《新编英语语法》Lecture.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,精选2021版课件,*,Lecture 8&9,Pronouns,1,精选2021版课件,Pronouns are closed-class words with nominal function.English has a developed pronoun system,comprising,personal pronouns,(人称代词),possessive pronouns,(物主代词),reflexive pronouns,(反身代词),reciprocal pronouns,(相互代词),demonstrative pronouns,(指示代词),interrogative pronouns,(疑问代词),relative pronouns,(关系代词),and,indefinite pronouns,(不定代词).The present lecture will deal with the concord of pronouns(and corresponding determiners)with their antecedents in number,gender and person.,2,精选2021版课件,Ex.8A,Select an appropriate item from the two given in brackets(both may be acceptable):,The cast is giving,(its,their),best performance tonight.,Somebody left,(his,their),raincoat on this rack;,(he,they),will have to come to get it.,Most mystery stories dont end the way you expect,(it,them),to.,Hawaii is also known for the many beautiful islands,(it has,they have).,Because the United States uses more oil than,(it,they),can produce,(it has to,they have to),import great quantities from other countries.,3,精选2021版课件,6.The committee will insist on,(its,their),rights.,The committee wishes to reconsider,(its,their),decision.,If anybody calls,tell,(him,them),Im out.,9.Everyone thinks,(he is,they are),the center of the universe.,10.We have received your estimate for the alterations you propose but have decided that,(it,they),would be too high.,4,精选2021版课件,11.Something strange happened,didnt,(it,they)?,12.Every passenger has to carry,(his,their),own luggage.,13.Everything is ready,(isnt it,arent they)?,14.Wells is one of the editors who always,(takes,take),a leading role in,(his,their),community.,15.One the Boy Scout hike everybody was told by the scoutmaster to bring,(his,their),own drinking water.,5,精选2021版课件,16.Neither of the women,(has,have),brought,(her,their),certificate.,17.Neither the members of the cabinet nor the President will reveal,(his,their),plans.,18.Either John or James,who are twins,(has,have),left,(his,their),sweater.,19.No manager should do for his staff what,(he,they),could do for,(himself,themselves).,20.Dictatorship is the one of many evils which,(tends,tend),to perpetuate,(itself,themselves).,6,精选2021版课件,8.2 Pronoun concord in gender,Gender,is a grammatical category.Unlike some European language such as German,French and Russian that have a complicated gender system,the English language is not marked with any gender distinctions except for some pronouns.These gender distinctions are largely restricted to,the third person singular of personal,possessive,and,reflexive pronouns,and corresponding determiners.,English nouns have four genders:the,masculine,feminine,neuter,and,common gender,.,7,精选2021版课件,Ex.8B,Choose between HE(HIM,HIS,HIMSELF),SHE(HER,HERSELF,HERS)and IT(ITS,ITSELF)to fill in the blanks and supply two alternatives wherever possible:,1.After _ weighed anchor,the ship slipped out of the harbour.,2.A tall figure was moving stealthily about the room._ was the burglar.,3.Getting out of the car,he said to the man in overalls:“Fill _ up,please.”,4.Francine was so kind to me that I shall never forget _.,5.One must not lose _ temper when _ is being criticized for _ conduct.,she/it,It,it/her,her,his/ones,he/one,his/ones,8,精选2021版课件,6.Once upon a time there was a wolf in sheeps clothing,hiding _ among a flock of sheep.,7.The moon glittered as _ rolled through the deep vault of a cloudless sky.,8.France has made it plain that _ will reject the project.,9.A politician may try to be completely honest,but _ always finds _ has to compromise.,10.As soon as the plane had hopped off,_ picked up speed.,himself,she,it/she,he(or she),he(or she),it/she,9,精选2021版课件,11.The workers put shoulders to the boat and had _ launched.,12.The average homeowner has to spend _ free moments struggling to keep _ private castle from decaying until it is offensive to _ neighbours.,13.When bathing a baby,always hold _ securely.,14.That fox had got away four time this year,but well get _ before _ is much older.,15.Mexico is a country in North America._ has an area of 760,373 square miles with a population of 81,140.920.(1990),it/her,his(or her),his(or her),his(or her),it/him(or her),it/him,it/he,It,10,精选2021版课件,16.Mrs.Lewis passes everyone in her class whether _ has good grades or not.,17.My baby has got _ first tooth.,18.At first the earth was large and shone in the heavens filling a great part of them,but every moment _ grew smaller and more distant.,19.If a student needs advice about careers,_ should consult the career officers.,20.When a person casts a ballot,_ has to consider very carefully who _ should vote for.,he(or she),his(or her),it/she,he(or she),he(or she),he(or she),11,精选2021版课件,8.3 Pronoun concord in person,Person,is a grammatical category.In English,personal,possessive,and reflexive pronouns and corresponding determiners have three special forms that tell of reference to the speaker(,first person,),to the one spoken to(,second person,),and to the human being or thing spoken about(,third person,).These three persons have their singular and plural forms and case distinctions:the,subjective,and the,objective case,.,By pronoun concord in person,we mean two things:first,a pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person,on the sentential level,;secondly,in a broader context,that is,in texts or connected discourses,the speaker or writer must keep a consistent person in the use of pronouns.,12,精选2021版课件,On sentential level,*When,one,goes to see her,you,should plan on spending the whole day there because she always has to bake something for,you,to eat.,When,you,go to see her,you,should plan,When,one,goes to see her,he/one,should plan on spending the whole day there because she always has to bake something for,him,to eat.,13,精选2021版课件,On textual level,We,are all born into this world as equals,but for various reasons,not all,people,are treated as equals.This inequality begins when,you,reach the age of five,for that is when,you,will enter elementary school.In school,the child,is no longer“Mommys darling.”,You,now have to prove,yourself,to the other children and also,your,teacher.If,one,seems different from the other,students,they,are treated differently,and these differences could be anything:pants,shoes,speech,religion,and so forth.,It,really doesnt matter.Yet right from the start,you,think that as long as,you,are different,there is something wrong with,you,.,of us,we,we,We,we,we,we,we,us,ourselves,we,our,They,children,14,精选2021版课件,9.1 Choice of pronoun case forms,Subjective Case,I,we,you,he,she,it,they,who,Objective Case,me,us,you,him,her,it,them,whom,Genitive Case,Determinative genitive pronouns,my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their,Nominal genitive pronouns,mine,yours,his,hers,ours,yours,theirs,its,15,精选2021版课件,Ex.9A,Just between you and,(I,me),that man is crazy.,The petition was drafted by Nelson,Wright,Mansfield,and,(I,me).,I was,(she,her),who finally spoke up.,Everybody,including,(I,me),failed the test.,Mark was very hurt and began spreading many lies about,Troy,and,(she,her).,16,精选2021版课件,6.No one will be responsible for it,neither you nor,(she,her).,7.To,(who,whom),should I address this letter.,8.The child,(who,whom),we thought as lost was found in the next block.,9.Stanley had no doubt about,(who,whom),would be elected minister of defense.,10.He promised to support,(whoever,whomever),of the Republican prospects was chosen.,17,精选2021版课件,11.I found,(his,him),lying by the roadside.,12.The bush is dying;,(its,its),leaves are covered with mildew.,13.I wouldnt trust,(anyones else,anyone elses),judgement.,14.I cannot understand,(him,his),refusing to do that for me.,15.The youth,(who,whom),they said was the most advanced in the group did prove to be the leader,.,18,精选2021版课件,16.They will arrest,(whoever,whomever),is the organizer of the riot.,17.I dont mind,(him,his),criticizing me so severely.,18.The family resisted the idea of,(she,her),leaving home.,19.The woman,(who,whom),we thought to be,(she,her),turned out to be her sister.,20.It is difficult to predict,(who,whom),the electorate will vote for.,19,精选2021版课件,9.3 Pronoun Reference,Anaphoric Reference,Bob told Lucy that Ruth was leaving,but,she,didnt believe,him,.,Cataphoric,Reference,When,he,was at college,Alex was a great friend of mine.,It,should never have happened.She went out and left the baby unattended.,Situational Reference,(Pointing to Rudy who is rushing to the goal)Look,he,is approaching the goal.,20,精选2021版课件,2)Personal Reference,Personal reference is generally anaphoric,and it may occur within the sentence boundary or across sentences.It can also be cataphoric,but under limited conditions.,Generally speaking,cataphoric personal pronouns usually occur in,subordinate constructions,and where cataphoric reference occurs,anaphoric reference can be used instead,but not conversely.,After,she,weighed anchor,the ship sailed out of the harbour.,=After the ship weighed anchor,she,sailed,Mary bought a new dress,but,she,didnt like it.,She,bought a new dress,but Mary didnt like it.,21,精选2021版课件,3)Demonstrative Reference,Demonstrative reference is established by demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative determiners.They can be freely used in,anaphoric reference,e.g.:,The platforms extend to the depth of 100 feet under the sea.,These,alone took 16 months to build.,Im going to buy the house.,That,will cost me a lot of money.,Necessity is the mother of invention.,This/That,is remarkably true.,Boxing matches were very popular in England 200 years ago.In,those,years,boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.,22,精选2021版课件,This,and,these,can be used,cataphorically,to refer to a clause or sentence or a group of sentences that follow,e.g.:,Listen to,this,.There should be no error,no delay,and no waste.,This,is what I mean:You should have changed,not deleted,that paragraph.,These,are some of the things that must be done:New hospitals must be built.More parking space must be provided.The airports must be expanded.New schools must be built.Public transportation must be improved.,These,language options are open to our students:Spanish,French and German.,23,精选2021版课件,That,and,those,are rarely used cataphorically.When occasionally so used,that,and,those,often take on sarcastic meanings,e.g.:,I like,that,!He damaged my car and then blamed me for letting him use it.,How do you like,that,?He stabs you in the back and then professes to be your friend.,24,精选2021版课件,