《MBA语法点》.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,精选课件ppt,*,语法概要,1,精选课件ppt,英语句子：,按,用途,分：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。,按,结构,分：简单句、并列句、复合句(主从句)。,简单句,5,种：1.主+谓。,2.主+系+表。,3.主+谓+宾。,4.主+谓+双宾。,5.主+谓+宾+宾补。,双宾和宾补的判断方法：,I gave,her a Teddy Bear,.,We elected,John monitor,.,2,精选课件ppt,句子成分(,9,种)：,主、谓、表、宾、定、状、补、同位语、独立,成分。,基本成分,：主、谓、表、宾、补。,附属成分,：定、状、同位语、独立成分。,3,精选课件ppt,复合句(主从句)中的,从句,共分,3,大类：,名从(,4,种)、形从(定从)、副从(状从)。,名从：主从、表从、宾从、同位语从。,4,精选课件ppt,主语从句(谓语用,单数,)：,引导词：,连词,that/whether(不,作成分，但,不可省，whether不能换作if,)。,连接代词,：what,who,whom,whose,which以及 whatever,whoever,whomever,whosever,whichever.(,均不可,省,),连接副词,：when,where,why,how以及,whenever,wherever,however.(,均不可,省,),如果以上从句过长，则用it替代，作形式主语。,5,精选课件ppt,it,作形式主语的从句常见类型：,1).,It is+过去分词+that,It is known that,It is believed that,It is said that,It is expected that,It is reported that,It is alleged that,It is rumored that,It is estimated that,6,精选课件ppt,2).,It is+形容词+that,It is easy that,It is difficult that,It is certain that,It is possible that,It is likely that,It is important that,It is obvious that,7,精选课件ppt,3).,It+不及物动词+that,It seems that,It appears that,It happens that,It turns out that,It occurs to sb that,8,精选课件ppt,4).,It is+名词(短语)+that,It is a shame that,It is a pity that,It is an honor that,It is common knowledge that,It is no wonder that,It is no accident that,It is no rarity that,9,精选课件ppt,whether,与,if,的用法区别：,whether:(1).无论，不管,引导,让步状,；,(2).是否引导,名词从,。,if:(1).是否引导,宾从,；,(2).如果引导,条件从,。,因此，if一般只用于引导宾从，而whether可,用于包括宾从在内的其它名词从。,另外，(1).if or not?ifor not?,(2).We havent settled the question of,if/whether?,he will be fired.,10,精选课件ppt,同位语从句：,引导词：,that,whether,who,which,where,when等。,抽象名词在前,表具体解释内容的从句在后。,接同位语从句的名词：,report,fact,idea,suggestion,evidence,conclusion,statement,knowledge,discovery等有内涵的名词,如building则不,行。,11,精选课件ppt,同位语从句与定语从句区别：,1.前者是名词性质，后者是形容词性质；,2.前者的that不作成分，但不可省，后者的,that作成分，常省；,同位语从句：引导词that,whether,who,which,where,when等；抽象名词在前,表具,体解释内容的从句在后。,句子后有逗号/冒号/破折号，且这些符号后是,名词/动名词，则这些名词/动名词作同位语。,12,精选课件ppt,定语从句：,修饰限定名词或代词的从句，因此功能上定语,从句相当于形容词，也称为形容词从句；引导,词有三大功能：1、引导定语从句；2、指代被,修饰的词(即先行词)；3、在从句中作成分。,引导词：,关系代词：,that,who/whom,which,whose.,关系副词：,when,where,why.,13,精选课件ppt,限定性与非限定性定从：,The people,who get on in this world,are the,people,who make every effort to fulfill their,goal,.,（限定性，决定先行词的性质，无逗号间隔）,“I struck gold,”said Roland,who emailed his,resume to the employer and won a position,.,（非限定性，对先行词的补充说明，不决定先行词的,性质，有逗号间隔）,14,精选课件ppt,a).Ill never forget the time _,we first met in the park.,(which/when),b).Ill never forget the time _ I,spent on campus.,(which/when),15,精选课件ppt,a).The reason _ he gave for his,being late was unacceptable.,(that/why),b).The shop _ I told you about,before has closed down.,(that/where),16,精选课件ppt,whose引导的定从中，若whose指物时，可用,of which来替代，此时语序为：,限定词+名词+of+which 或of+which+限定,词+名词。,I had a meeting,whose purpose,was,completely unclear.,I had a meeting,the purpose of,which/of which the purpose,was,completely unclear.,17,精选课件ppt,1.When one opens an account,at a bank,he is lending the bank,money,repayment of which,he,may demand at any time.,2.This echo-location in bats is,often compared with radar,the,principle of which,is similar.,18,精选课件ppt,在下列情况中最好用that:,1).