非谓语动词讲解.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,非谓语动词,非谓语动词的句法功能,充当,除谓语动词以外,的各种句子成分,成分,类别,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,不定式,(to)+v,动名词,-,ing,现在分词,-,ing,过去分词,-,ed,非谓语形式,构成,时态和语态,否定式,复合结构,不定式,动名词,分,词,现在分词,过去分词,to do,to have done,to be doing,to be done,to have been done,doing,having done,being done,having been done,doing,having done,being done,having been done,done,在非谓,语前加,not,for,sb,.to do,sth,.,of,sb,.to do,sth,.,sb,./,sbs,doing,作主语仅用,sbs,doing,特别注意：,not having done;,ones not doing/ones not having done,非谓语动词的考点,、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别；,、非谓语动词作主语,;,、非谓语动词作表语；,、非谓语动词作定语；,、非谓语动词作宾语；,、非谓语动词作宾补；,、非谓语动词作状语；,、非谓语动词的时态语态；,、非谓语动词否定形式；,、动名词的复合结构,;,、不定式的复合结构；,、关于,there be,的非谓语形式。,、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别,高考题点击：,1.“Cant you read?”Mary said _ to the notice.(93 N),A.angrily pointingB.and point angrily,C.angrily pointedD.and angrily pointing,2.Suddenly,a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away,_ into the woods.,（,04,上海春季）,A.seizing,disappeared B.seized,disappeared,C.seizing,disappearing D.seized,disappearing,两个动作之间用,and,连接称为并列谓语，并列谓语需注意两个动词的形式的一致性，故,B,、,D,皆错；不用,and,连接时称之为状语，只能用非谓语动词作状语，故,C,错。,seized,和,took,是并列谓语，,disappearing,是伴随状语。此题的关键是,and,的位置，如果,and,在,disappear,前，则三个动词并列。,A,D,、非谓语动词作主语,注意以下两个重要问题：,第一是,并行结构,问题,如：,Seeing is believing.,第二需要注意一些结构：,A),Its no use(no good)doing,sth,.,如：,Its no use quarrelling with such a fellow.,B),在,Its+adj.,结构中都用不定式作主语。注意两种句型：,Its,easy(difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,),后加,for,sb,.to do,Its,kind(nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(,考虑周到的,),mean(,卑鄙的,),silly,selfish(,自私的,),后加,of,sb,.to do,即主表一致性,、非谓语动词作表语,The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_ it more difficult.(99 N),A.not makeB.not to makeC.not makingD.do not make,B,动词不定式短语,to make life easier,及,not to make it more,difficult,都作,purpose,的表语。,注意两个问题,:,一是并,行结构问题,二是时间问题：一般来说，不定式作表语都表示该动作发生在将来，故在表示“目的、愿望、梦想、需求”等名词作主语时其表语应该用不定式。动名词作表语一般用来表示“身份、职业”等。,另外要特别注意现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。,现在分词,说明主语所具有的特征；,过去分词,多表示主语所处的状态。,To see is to believe.,My dream of life is,to become,a scientist.,My job is,teaching,.,、非谓语动词作定语,高考题点击：,1.The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the,visitors to the beauty of nature.,（,04,上海）,A.to smell B.smelling C.smelt D.to be smelt,2.A man is being questioned in relation to the _ murder,last night.,（,04,江苏）,A.advised B.attended C.attempted D.admitted,该题的谓语动词是,attract,，“,闻起来很香”用来作定语修饰,主语,flowers,。,B,C,“,谋杀”只能被预谋，故该用过去分词作定语表示被动。,3.The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew.,(00,北京春季,),A.having hung B.hanging C.hangsD.being hung,B,hang,作及物动词用时表示人为的“挂”；作不及物动词用时,表示东西挂在某处的状态。本句中的,hang,为不及物动,词，所以用现在分词作定语。,非谓语动词作定语时要注意以下区别：,分词作定语时与其所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系；,动名词作定语时只表示用途、场所等意义；,不定式作定语时要注意以下一些固定结构：,在,ability,attempt,chance,courage,decision,effort,power,right,time,等名词后；,由序数词,only,last,next,或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语；,I dont think he is the best man _(,do)the,job.,He is always the first,/the last one _(leave)the office.,D),表示被动意义的非谓语动词作定语时的用法：,done,表示已经完成的动作,to be done,表示尚未开始的动作,being done,表示正在进行之中的动作,to do,to leave,1.How about the two of us _ a walk down the garden?(93 N),A.to takeB.takeC.takingD.to be taking,介词的宾语一般都用动名词,C,、非谓语动词作宾语,2.I dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody,but the managers plan is unfair.,（,2005,天津）,A.to sound B.to be sounded,C.sounding D.to have sounded,3.Ive worked with children before,so I know what _ in my new job.(00 N),A.expectedB.to expect C.to be expecting D.expects,A,B,注意,1,：,仅带不定式作宾语的动词有：,agree,refuse,offer,promise,decide,determine,intend,manage,fail,hope,expect,long,wish,tend,desire,plan,pretend,等；,注意,2,：,动词,know,show,等常带疑问词加,to do,作宾语。,注意,3,：,在某些复合宾语中，用,it,做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。