基础医学英语课件--Unit-1.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 1,Holistic Medicine,整体医疗,Word-Formation,1.ab-from,away from,abdomen,（腹部，腹腔）,abdicate,（放弃，退位）,abuse,（滥用，虐待）,absorb,（吸收，吸引）,absolve,（免除，赦免）,2.ad-to,toward,near,adhesion(,粘连）,advantage,（优势）,adjust,（调整）,adventure,（冒险）,adjoin,（毗邻）,3.anti-against,antibiotic,（抗生的，抗菌的）,antibacterial,（抗菌剂）,antioxidant,（抗氧化剂）,4.bi-two,biological,（生物,生物学的）,biology,（生物，生物学）,biography,（传记,档案）,billon,（铜币）,bicycle,5.hyper-over,，,above,源自希腊语,hypercritical,（吹毛求疵的）,hyperglycemia,（高血糖症）,hypersensitive,（过敏的）,hypertense,（过于紧张的）,hyperacid (,胃酸过多的,)hyperoxide(,过氧化物,),6.,hypo-under,，,beneath,，,down,源自希腊语,hypothermia,（低体温症）,hypothesis,（假定，假设）,hypoglossal,（舌下的）,hypodermic,（皮下的）,tricar,（三轮车）,trilogy,（三部曲）,triangle,（三角形）,triple,（三倍的）,trioxide,（三氧化物）,7.inter-between,among,interact,（互相作用）,intercity,（城市间的）,interdependent,（相互依赖的,互助的）,internet,（因特网）,international,（国际的）,8.tri-three,9.peri-round around near,perigee(,近地点,)periderm(,外皮,)perimeter(,周长,),10.mal-ill badly,maltreat(,虐待,)malpractice(,治疗不当的,)malefaction(,恶行,)malnutrition(,营养不良,)malicious(,恶意的,),Word-Formation,homeo-,相同，象；同一，同,(homeostasis,体内稳定的,),homeopathic,顺势疗法,homocentric,homonym,homophone,-,stasis,停滞,，,淤积,hypno-,睡眠,（,hypnosis/hypnotic/hypnotherapy,）,psych/o,心理,，,精神,psychiatry,-therapy,治疗,(psychotherapy),(,chemotherapy,),-emia,血症,(leukemia,白血病,anemia,贫血症,),lymph/o,淋巴,(lymphoma,淋巴瘤,),-oma,肿瘤,(melanoma,黑色素瘤,),anti-,抗,防止,(antioxidant,anti-freeze,antibody,intra-,内,，内部的,(intravenous),crani/o,颅骨,(craniosacral,krensekrl,),Therapy,颅骶疗法,-ic,的,(,psycho,somatic,sak()smtk,hygienic),-iatry,医疗术，医治法,(psychiatry),diet,饮食,(dietitian),oxy-,氧，氧化,oxygen,antibiotic),-logy,学科，研究,(oncology,肿瘤学，,psychology,biology,epidemiology,),整体医学的发展概况,21,世纪社会的发展以人为本，人的发展以健康为本。人是一个不可侵害的有机整体，人所需要的卫生服务是整体性的服务，要提高这种服务必须树立整体医学观，掌握系统整体的思维方式，开展,生物,-,心理,-,社会医学模式,，做好以患者为中心而不是以疾病为中心的服务。,Background Knowledge,整体医学的理论体系，现在尚未正式形成，但已具雏形，大致包括：,(1),强调整体的健康观；,(2),治疗的出发点是激发自然治愈力；,(3),治疗疾病的主角是患者自身，治疗者不过是援助者；,(4),把各种治疗方法综合起来加以应用。,美国整体医学的兴起，可以说是始于美国加利福尼亚州巴克莱整体健康中心的设立。此后，类似的整体健康中心很快在美国各大城市建立，在全美掀起了一个整体健康运动。,Holistic medicine is a system of health care which fosters a cooperative relationship among all those involved,leading towards optimal attainment of the physical,mental emotional,social and spiritual aspects of health.,整体医疗是一种旨在促进同健康有关的身体、精神、社会、心灵等各方面协调发展，以达到最佳健康状态的医疗保健系统。,Group discussion,What do you know about:,1.,holism,2.holistic medicine,3.holistic health,Holism,(from,holos,a,Greek,word meaning,all,entire,total,)is the idea that all the properties of a given system(biological,chemical,social,economic,mental,linguistic,etc.)cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its component parts alone.Instead,the system as a whole determines in an important way how the parts behave.,The term holism was coined in 1926,by the South African statesman General Jan Christian,Smuts.,Introduction,holistic,adj.,describing an approach to patient care in which the physical,mental,and social factors in the patients condition are taken into account,rather than just the diagnosed disease.The term is applied to a range of orthodox and unorthodox methods of treatments.,机能整体性的,描述照料病人的一种思路：应考虑病人的身体、精神、以及社会等各方面因素，而不是仅仅考虑经诊断的疾病。此术语适用于一系列正统的和非正统的治疗方法。