先行词为指物的all,little,few,much,none,the first。,2).先行词为不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything。,3).先行词被any,every,no,only,all,some,much,few,little,序数词，最高级，the only,the one,the very,the right,the last修饰时。,19,精选课件ppt,as引导限定性定语从句时，只是用在一些固定,结构中，即只用在,such、the same、as、so,的后面。,He will repeat,such,points,as,are,discussed in the book.,He is not,the same,playboy,as,we knew.,20,精选课件ppt,as和which引导的非限定定语从句的区别：,1.which不能在句首；,2.which的先行词可以是单个名词,而as的先行,词一般应是句子或短语；,3.如果主句和从句意思相顺时，用as；如果从,句和主句相悖或对主句削弱时，用which。例：,1).The young man cheated his friend of,much money,which,was disgraceful.,2).She has married again,as,was expected.,3).She has married again,which,was,unexpected.,21,精选课件ppt,介词+关系代词,引导的定语从句:,定语从句之前加介词，一般出于以下三种情况：,1.依照先行词的要求。例：,The age,at which,young people are,allowed to drive any vehicle should be,raised to at least 21.,2.由于从句中某个词的要求，通常是动词和形,容词。,It is a theory,to which,many economists,subscribe,.,22,精选课件ppt,3.一些固定的介词短语在定语从句中的使用，如：,with ones help/with whose help;in ones,honor/in whose honor;in this(that)case/in,which case,等。例：,We extend our warm welcome to the visiting,delegation,in whose honor,a grand banquet,was given.,23,精选课件ppt,状语从句（时状、地状、条件状、目的状、方式状、,结果状、让步状、原因状、比较状）,1.时状特殊引导词：,the moment,the minute,the instant,directly,immediately,instantly.,hardly/scarcelywhen；,no soonerthan,；（若描述过去状况，前半部,分多用过去完成时，后半部分一般过去时）,例：Hardly,had he assumed,the leadership role,when,he began to,put on airs.,24,精选课件ppt,2.条件状特殊引导词：,provided/providing;,suppose/supposing；,as(so)long as.,3.目的状引导词：,so that,in order that,so as to,in order,to,in the hope that,on purpose that,for the purpose that,lest,in case,for,fear that.,25,精选课件ppt,4.方式状引导词：,as；as though/as if；the way；,5.结果状特殊引导词：,so that,to the degree/extent that；to,such a degree/extent that；,6.原因状引导词：,Because,as,since,for,in that,now that,given(that),seeing that.,26,精选课件ppt,so that引导结果状从和目的状从的区别：,前者中通常so that前有逗号，与主句分开，后,者通常没有逗号。,He turned the radio up,so that,everyone,heard the news.,He turned the radio up,so that,everyone,might,hear the news.,27,精选课件ppt,(1).as,for引导的主、从句，二者处于平等位置。,(2).because引导的从句一般比主句重要，强调原因。,(3).since引导的从句一般次要，主句重要，以说明,将要做什么。,It rained last night,for,the ground is wet,this morning.,Because,it rained last night,the ground,is wet this morning.,Since,everyone is here,lets get started.,28,精选课件ppt,7.让步状特殊引导词：,while；althoughyet/still；,adj/adv/Ved/n(不加冠词)+as+主+谓；,V+as+主+助动词(may,might,can,could,will),例：,Poor,as he is,he is very generous.,Much,as I respect him,I cannot agree,with him.,Praised,as he was,he was modest.,Child,as he is,he knows common sense.,Try,as you will,you wont manage it.,29,精选课件ppt,whatever,whoever,whichever既可作关系,代词引导定从，也可作连词引导让步状从,区别,是：,Take,whatever,you want.,whatever=anything that.,We have decided to do so,whatever,happens.,whatever=no matter what.,30,精选课件ppt,试比较：,Whoever may trouble you,I will help,you to the last.,Whoever has finished the test may go,out.,31,精选课件ppt,8.