高一上句子成分讲解.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,句子的成分,Members of the Sentence,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义：,构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有,主语,和,谓语,；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。,二）主语：,主语,(Subiect),是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首,。但在,there be,结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面,。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如,：,During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.,We often speak English in class.,One-third of the students in this class are girls.,To swim in the river is a great pleasure.,Smoking does harm to the health.,The rich should help the poor,.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.,It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（,it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,（三）谓语,谓语,(,Predicate,),说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：,1,、,简单谓语,：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：,He practices running every morning.,The plane took off at ten oclock.,2,、,复合谓语,：,（,1,）,由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：,You may keep the book for two weeks.,He has caught a bad cold.,（,2,）,由系动词加表语构成,。如：,We are students.,注意：,谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致,。,（四）表语,表语,(,Predicative),用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于,系动词（如,be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem,等,）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,Our teacher of English is an,American,.,（名词）,Is it,yours,?,The weather has turned,cold,.,The speech is,exciting.,Three times seven is,twenty one,?,（代词）,（形容词）,（分词）,（数词）,His job is,to teach English,.,His hobby is,playing football,.,The meeting is,of great importance,.,Time is,up,.The class is,over,.,The truth is,that he has never been abroad,.,（不定式）,（动名词）,（介词短语）,(,副词,),（表语从句）,注意：,系动词（,Linking verb),用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,1,）,状态系动词,用来表示主语状态，只有,be,一词，例如：,He,is,a teacher.,2,）,持续系动词,用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有,keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：,He always,kept,silent at meeting.,3,）,表像系动词,用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有,seem,appear,look,例如：,He,seems,(to be)very sad.,4,）,感官系动词,主要有,feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：,This kind of cloth,feels,very soft.,5,）,变化系动词,表示主语变成什么样，主要有,become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run,.,例如：,He,became,mad after that.,6,）,终止系动词,表示主语已终止动作，主要有,prove,turn out,表达,证实,，,变成,之意，例如：,The rumor,proved,false.,His plan,turned out,a success.,（五）宾语,宾语（,Object,）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：,They went to see an exhibition yesterday.,The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.,How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,They helped the old with their housework yesterday.,He pretended not to see me.,I enjoy listening to popular music.,I think,（,that,）,he is fit for his office.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语,）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,宾语种类,：,（,1,）双宾语（间接宾语,+,直接宾语），例如,：,Lend,me,your dictionary,please.,To,:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw,等，例如：,He sent the novel,to,William yesterday.,For,:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save,等，例如：,She bought a gift,for,her mother.,（,2,）复合宾语（宾语,+,宾补），例如：,They elected,him,their monitor,.,下列动词只能接不定式做宾语,ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,except,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire,等，如：,He refused,to lend me his bike.,下列动词只能接动名词做宾语,admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest,等，如：,John has admitted,breaking the window,.,下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同,，如,stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret,等。,（六）宾语补足语,英语中有些及物动词，除有,一个直接宾语,以外，还要有,一个宾语补足语,（,Object Complement,），才能,使,句子的,意义完整,。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如,make,等,)+,宾语,+,宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,His father named him Dongming.,They painted their boat white.,Let the fresh air in.,You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.,We saw her entering the room.,We found everything in the lab in good order.,We will soon make our city what your city is now.,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,（七）定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语,(Attribute),。定语可由以下等成分表示：,Guilin is a,beautiful,city.,China is a,developing,country;America is a,developed,country.,There are thirty,women,teachers in our school.,His,rapid progress in English made us surprised.,(,形容词,),（分词,）,（名词）,（代词）,Our monitor is always the first,to enter the classroom,.,（不定式短语）,The,teaching,plan for next term has been worked out.,（动名词）,He is reading an article,about how to learn English,.,（介词短语）,Farmers,who saw us,stared at us as if we are,talking loudly,(定语从句),（八）状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（,Adverbial,）。