliasco,Italy,and the Babson Faculty Research Fund.I am especially grateful for the support of Babson Col-lege s former dean of faculty,Fritz Fleischmann,and Colby College s former dean of faculty,Edward Yeterian.Parts of chapter 1 fi rst appeared as“Inheriting,Earning,and Own-ing:The Source of Practical Identity in Hegel s Anthropology”in The Owl of Minerva 34,no.2(Spring/Summer 2003).The core of chapter 2 was fi rst published as“History and Patriotism in Hegel s Rechtsphiloso-phie”in History of Political Thought 28,no.3(Autumn 2007).My thanks to the editors of both publications for their permission to reprint these articles here.I am grateful for the invaluable input of colleagues and teachers at various stages of my research,including particularly Frederick Beiser,Klaus Brinkmann,Daniel Dahlstrom,Rolf-Peter Horstmann,Christoph Menke,Allen Speight,and Peter Stillman.Thank you to Northwestern University Press s anonymous readers for their meticulous and insightful suggestions.My particular thanks to Will Dudley for reading the entire manuscript and for being a stimulating interlocutor for all(but not only)things Hegelian.Thanks especially to Bernard Prusak for his tireless at-tention to many drafts of my work and for more than a decade of philo-sophical conversation and generous friendship.For moral support and inspiration,my thanks go to Amy Haigh,Mary Pinard,Elizabeth Swanson Goldberg,Annelies Clauson,and GNO.I am also grateful for the love and support of my parents and of my fi ve brilliant,dynamic,and far-fl ung siblings.Hannah Moland was this book s muse.Rakel Louise Erickson was my paternal grandfather s fi rst cousin.In her rich life of ninety-three years,spent mostly in rural Minnesota,she never abandoned the Norwegian language and culture into which she had been born.Her American patriotism led her to volunteer for xA C K N O W L E D G M E N T SVISTA rather than pay taxes during the Vietnam War.She was our fam-ily s genealogist long before genealogy was fashionable.In her nineties,she authored two books of Norwegian folktales for children;she also continued to read Kierkegaard in Danish.She and I shared,as a middle name,her mother s name;and Rakel,through sharing memories of her mother with me,showed me that I had inherited a home in the world of thought,then helped me earn and own that home.By far my deepest gratitude goes to my husband,James Johnson:a brilliant scholar,a source of inspiration and steadfast support,a pas-sionate and adventurous companion who fi lls my every moment with joy.How lucky I am.xiAbbreviations of Works by HegelWerke refers throughout to G.W.F.Hegel,Werke in 20 Bnden,edited by Eva Moldenhauer and Karl Markus(Frankfurt am Main:Suhrkamp,196971).Where standard English translations are available,I have used them,modifying them as appropriate.Other translations from the Ger-man are my own.IIII Vorlesung ber die sthetik IIII.Werke 1315.Hegel s Aesthetics:Lectures on Fine Art.Translated by T.M.Knox.Oxford:Ox-ford University Press,1975.Cited by German page number followed by English page number(e.g.,14/17).The volume number refers to the German edition.EPG Die Philosophie des Geistes.Werke 10.Hegel s Philosophy of Mind.Translated by William Wallace and A.V.Miller.Oxford:Clar-endon,1971.Cited by section number.“Z”following the sec-tion number refers to the Zustze.PR Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts.Werke 7.Elements of the Phi-losophy of Right.Translated by H.S.Nisbet.Edited by Allen W.Wood.Cambridge,Eng.:Cambridge University Press,1991.Cited by section number.“A”following the section number re-fers to a larger-print Anmerkungen;“Z”refers to a smaller-print Zusatz(what Nisbet translates as“Addition”).VG Die Vernunft in der Geschichte.Berlin:Akademie Verlag,1955.Lectures on the Philosophy of World History:Introduction:Reason in History.Translated by H.B.Nisbet.Cambridge,Eng.:Cam-bridge University Press,1975.Cited by German page number followed by English page number(e.g.,14/17).VGP Vorlesungen ber die Geschichte der Philosophie.Werke 1820.Lectures on the History of Philosophy.Vols.13.Translated by E.S.Haldane and Frances H.Simon.Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1995.Cited by volume number.The German page number is followed by the English page number(e.g.,2:14/17).xiiA B B R E V I A T I O N S O F W O R K S B Y H E G E LVPG Vorlesungen ber die Philosophie der Geschichte.Werke 12.The Philosophy of History.Translated by J.Sibree.Amherst,N.Y.:Prometheus Books,1991.Cited by German page number fol-lowed by English page number(e.g.,14/17).VPR Vorlesung ber Rechtsphilosophie:18181831:Edition und Kom-mentar in sechs Bnden.Edited by Karl-Heinz Ilting.Stutt-gart:Frommann-Holzboog,1974.Cited by volume and page number.VPRHN Philosophie des Rechts:Die Vorlesung von 1819/20 in einer Nachschrift.Edited by Dieter Henrich.Frankfurt am Main:Suhrkamp Verlag,1983.Cited by page number.VPRW Die Philosophie des Rechts:Die Mitschriften Wannenmann(Heidel-berg 1817/18)und Homeyer(Berlin 1818/19).Edited by Karl-Heinz Ilting.Stuttgart:Klett-Cotta Verlag,1983.Cited by page number.VRel Vorlesung ber die Philosophie der Religion:Einleitung,Der Begriff der Religion.Edited by Walter Jaeschke.Hamburg:Meiner Verlag,1993.Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion,vol.1:Intro-duction and The Concept of Religion.Translated by R.F.Brown,P.C.Hodgson,and J.M.Stewart.Edited by Peter C.Hodg-son.Los Angeles:University of California Press,1984.Cited by German page number followed by English page number(e.g.,14/17).H E G E L O N P O L I T I C A L I D E N T I T Y3IntroductionHegel on Practical and Political IdentityIn 1833,two years after Hegel s death,Heinrich Heine contrasted French patriotism with German patriotism.French patriotism,he wrote,is love of one s country,civilization,and human progress.German pa-triotism,by contrast,“is hatred for the French,for civilization,and for liberalism.”1Heine here succinctly summarizes the diffi culties involved in hav-ing love of one s country be part of one s ethical life.Membership in a political entity can inspire a patriotism that is both love of country and of human progress:love of country need not be partisan or aggressive.But it can,all too easily,be exactly that.It can be what we now often call na-tionalism,or the narrowing of our ethical sensibilities to the point where they are defi ned by ethnic loyalty and a corresponding chauvinism.In this guise,love of country can result in the xenophobia and imperialism that the twentieth century exhibited in such gruesome detail.Hegel would have been aware of the range of political positions and their ethical ramifi cations that Heine conjures in this quote.It is the argument of this book that,out of this awareness,Hegel articulates an interrelated conception of ethics,agency,and identity that requires membership in a political community.Hegel suggests,in other words,that participation in the life of a country is necessary in order for the modern individual to live a full ethical life.In order to make sense of this controversial claim,more historical background is needed.But I do not mean for the claims of this book to be purely of historical interest.Heine s articulation of the tension within modern citizenship is no less relevant today than it was in the nineteenth century.In contemporary politics,the ethics of loving one s country continues to be fi ercely debated.At times,patriotism seems pri-marily to mean unrefl ective loyalty to country,requiring citizens to sup-port the government whatever its actions.The standard rejoinder,that a patriot should care enough about her country to criticize it when nec-essary,often sounds defensive and so already defeated.Once we think more closely about the phenomenon of patriotism,it becomes unclear 4H E G E L O N P O L I T I C A L I D E N T I T Yeven what the object of patriotism should be.Patriotism implies loyalty to one s country,but by this do we mean loyalty to a country s political principles or to its culture and traditions?Or does patriotism mean loyalty to a specifi c geographical area,or perhaps to the inhabitants of that area?If any of these possible loyalties confl ict,which should take precedence?If we consider loyalty to country from an ethical point of view,the questions proliferate.If loyalty to a country requires me always to put that country s interests fi rst,I may become unwilling to aid those beyond national borders who need my help more desperately.In a glob-alized world in which my actions arguably affect those beyond my bor-ders,this unwillingness seems increasingly indefensible.Loyalty to a country can seem like a kind