比较状语从句：,(1).,倍数比较：,A is N times 形比 than B.,A is N+1 times as 形 as B.,A is N+1 times the n of B.,(2),The more.,the more.结构,(3).,not A so much as B,not so much A as B,not so much A but B,32,精选课件ppt,(If),the more,you know,the more,you know you dont know.,(If)the longer,we stay together,the more,passionately attached,we are to each other.,(If),no pains,no gains.,(If),no money,no honey.,(If),no representation,no taxation.,33,精选课件ppt,(4).,A is no morethan B,neither,nor,A is not morethan B,lessthan,A is no lessthan B,bothand,A is not lessthan B,morethan,no more than only,just,not more than at most,no less than as much as,not less than at least,34,精选课件ppt,1.She is,no more,pleased,than,I.,2.She is,not more,pleased,than,I.,3.,What he did was,no less than,a,miracle.,4.He is,no more than,10.,5.He is,no less than,10.,35,精选课件ppt,非谓语结构：V-ing,V-ed,to do.,语法功能:,V-ing:定，表，状，补。,V-ed：定，表，状，补。,to do：主，宾，定，状，补，,独立成分,。,独立成分：to be honest,to begin with.等.,问题：,Sb+is+adj+to do的 to do 做什么成分？,It+is+adj+to do的 to do 作什么成分？,36,精选课件ppt,不带to的不定式：,1.感官动词之后：see,hear,watch,notice,find等。,2.使役动词之后：let,make,have等。,注意：若以上结构转为被动语态，则必须加to。,Her innocence,made me feel,guilty.,变为：I was made _guilty by her,innocence.,3.一些固定搭配：,make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let,slip,let fly,let go of,leave go of，等。,37,精选课件ppt,4.在下列句型中：,1).had better,2).would rather/would sooner/would just,as soon,3).might as well,4).cannot but/cannot choose but,5).cannot help but,38,精选课件ppt,The only thing,to do was ask them,to come half an hour later than the,other guests.,For years,doctors have advised,their patients,the only thing,taking multivitamins does is give,them expensive urine.,39,精选课件ppt,现在分词与动名词的区别,：,现在分词:,定，表,，状，补。,动名词:主，宾，,表，定,。,两者作表语的区别：,现在分词作表语多表示主语的,特征,；而动名词,作表语多表示主语的,内容,。,These results are most,satisfying,.,Her hobby is,collecting,stamps.,40,精选课件ppt,两者作定语的区别：,现在分词作定语表被修饰名词的行为状,态，一般可改为定语从句；动名词作定语表被,修饰名词的用途，一般不可改为定语从句。,a,sleeping,car/a,sleeping,child,a,reading,room/a,reading,girl,41,精选课件ppt,后接动名词的动词：,admit,advise,anticipate,appreciate,authorize,avoid,consider,contemplate,delay,deny,detest,discuss,dislike,encourage,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,fancy,feel like,finish,forbid,forgive,give up,cant help,imagine,involve,mention,mind,miss,overlook,permit,postpone,practice,prohibit,put off,recommend,resent,risk,cant stand,suggest,tolerate,understand,等。,42,精选课件ppt,注意：,allow doing,allow sb to do.,advise doing advise sb to do.,forbid doing forbid sb to do.,encourage doing encourage sb to do.,authorize doing authorize sb to do.,43,精选课件ppt,remember/forget/regret/stop+doing，,其中的doing表先于这些动词之前发生的事。,remember/forget/regret/stop+to do，,其中的doing表这些动词之后发生的事。