可由以下形式表示：,Light travels most quickly.,He has lived in the city for ten years.,He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,He is in the room making a model plane.,Wait a minute.,Once you begin,you must continue.,（分词短语）,（名词）,（状语从句）,状语种类如下：,How about meeting again,at six,?,Last night she didnt go to the dance party,because of the rain,.,I shall go there,if it doesnt rain,.,Mr Smith lives,on the third floor,.,She put the eggs into the basket,with great care,.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,She came in,with a dictionary in her hand,.,In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.,He was so tired,that he fell asleep immediately,.,She works very hard,though she is old,.,I am taller,than he is,.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,同位语,（,Appositive,）,对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：,This is Mr.Zhou,our headmaster.,插入语,（,Parenthesis,）,对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有,to be honest,I think(suppose,believe-,),等，如：,To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.,练习,指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：,1.,The students,got on the,school,bus.,2.He handed,me,the newspaper.,3.I,shall answer,your question,after class.,4.What a,beautiful,Chinese painting!,5.They went,hunting,together,early in the morning,.,6.,His,job is,to,train,swimmers,.,7.He took,many photos of the palaces,in Beijing,.,8.,It is necessary,to master a foreign language,.,9.He,is to leave for Shanghai,tomorrow.,10,.,His wish,is,to become a scientist,.,11.He,managed,to finish the work in time,.,12.Tom came,to ask me for advice,.,13.He found,it,important,to master English,.,15.,To be honest,，,your pronunciation is not,so,good.,16.Would you please tell,me,your address,?,17.He sat there,reading a newspaper,.,18.,It,is,our duty,to keep our classroom,clean and tidy,.,19.He noticed a man,enter the room,.,20.The apples tasted,sweet,.,五种基本句型,1.主语 不及物动词,主谓,She came,2.主语 及物动词 宾语,主谓宾,She likes Englis,h.,3.主语 系动词 ,表语,主系表,She is happy,4.主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语,She gave John a book She bought a book for me.,主双宾,5.主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语,She makes her mother angry,主宾补,The teacher asked me to read the passage.,a,，,b,，,c,，,d,，,e,，,1,，,Pleas,e,tell us a story._,2,She smiled._,3.I have a lot work to do._,4.His job is to train swimmers._,5.He noticed a man enter the room._,6.Please look at the picture._,d,a,e,b,e,c,Bye-bye!,二、简单句、并列句和复合句,（一）句子种类两种分类法,1,、按句子的用途可分四种：,1,）陈述句（肯定、否定）：,He is six years old;She didnt hear of you before.,2,）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：,Do they like skating?How old is he?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim,cant she?,3,）祈使句：,Be careful,boys;Dont talk in class,4,）感叹句：,How clever the boy is!,2,、,按句子的结构可分三种：,1,）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。,e.g.He often reads English in the morning.,Tom and Mike are American boys.,She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.,2),并列句：由并列连词（,and,but,or,等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。,e.g.You help him and he helps you.,The future is bright;the road is tortuous.,前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。,3,）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。,e.g.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.,（二）简单句的五种基本句型,1,、主语,+,系动词,+,表语：,e.g.He is a student.,2,、主语,+,不及物动词：,e.g.We work.,3,、主语,+,及物动词,+,宾语：,e.g.Henry bought a dictionary.,4,、主语,+,及物动词,+,双宾语（间接宾语,+,直接宾语）：,e.g.My father bought me a car.,5,、主语,+,及物动词,+,复合宾语（宾语,+,宾补）：,e.g.Tom made the baby laugh.,注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。,（三）并列句的分类,1,、表示连接两个同等概念，常用,and,not onlybut also,neithernor,then,等连接。,e.g.The teachers name is Smith,and the students name is John.,2,、表示选择，常用的连词有,or,eitheror,otherwise,等。,e.g.Hurry up,or youll miss the train.,3,、表示转折，常用的连词有,but,still,however,yet,while,when,等。,e.g.He was a little man with thick glasses,but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.,4,、表示因果关系，常用的连词有,so,for,therefore,等。,e.g.August is the time of the year for rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.,练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句,一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：,1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.,2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.,3.There is a chair in this room,isnt there?,4.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.,简单句,复合句,简单句,简单句,5.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.,6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.,7.Neither has he changed his mind,nor will he do so.,8.What he said at the meeting is very important,isnt it?,9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.,10.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.,并列句,复合句,并列句,复合句,简单句,简单句,二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：,I hope you are very well,（）,.Im fine,but tired,（）,.Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm,（）,.August is the hottest month here,（）,.It is the time of year for the rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.,（）,Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors,（）,.We grow rice in the south of the States,but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat,（）,.We have a lot of machines on the farm,（）,.Although the farm is large,my Dad has only two men working for him,（）,.But he employs more men for the harvest,（）,.My brother takes care of the vegetable garden,（）,.It doesnt often rain in the summer here,（）,.As a result,we have to water the vegetable garden,（）,.Every evening we pump water from a well,（）,.It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden,（）,.,复合句,简单句,并列句,简单句,并列句,简单句,并列复合句,简单句,复合句,简单句,简单句,简单句,简单句,简单句,简单句,Most Saturday evenings there is a party,even at harvest time,（）,.These parties often make us very happy,（）,.We cook meat on an open fire outside,（）,.Its great,（）,!Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion,（）,.Some of my friends drink beer,（）,.I dont,because I have to drive home after the party,（）,.In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States,（）,.There are five different time areas in the States,（）,.In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time,（）,.How many different time areas do you have in China,（）,?Well,I must stop and get some sleep,（）,.Please give my best regards to your parents,（）,.,简单句,复合句,简单句,简单句,简单句,简单句,简单句,简单句,简单句,简单句,简单句,简单句,简单句,三、选择填空：,1.Give me one more minute _ Ill be able to finish it.,A.andB.orC.ifD.so,2.Its the third time that John has been late,_?,A.hasnt heB.isnt he,C.isnt it D.hasnt it,3._ joyful he was to meet his brother again!,A.HowB.WhatC.What aD.What an,4.Let us pass,_?,A.shant weB.shall weC.wont weD.will you,5.I suppose hes serious,_?,A.do IB.dont IC.is heD.isnt he,6.You had better not smoke here,_?,A.will you B.had you,C.shall you D.have you,7.Train as hard as you can _ youll win the swimming competition.,A.thenB.butC.andD.or,8.Im sorry to have to say this,_ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.,A.andB.butC.so D.because,9.John has not yet passed the driving test,and _.,A.Henry hasnt too B.Henry also has not either,C.neither Henry has D.neither has Henry,10.There are many sports lovers in his office.Some love climbing,_ others enjoy swimming.,A.orB.for,C.while D.so,11.-Do you feel like going out _ would you rather have dinner at home?,-Id like to go out.,A.or B.and C.butD.so,12.-“_ is the temperature today?”,-“Its 38 degrees.”,A.WhichB.HowC.How hot D.How high,13.-Your uncle isnt an engineer,is he?-_.,A.Yes,he isnt B.No,he isntC.No,he is D.He is,14._ friendly _ to everyone!,A.How,is sheB.What,is sheC.How,she isD.What,she is,15.Mary went to bed early,_ she felt very tired.,A.orB.soC.for D.yet,16.Mother _ a dress when she cut her finger.,A.was makingB.makesC.is makingD.made,17.He lay in bed _ read something borrowed from library.,A.butB.andC.orD.yet,18.-Id really like some lunch but I have so much work to do.,-_ what you want and I can get it for you.,A.Tell me B.If you would say to me,C.You will tell me D.If you tell me,19.As he is strong,_ can lift one hundred pounds.,A.yet heB.but heC.andD.he,20.-I thought you had an umbrella.,-I had,_ Ive lost it.,A.sinceB.butC.because D.so,21._ down the radio-the babys asleep in the next room.,A.Turning B.To turnC.Turned D.Turn,22.-I dont like chicken _ fish.,-I dont like chicken _ I like fish very much.,A.and,andB.and,but,C.or,and D.or,but,23.-Would you like to come to dinner tonight?-Id like to,_ Im too busy.,A.andB.soC.asD.but,24.Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?,A.andB.thenC.or D.otherwise,25.She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later.,A.arrivingB.to arriveC.having arrivedD.and arrived,26.“Cant you read?”Mary said _ to the notice.,A.angrily pointingB.and point angrilyC.angrily pointedD.and angrily pointed,27.She thought I was talking about her daughter,_,in fact,I was talking about my daughter.,A.whom B.where C.which D.while,28._ it with me and Ill see what I can do.,A.When leftB.LeavingC.If you leaveD.Leave,29.-Alice,you feed the bird today,_?-But I fed it yesterday.,A.do youB.will youC.didnt youD.dont you,30._ him and then try to copy what he does.,A.MindB.Glance atC.Stare atD.Watch,四、按要求完成下列句子：,1.He dares to tell the truth.,（改为否定句）,2.They have lived here,for more than ten years,.,（对画线部分提问）,3.There will be a sports meet at the end of this month,_?,（完成反意疑问）,wont there,How long have they lived here?,He doesnt dare to tell the truth.,或He dare not tell the truth.,4.You must be careful with your pronunciation.,（改为祈使句）,5.They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(,改为一般疑问句,),6.It is an interesting story.,（改为感叹句）,What an interesting story(it is)!或How interesting the story is!,Did they go for a walk after supper yesterday evening?,Be careful with your pronunciation.,7.This magazine comes out,（出版）,every other week,.,（对画线部分提问）,8.They could hardly believe his words,_?,（完成反意疑问）,could they,How often does this magazine come out?,9.The moon is shining brightly.,（改为感叹句）,10.,Our English teacher,is always encouraging us to speak English in class.,（对画线部分提问）,10.Who is always encouraging us to speak English in class?,9.How brightly the moon is shining!,