,consider/feel/think/find/make,it,n./adj,.,to do,sth,.,例如：,I found,it,impossible to finish the work on time.,4.I really appreciate _ to relax with you on this nice island.(01,上海,),A.to have had timeB.having time,C.to have timeD.to having time,B,仅带动名词作宾语的动词为：,admit advocate(,提倡,),appreciate,avoid delay enjoy,escape,excuse,prevent finish imagine mind miss,practise,resist risk suggest stand forgive keep,allow permit forbid advise,但如果在,allow permit forbid advise,后提到有关的人，,就只能用不定式作宾补。,在动词,want,need,require,deserve,等词后加动名词作宾语,时表示被动意义，相当于,to be done,。,5.-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.,-Well,now I regret _ that.(95 N),A.to do B.to be doingC.to have done D.having done,6.When asked by the police,he said that he remembered _ at the party,but not _,（,2005,北京）,A.to arrive;leaving B.to arrive,to leave,C.arriving;leaving D.arriving;to leave,7.In some parts of London,missing a bus means _ for,another hour.(02,上海春季,),A.waitingB.to waitC.wait D.to be waiting,D,A,特别注意带不定式和动名词作宾语时意义不同的动词：,remember,forget,regret,try,go on,mean,stop,C,stop to do,停止手中事，去做另一件事,stop doing,停止正在做的事,remember/forget/regret to do,（指动作尚未发生）,remember/forget/regret doing,（指动作已经发生）,try to do,（设法，努力去做，尽力）,try doing,（试试去做，看有何结果）,mean to do,（打算做，企图做）,mean doing,（意识是，意味着）,go on to do,（接着做另外一件事）,go on doing,（接着做同一件事）,cant help(to)do,（不能帮忙做）,cant help doing,（忍不住要做）,8.Mr.Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _,some schools for poor children.(01,上海春季,),A.set upB.setting upC.have set upD.having set up,9.-How do you deal with the disagreement between the,company and the customers?,-The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _,by the customers.(02,北京,),A.to solving makingB.to solving made,C.to solve makingD.to solve made,B,B,要特别注意,to,的词性，分析其为介词还是不定式。,be accustomed to,习惯于，,be used to,，,stick to,，,turn to,，,devote oneself to,，,be devoted to,，,look forward to,，,pay attention to,get down to,，,contribute to,lead to,等,、非谓语动词作宾补,常见动词,与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念,例句,不定式,现在分词,过去分词,sb,.to do,sb,.do,sb./sth,.doing/done,主谓关系。,强调动作将,发生或已经,完成。,The teacher encouraged me,to,work,hard.,I heard him,call,me several times.,Who would you like to have,do,the experiment?,主谓关系。,强调动作,正在进,行，尚未,完成,动宾关系。,动作已经,完成，多,强调状态,I found her,listening,to the radio.,He has the machine,running,all the,time.,I,wont have,my students cheating,in the exam.(,否定句中表“容忍”,),We found the village greatly,changed,.,She was surprised that the washing,machine she had had,repaired,went wrong again.,ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage,have(,让,),notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make,notice,see,watch,hear,find,have(,让,),feel,keep,leave,1.Paul doesnt have to be made _.He always works hard.(95 N),A.learnB.to learnC.learnedD.learning,2.A computer does only what people _.(99,上海,),A.have it doB.have it done,C.have done itD.having it done,使役动词,make,sb,.do,sth,.,但改为被动语态后，则应为：,be,made to do,。,注意其它不带,to,的动词不定式的用法。,此句中的,it,指代的是,a computer,，,what,在从句中作,do,的宾语，表示“人们让计算机所做的事“应该用,people have a computer do,这一结构。需要注意的是,have,的几个常用结构：,have,sb,./,sth,.do;have,sb,./,sth,.done;,have,sb,./,sth,.doing;have(,有,),sb,./,sth,.to do/to be done,B,A,3.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see,_ the next year.(00 N),A.carry out B.carrying out C.carried out D.to carry out,4.The missing boys were last seen _ near the river.(94 N),A.playing B.to be playingC.play D.to play,that,引导的是定语从句，修饰,plan,，,在从句中作,see,的宾,语。因此从句中的结构应为,see the plan carried out,。,特别注,意现在分词和过去分词,作宾补的区别,。,感官动词后面的宾补若用不定式，则表示一个完整的动,作；若用现在分词，则表示正在进行的动作。本句应理解,为正在进行的动作。,C,A,特别注意：,hope,agree,demand,refuse,等没有宾补,。,5.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his,mother told him _.(95 N),A.not toB.not to doC.not to itD.do not to,A,为了避免重复，常用省略形式,to,来代替前面的动作。,如：,Would you like to visit our school?Yes,Id like,to,.,Im sorry if I hurt you,but I didnt mean,to,.,但,be,、,have(,助动词,),不可省,如：,China is no longer what it used,to be,.,He hasnt finished the job,but he,ought,to have,.,、非谓语动词作状语,高考题点击：,1.