,Understanding the Text,Part I Introduction,(para.1-3),1.Definition of holistic medicine given by,Canadian Holistic Medical Association,(para.1-2),American Holistic Medical Association,(AHMA)(Founded in 1978,),www.holisticmedicine.org/,British Holistic Medical Association,(BHMA),(Formed in 1983),www.bhma.org/new_site/about.php,optimal-,adj.,the best or most favorable or desirable,e.g.An optimal environment for healing,well being/wellness-,n,.health,alternate/alternative,Difficult Points,Alternative Medicine,-,替代医学，或非传统医学,a wide range of treatments for medical conditions that people use instead of or with western medicine.,It is often used by the general public and some healthcare practitioners to refer to medical techniques which are not known or accepted by the majority conventional medical practitioners.Such techniques could include non-invasive,non-pharmaceutical techniques such as Medical Herbalism,Acupunture,hypnotherapy,naturopathy,and many others.However,this term can also refer to any experimental drug or non-drug technique that is not currently accepted by conventional medical practitioners.,整体医学是一种非传统的医学系统。它视人体为一个整体而不仅仅是各部器官总和。整体医学通过促进身体、心理、感情、社会和精神等有关人体健康的各方面的和协关系实现完美和谐的最佳的健康状态。,整体医学强调视人体为一个整体，包括对身体、营养、环境、感情、社会、精神和生活方式等多方面的分析。它涵盖所有已知的诊疗方法，在没有其他的安全的方法时也采用药物和手术疗法。整体医学重视教育病人要靠自身努力获得身体各方面的平衡和健康，也强调个人要对自身的平衡和健康负责。,2.Holistic health/holistic healing(para.3),Questions,:What is holistic health?What is the goal of,holistic healing?,Holistic health,is a philosophy of medical care that views physical and mental aspects of life as closely interconnected and equally important approaches to treatment.Holistic health is not itself a method of treatment,but is an approach to how treatment should,be applied.,Difficult Points,takes a broader,spectrum,of mind,body,and spirit(para.3),spectrum-,-range,field,scope,领域,范围,;,谱,;,系,e.g.,broad-spectrum antibiotic,广谱抗生素,healer(para.3),-a person skilled in a particular type of therapy(,Synonym,:therapist),整体健康是指身体和精神两方面都健康，它强调的重点不再是某一种疾病或者某些患病的部位，而是作为整体的一个人与其周围环境的相互影响。,Holistic health is a total approach to life both in physical and spiritual terms.It does not focus on the specific illness or parts of the body suffering from illness,but rather focuses on the whole person and takes in to account how he or she interacts with his or her environment.,Part II Overview(para.4-5),Questions,:,1.What are the healthy lifestyle habits promoted by health professionals?,2.What does a holistic approach generally mean in mainstream medicine?,Mainstream medicine/care,Complementary therapy/medicine,Preventive care/public health,Health professionals/providers,A more,inclusive,approach to a persons health,Difficult Points,Mainstream/Conventional medicinee.g.,Chemotherapysurgery radiation therapy hormone therapy,Complementary Medicine,补充医学,A non-mainstream health care provided in addition or instead of standard medical practice.,It is often used by conventional medical practitioners to refer to non-invasive,non-pharmaceutical techniques used as a complement to conventional medical treatments such as drugs and surgery.The term implies that conventional medicine is used as a primary tool and the non-invasive,non-pharmaceutical techniques are used as a supplement when needed.,补充医学：这一术语通常被常规医疗工作者用来指称作为常规医疗（如药物治疗、手术治疗）补充的非侵入式的、非药物的治疗方法。这一术语也暗示常规医疗是一种主要手段，而非侵入式的、非药物的疗法作为一种在需要时的补充。,Preventive care,is a set of measures taken in advance of symptoms to prevent illness or injury.This type of care is best exemplified by routine physical examinations and immunizations.The emphasis is on preventing illnesses before they occur.,(compare:Public health),health care provider/health professional,-A health care provider or health professional is an organization or person who delivers proper health care in a systematic way professionally to any individual in need of health care services.Health care professionals include,physicians,physician assistants,support staff,nurses,pharmacists,therapists,psychologists,veterinarians(,兽医,),dentists,optometrists(,配镜师,),and a wide variety of other individuals regulated and/or licensed to provide some type of health care.,现有的科学证据并不表明仅仅采用整体医学而不使用主流医学或传统医学疗法就可以有效地治疗癌症或其它任何疾病。