,比较：,He,forgot to pay,me back.,He,forgot paying,me back.,I,regret letting slip,that opportunity.,We,regret to inform,you that we cannot,offer you employment.,44,精选课件ppt,to doing:,look forward,to doing,object,to,doing,be/get used,to doing,prefer,doing,to doing,in addition,to doing,be accustomed,to do/doing,amount,to doing,take,to doing,devoteto,doing,get round,to doing,.,45,精选课件ppt,have difficulty/trouble/problem/,(great)fun/(great)pleasure/a hard,time/a good time(in)doing.,cant help doing,cant resist doing,cant keep from doing,cant refrain,from doing,cant hold back from,doing,cant keep back from doing.,注意：,cant help but do,cant but do,cant choose but do.,46,精选课件ppt,be worth doing,be worthy of being,done/to be done.,be busy doing,be busy with sth.,remind sb of sth,remind sb to do sth.,47,精选课件ppt,虚拟语气：,1.用在宾语从句中。,2.用在主语从句中。,3.用在状语从句中。,48,精选课件ppt,用于状从中（多见于if从句）：,1.与现在相反：,从句：if+主语+,did/were,主句：主语,+would(could,should,might)+do,。,2.与过去相反：,从句：if+主语+,had done/had been,主句：主语,+would(could,should,might)+have,done(been),。,3.与将来相反：,从句：if+主语+,were to(should)+do,主句：主语,+would(could,should,might)+do,。,49,精选课件ppt,倒装虚拟语气：,If he had not been promoted,he would,never have remained with the company.,.,If I could win the lottery,I would buy a,car.,If you,were to/should,change your mind,no one would blame you.,.,If I were you,和,If I had money,能否倒,装？,50,精选课件ppt,特殊状语从句：,1.if only,句中。,2.as if/as though,从句中。,3.lest,in case,for fear that,51,精选课件ppt,用于主从中：,It is,necessary/important/crucial/,critical,that sb/sth+(should)do,52,精选课件ppt,用于宾从中：,1.表,命令、建议和要求,的虚拟语气以下动词,一般要接虚拟语气,即V+sb(should)do.,advise,agree,demand,insist,command,decide,ensure,order,instruct,propose,recommend,require,request,suggest,urge等。,2.,wish,引导的宾从中。,53,精选课件ppt,did/were(与现在、将来,相反),wish(ed)had done(与过去相反),would/could do(与将来,相反),54,精选课件ppt,The scenery,is,marvelous,I,wish,I,had,a camera.(现在),The scenery,was,marvelous,I,wished,I,had had,a camera.(过去),I wish I,could buy,a BMW at my,30,th,birthday party.(将来),55,精选课件ppt,特殊结构：,It is(about/high)time sb/sth,did,sth.,would rather(would as soon,would,sooner)sb,did,sth.,56,精选课件ppt,Its high time that such practices,_.,a.are ended b.be ended,c.were ended d.must be ended,If I were in a movie,then it would be,about time that I_my head in my,hands for a cry.,A.bury B.am burying,C.buried D.would bury,57,精选课件ppt,The manager would rather his,daughter _ in the same office.,a.had not worked b.not to work,c.doesnt work d.didnt work,58,精选课件ppt,1.全部倒装,1).方向副词/地点副词/时间副词/介词词组在句首。,如：away/in,out,here,there/now,then/into the,under the+运动性/存在性Vi+名词主语.,2).表系主倒装。,2.部分倒装,1).否定副词(词组),2).only+状语,3).程度状语在句首。,如：never/only by the way/so+助动词(V,1,)+名词主语,(S)+谓语动词(V,2,),4).比较状语从句的倒装。,5).虚拟条件从句的倒装。,6).引言在前的倒装。,59,精选课件ppt,Then came,the order to abandon,ship.,Now is,the time when they say,goodbye.,More important than your personal,statement is,your GPA.,60,精选课件ppt,常见的否定副词(词组)：,1.not,never,seldom,little,hardly,scarcely,nowhere.,2.not until,by no means,not in the least,on no account,in no way,in no case,under no circumstances,under no,condition,no soonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen,not onlybut(also).,61,精选课件ppt,比较状语从句的倒装：,She speaks French much better,than do,most of her classmates.,引言在前的倒装：,“I will repair the car by myself,”,said,Tom.,62,精选课件ppt,Nowhere,in the world,can you,find a man,who loves you so much!,In the winter,far beneath the bitter snow,lies the