-Mum,why do you always make me eat an egg every day?,-_ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing,up.(99,上海,),A.GetB.GettingC.To getD.To be getting,2._ late in the afternoon,Bob turned off the alarm.,(01,北京春季,),A.To sleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Having slept,C,A,不定式作目的状语，还可用,in order to,或,so as to,来加强说话的口气。但,so as to,通常不用于句首。,3._ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.(96 N),A.LosingB.Having lost C.Lost D.To lose,4.He sent me an E-mail,_ to get further information.,(00,上海,),A.hopedB.hopingC.to hopeD.hope,lose oneself in,sth,.,表示“陷入,”,，主语,he,为,lose,的宾语。,注意,hoping,为伴随状语而非目的状语，真正的目的是后面的,to get,。,C,B,5.He hurried to the booking office only _that all the tickets had been sold out.,（,2006,陕西卷）,A.to tell B.to be told C.telling D.told,6.Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year,_ a record US$57.65 a barrel on April 4.,（,2005,山东）,A.have reached B.reaching,C.to reach D.to be reaching,B,B,动词不定式表结果状语、往往表示出乎意料的，令人不快的结果,;,句中,tell,和句子主语,he,之间是动宾关系，故用动词不定式的被动式。,油价上涨的必然结果就是,reach a record,故用现在分词作结果状语。,7.The research,is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it.(02 N),A.beginsB.having begunC.beginningD.begun,8.Finding her car stolen,_.(01,上海,).,A.a policeman was asked to help,B.the area was searching thoroughly,C.it was looked for everywhere,D.she hurried to a policeman for help,once,在此处为连词，后面的分词必须考虑到与句子主语,的关系。,begin,为及物动词，意为“开始、启动”，与句子主,语,The research,为动宾关系，故该用过去分词。,本句要特别注意其逻辑主语。,D,D,注,1,：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致，构成主动或被动的关系。,9.In order to improve English,.(2001,上海,),A.Jennys father bought her a lot of tapes,B.Jenny bought a lot of tapes for herself,C.a lot of tapes were bought by Jenny,D.a lot of tapes were bought by Jennys father,Jenny,给自己买很多磁带以提高英语成绩，故只有,B,项的句子主语才和动,词不定式表示的动作一致,10.Having been attacked by terrorists,_.,（,2004,上海）,A.doctors cane to their rescue B.the tall building collapsed,C.an emergency measure was taken,D.warnings were given to tourists,现在分词和选项中的句子主语,the tall building,才保持一致，它们之间构成动宾关系,B,B,注意点,注,2,：表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词,while,或,when,引导。,11.When _ different cultures,we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.(,浙江卷,),A.compared B.being compared,C.comparing,D.having,compared,析：此处是连词,when+,分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个状语从句。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。此处从句的主语是,we,，,compare,这个动作是,we,主动进行的，应用现在分词表示。,注,3,：有时，“,with,或,without,+,名词（或代词宾格）,+,分词”的结构表示伴随状况。,12.I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _.,（,2005,北京）,A.going on B.goes on C.went on D.to go on,析：,现在分词的独立主格结构作状语，宾语和,go on,之间是正进行的动作,注,4:,当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词须有自己的主语，构成,独立主格,结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语。亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。,例如：,Weather,permitting,we,will go out.,=If weather permits,we will go out.,It,being Sunday today,the library,doesnt open.,=Because it is Sunday today,the library doesnt open.,13._,the concert began.,A.The listeners having taken their seats B.Having taken their seats,C.Having taken their places D.Taking their seats,析：独立主格做状语。主语,concert,不可能执行,take the seat,这一动作，必须加,the listeners,做逻辑主语,14.I send you 100 dollars today,the rest_ in a year.,（,05,湖南）,A.follows B.followed C.to follow D.being followed,析：今天我先给你寄,100,美元,其余的钱一年内陆续寄过去。,the rest,和,to follow,构成独立主格结构。不定式表主动和将来。,A,但,某些固定结构,adv.(generally/frankly/personally/honestly/strictly)+speaking,judging from/by,从,判断,considering /takinginto consideration,supposing/providing/provided that,假如,given,sth,./that,假如，考虑到,等中，分词的逻辑主语不受句子主语的限制，可独立使用，称为,独立分词结构,或,悬垂分词,。