,Available scientific evidence does not support claims that holistic medicine,when used without mainstream or conventional medicine,is effective in treating cancer or any other disease.,A more,inclusive,approach to a persons health(para.5),inclusive,adj.-,1)covering a wide scope;involving much,or everything;,2)all-around,general,comprehensive,e.g.gender-inclusive,不分性别的,all-inclusive,包罗万象的,生态环境,国家、社会,社区、文化,家庭,个人,系统,器官,组织,细胞,分子,病人情境,(context),(,模糊、个体化、情绪化）,(,综合性系统性思维,),疾病定位,（精确、标准化、科学化）,(,分析性还原性思维,),微观,向下,向上,宏观,人类学,心理学,社会学,生物,医学,从系统论看人类生命及其研究,在主流医学领域，整体疗法一般指一种更为全面的治疗方法，不仅治疗疾病，还要考虑与病人有关的社会和文化因素。,In mainstream medicine,a holistic approach generally means a more inclusive approach to a persons health,one that include the patients social and cultural situation as well as her or his illness,Part III Promotion for Use(para.6-7),Questions:,1.What are the complementary therapies mentioned in para.6?,2.What are the different kinds of cancer claimed to be cured by holistic methods in para.7?,Difficult Points,anecdotal,(para.7)-informal,(unscientific,）,Art therapy,Hypnosis,Imagery,Meditation,Psychotherapy,Spirituality and prayer,yoga,Art Therapy,艺术疗法,Other common names:creative arts therapy,expressive arts therapy,Art therapy,is used to help people manage physical and emotional problems by using creative activities to express emotions.It provides a way for people to come to terms with emotional conflicts,increase self-awareness,and express unspoken and often unconscious concerns about their illness and their lives.Expressive arts therapy or creative arts therapy may also include dance and movement,drama,poetry,photo therapy and others,as well as the more traditional art methods.,Hypnosis,催眠疗法,Other common names:Hypnotherapy,Hypnotic Suggestion,Self-Hypnosis,Hypnosis,is a state of restful alertness during which a person uses deeply focused concentration.The person can be relatively unaware of,but not completely blind to,her or his surroundings,and may be more open to suggestion.It is considered to be a type of complementary therapy.,Imagery,想象,(,疗法,),Other common names:Guided Imagery,Visualization Imagery involves mental exercises designed to allow the mind to influence the health and well being of the body.,Meditation,冥想,(,疗法,),Other common names:mindfulness meditation,transcendental meditation,Meditation,is a mind-body process that uses concentration or reflection to relax the body and calm the mind.It has been defined as the intentional self-regulation of attention,a mental focus on a particular aspect of ones inner or outer experience.One commonly practiced type is,Transcendental Meditation,which involves repeating a word or phrase,either silently or aloud.Another is,mindfulness meditation,in which a person observes sensations,perceptions,and thoughts without judgment as they arise.,Psychotherapy,心理,/,精神,疗法,Other common names:Therapy,Counseling,Psychological Intervention,Psychotherapeutic Treatment,Psychotherapy,covers a wide range of approaches designed to help people change their ways of thinking,feeling,or behaving.,Spirituality and Prayer,宗教,/,精神疗法,Other common names:Religion,spiritual healing,Spirituality,is generally described as an awareness of something greater than the individual self.It is often expressed through religion and/or prayer,although there are many other paths of spiritual pursuit and expression.,Yoga,瑜珈,Other common name:Hatha Yoga,Yoga,is a form of non-aerobic exercise that involves a program of precise posture,breathing exercises,and meditation.Yoga can be a useful method to help relieve some symptoms of chronic diseases such as cancer,arthritis,and heart disease and can lead to increased relaxation and physical fitness.Available scientific evidence does not support yoga as an effective treatment for cancer or any other disease;however,it may enhance quality of life.Some cancer treatment centers even offer yoga in addition to standard medical treatment.,Part IV Coverage(para.8-11),Questions,:,1.What do all practitioners stress when they are,practicing holistic medicine?