of tribalism,akin to racism or xenopho-bia;it can seem to demand unrefl ective allegiance and so truncate the refl ection necessary to ethical life.Yet being part of a political commu-nity can also be a source of ethical life,giving us a sense for the greater good and providing us with norms to live by.It can also furnish us with the culture and traditions that make life rich.When culture and poli-tics align,culture can provide powerful motivation to support political principlesin a just state,such alignment benefi ts both government and citizen.Yet the idea of generating support for political principles through culture is itself controversial.Would it not be better if citizens were motivated simply by the legitimacy of just political institutions instead of needing culturea country s music,food,sports,literature,for instanceto inspire loyalty?Should we not cultivate the rational assessment of ideals rather than cultural identifi cation?To what extent do we want loyalty to country to be habitual and to what extent critical?Do we want citizens who remain detached,reserving support for when they approve of the country s actions,or should we cultivate a deeper,less refl ective loyalty?2 What,in short,do we want the citizen s disposi-tion to be?In Hegel s hands,these questions lead to more fundamental,theo-retical inquiries.What do we learn through an individual s political en-gagement about what it means to be a free,autonomous agent?How does an individual s identity,political or otherwise,impact her ability to be an agent,to own her actions?What role can and should political life play in an individual s identity?In what way does political life impact ethi-cal life,and in what way does being a citizen shape the individual as an ethical actor?Do the economic or political conditions of the contempo-rary world require us to change our stance toward citizenship and nation-ality?Exploring these questions,from both a historical and a theoretical perspective,is the aim of this book.5H E G E L O N P R A C T I C A L A N D P O L I T I C A L I D E N T I T YHegel in ContextHegel lived through a period of enormous political upheaval in the German-speaking states of his time.As a young man,he exuberantly greeted the French Revolution alongside his friends Schelling and Hlderlin in the Tbingen Stift.He completed the Phenomenology of Spirit,the work that established his academic reputation,in 1806 in Jena as Na-poleon s armies routed Prussian forces nearby.Hegel s crowning profes-sional success,his appointment to the University in Berlin in 1818,was followed closely by the assassination of the reactionary playwright August von Kotzebue by a radical student.The Prussian monarchy s subsequent issuing of the Karlsbad Decrees,edicts that sharply curbed the freedom of the press,dampened Hegel s hopes for political reform in Prussia.He-gel s last publication criticized the English Reform Bill,engaging simulta-neously with the 1830 July Revolution in France.3 By all accounts,Hegel was a close and passionate observer of politics and economics from his earliest years.It is little wonder that the question of what attitude indi-vidual citizens should have toward their state should have been one of his central concerns.More generally,17501850,the century that encompassed Hegel s lifetime,saw intense preoccupation with this topic.As wars were fought to secure political representation,a primary concern among political theorists and practitioners alike was the question of how to turn subjects into citizens.The characteristics of ideal subjectspassivity,obedience,deferencewere poorly suited to those who now were to have a hand in their own governance.But what were the ideal characteristics of a citizen?What kinds of organizations,institutions,or education would foster such characteristics?What kinds of representational bodies would empower citizens without inviting anarchy?What place should a sover-eign have in a government that was partially representational?Economic structures also shifted dramatically in Hegel s lifetime.Increased industrialization,migration into the cities,growing economic and social mobility,and a widening gap between rich and poor provoked widespread concern that citizens would come unmoored from the com-munity and lapse into unfettered self-interest.The consequences