,Judging by,his dress,he comes from a wealthy family.,Frankly speaking,I dont like him at all.,某些动词不定式常用作独立副词成分,To make things/matters even worse,To begin with,To tell you the truth,To be honest/exact/strict/frank,Believe it or not,To be frank(=Frankly speaking),I dont like your attitude.,Believe it or not,he left me standing in the rain for nearly half an hour.,15._ the general state of his health,it may take him a while to recover from the operation.(00,北京春季,),A.GivenB.To giveC.GivingD.Having given,given,作状语意为“考虑到”，意思相当于,considering,。,A,、非谓语动词的时态语态,高考题点击：,I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work,extra hours to finish a report.(97 N),A.to go B.having goneC.goingD.to have gone,2.Robert is said _ abroad,but I dont know what country he studied in.(99 N),A.to have studiedB.to study,C.to be studyingD.to have been studying,D,A,would love to have done,表示本想去做，但没做成。,本题的关键是“,what country he studied in”,，,由此可知事情发生在过去。,3.Do let your mother know all the truth.She appears _,everything.(01,上海,),A.to tell B.to be told C.to be telling D.to have been told,4.Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple,but,it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.(02 N),A.to seeB.to be seenC.seeingD.seen,本题中母亲被告知真象显然发生在以前，所以你现在没有,必要再隐瞒了。,remain,后接,to do,，,此处,it,指代的是后面的主语从句。他们是否喜欢有待于观察，此处应为被动。,D,B,5._ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.(02,上海,),A.Exposed B.Having exposed,C.Being exposed D.After being exposed,6._ around the Water Cube,we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.(08,陕西,),A.Having been shown B.To be shown,C.Having shown D.To show,该句缺主语，只能用动名词才能作主语。,C,A,完成式表示动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，即先,被带去参观水立方，然后被带去看鸟巢,;,一般在句中作状语,表时间或原因。,、非谓语动词否定形式,在非谓语前加,not,(1)The teacher asked us_ so much noise.,A.dont make,B.not make,C.not making,D.not to make,(2)_ the,programme,they have to stay there for another two weeks.,（,2004,广东）,A.Not completing B.Not completed,C.Not having completed D.Having not completed,(3)Victor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan.,（,2004,上海春）,A.his being not able B.him not to be able,C.his not being able D.him to be not able,、动名词的复合结构,sb,./,sbs,doing,作主语仅用,sbs,doing,（,1,）,It is difficult to imagine his _the decision without any consideration.,（,06,陕西卷）,A.accept B.accepting C.to accept D.accepted,（,2,）,I really cant understand _ her like that.,（,05,安徽）,A.you treat B.you to treat C.why treat D.you treating,（,3,）,_the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.,（,2003,上海春）,A.The president attending,B.The president to attend,C.The president attended,D.The presidents attending,imagine,后跟动名词作宾语，由形容词性物主代词,his,和,accepting,构成,复合结构,作主语仅用,名词所有格或形容词性物主代词和动名词构成复合结构,understand,意思为“理解,明了”,后面可以接动名词的,复合结构作宾语,其逻辑主语可以用宾格也可以用所有格。,your treating,gave,imagine,understand,I really cant understand,why you treat,her like that.,、不定式的复合结构,for,sb,.to do,sth,.,It is necessary,for you to finish,the work before Friday.,There are a lot of difficulties,for us to overcome,.,In order,for the patient to be treated,at,once,they,took him to the nearest hospital as quickly as possible.,【,区别：,In order,to be treated,at once,the patient,was taken to the nearest hospital as quickly as possible.,】,His idea is,for us to travel,in different cars.,of,sb,.to do,sth,.,Its brave _ into the burning building to save the,baby!A.for him to go B.for him going,C.of him going D.of him to go,D,brave,、,there be,的非谓语形式,1),动词,+there to be /there being,（作宾语）,如：,I dont,want,there to,be any misunderstanding between them.,我不希望之间有什么误会。,They,deny,there being,any misunderstanding between them.,他们否认他们之间有误解。,I cant,imagine,there being,so few people in the library.,我无法想象图书馆里人这么少。,2),介词,+there being,（作宾语）,He was surprised,at there being,so many people waiting there.,他对很多人等在那里感到吃惊。,I have never dreamed,of there being,a chance of being sent abroad so soon.,我做梦也没想到这么快就有一个被派往国外的机会。,there to be/there being(,作主语、宾语、状语,),注意：,for there to be,It is not uncommon,for there to be,problems of communication,between old and young,老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。,Its too early,for there to