seed,that with the suns love in,the spring,becomes the rose.,When Greek meets Greek,then comes,the tug of war,.,In the first category,are considerations,for the weak and respect for age.,63,精选课件ppt,如果否定词不是修饰整个句子，而只是限定主,语，则句子不倒装：,Hardly anyone can positively enjoy,sitting in a train for more than a few,hours.,64,精选课件ppt,4.,There,comes a time in every persons life,when he realizes that he is responsible for his,own happiness,not other people.,5.,Only in recent years,have people begun,to realize that wild dogs,kept within bounds,often do more good than harm.,65,精选课件ppt,1.,as引导的让步状语从句的倒装：,adj/adv/Ved/n(不加冠词)+as+主+谓；,V+as+主+助动词:,例：,Poor,as he is,he is very generous.,Much,as I respect him,I cannot agree,with him.,Praised,as he was,he was modest.,Child,as he is,he knows common sense.,Try,as you will,you wont manage it.,66,精选课件ppt,2.,be的倒装句复原后是whetheror引导的让步状语从句,例:,All substances,be they,gaseous,liquid,or,solid,are made up of atoms.,All substances,whether they may be,gaseous,liquid,or,solid,are made up of,atoms.,67,精选课件ppt,Be they common people or high-ranking,officials,they stand equal before law.,To love a person,be he nice-looking or,not,is the true meaning of love.,Americans aim high,so when a problem,occurs,be it social or economic,schools,are often the convenient scapegoat for,all of Americas problems.(TIME),68,精选课件ppt,比较状语从句的倒装：,As,you treat me,so will I,treat you.Just,as,first impressions are memorable,so,are,last impressions.During college,service participants exhibit greater,increases in social self-confidence and,leadership ability than,do non-,participants.,69,精选课件ppt,结果状语从句的倒装：,So,great is our passion,for doing things,for ourselves,that,we are becoming,increasingly less dependent on,specialized labour.,So affectionate,a nurse was Miss Sharp,that,Miss Crawley would take her,medicine from no other hand,to the,great annoyance of the ladys maid.,(Vanity Fair),70,精选课件ppt,分裂结构,(6种)：,1.名饰分裂,2.动宾分裂,3.主谓分裂,4.连主分裂,5.搭配分裂,6.插入语导致的分裂,71,精选课件ppt,1.名饰分裂,2).When,reports,came into London Zoo,that a wild puma had been spotted 45,miles south of London,they were not,taken seriously.,2.动宾分裂,I,impressed,upon him,the importance of,the task,.,72,精选课件ppt,3.连主分裂,They marched into the city state,and,after burning down a few farms,offered to go away if protection,money was paid to them,.,73,精选课件ppt,4.,主谓分裂,Each day is a holiday,and ordinary,holidays,when they come,are,grudged as enforced interruptions in,an absorbing vacation.,5.搭配分裂,6.插入语导致的分裂,Why,you may wonder,should,spiders be our friends?,74,精选课件ppt,1.except:(不用在句首)，表同类排除。,2.a).,主句(整体描述)+except for/that(局部补充),The essay is well written except for some misspellings.(except that there are some misspellings),My roommate is a good guy except for his sloth.,Highway programs,except for interstate routes,would be slashed.,b).except for(=but for):若不是，由于,She would have left her husband years ago except for the children.,75,精选课件ppt,状语从句的省略:,1.时间状语从句:,Be sure not to lose confidence,when,confronted with difficulties,.,Information will be available,when,n