(Para.8),2.What does holistic medicine involve?(Para.9-10),Difficult Points,Helicobacter pylori,palri,幽门螺杆菌,supplement:,补品,(natural/botanical/health/dietary/nutritional),synthetic interferon,healing touch,Helicobacter Pylori,:,幽门螺杆菌,Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that infects the mucus lining of the human stomach.Many peptic ulcers,(,消化性溃疡）,and some types of gastritis are caused by H.pylori infection,although most humans who are infected will never develop symptoms.This bacterium lives in the human stomach exclusively and is the only known organism that can thrive in that highly acidic environment.It is helix-shaped(hence the name helicobacter)and can literally screw itself into the stomach lining to colonize.(helix-,螺旋线,),早在一个世纪前就有人发现胃内存在一种螺旋状微生物，由于长期未能分离而未受到重视。直至,1983,年澳大利亚佩思皇家医院的,Warren,和,Marshall,报道从胃内成功地分离出,“,未鉴定的弯曲状杆菌,”,(unidentified curved bacilli),后,才引起医学界的广泛兴趣，从各方面进行了深入的研究。人们在研究这种细菌的生物学物性时，曾几次对其易名，直到,1989,年才正式将其命名为,:,幽门螺杆菌（,Helicobacter pylori,Hp,）,interferons,干扰素,-small,natural or synthetic protein and glycoprotein,cytokines(,细胞素,)that are produced by leucocytes,T-lymphocytes,and fibroblasts(,成纤维细胞,)in,response to infection and other biological stimuli.,In cancer treatment,they are used as immunotherapy,against the proliferation(,增生,)of cancer cells.,Healing touch,触摸治疗,Healing Touch is a relaxing,nurturing,energy,therapy.Gentle touch assists in balancing your,physical,mental,emotional,and spiritual well-,being.Healing Touch works with your,energy,field to support your natural ability to heal.It,is safe for all ages and works in harmony with,standard medical care.,Healing Touch is used in a wide variety of settings including hospitals,long term care facilities,private practices,hospices,(,临终关怀医院,),and,spas,(,疗养院,).,Janet Mentgen,RN,founded Healing Touch in 1989 as a continuing education program for nurses,other health care professionals,and lay persons.Today Healing Touch has spread internationally and is taught in universities,medical and nursing schools,and other settings internationally.,Reducing stress,Calming anxiety,depression,Decreasing pain,Strengthening the immune system,Enhancing recovery from surgery,Completing care for neck and back problems,Supporting cancer care,Creating a sense of well-being,Easing acute and chronic conditions,Some of the benefits of healing touch,Part V A short history(para.12-13)Part VI Scientific evidence(para.14-15),Questions,:,1.Why does scientific research generally not focus on holistic medicine itself as a cure for cancer or any other disease?(Para.14),2.According to health professionals,what does a persons health depend on?(Para.15),Health living and being in harmony with nature,History,in ancient time,Socrates promotedPlato advocatedHippocrates emphasized,in 1926,Jan Christian Smuts coined the term,An approach to life and health which brings together the physical,metal,and spiritual aspects of a person in order to create a total sense of well being.,HOLISM,一种生活和健康的方式，它将一个人的身体、心理和精神方面视为一体，创造一个整体的幸福感。,Difficult Points,cost-effective,(para.14),-adj.,economical in terms of the goods or,services received for the money spent.,成本效益高的,经济的,上算的,划得来的,clergy,(para.15),-,n.,clergymen,the body of people ordained for,religious service.,牧师,;,教士,Part VII Possible problems or complications (para.16)Question:,In your opinion,what limitation does holistic medicine have?,Other Terms Associated with Holistic Medicine,Naturopathy,物理疗法,Homeopathy(homoeopathy),顺势疗法,Allopathy,对抗疗法,Naturopathic medicine,(also known as,naturopathy,or,natural medicine,)is a complementary and alterna