非谓语动词用法精讲.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,二级,三级,四级,五级,*,非谓语动词用法精讲,非谓语动词使用条件,一个句子,当中，,已经存在一个,主句,（谓语动词）,又没有连词,的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。,She got off the bus,leaving,her handbag on her seat.,She got off the bus,but,left,her handbag on her seat.,非谓语动词的句法功能,语法特征：在句子中充当谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词叫非谓语动词，包括不定式、动名词、分词（现在分词和过去分词），他们没有人称和数的变化，但保留动词的某些特征：有时态和语态的变化，有否定式，可以带宾语、状语和补语；又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等成分。,1、不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。,2、动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。,3、分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分,4、语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词的语态。,非谓语动词的形式变化,非,谓语动词,不定式,infinitive,动名词,gerund,分词,participle,可充当成分:主语,宾语,宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语.,一、不定式,不定式的构成是指不定式符号to 加上动词原形，表示具体的意义，指一次性行为、动作。不定式短语是指不定式和它的宾语或状语构成的词组。,不定式各种形式的时间含义：一般式表示动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后；完成式在谓语之前；进行式强调在谓语动词的同时；被动式是指主语是被动关系，表示被动的动作。,1.不定式作主语,To lose your heart,means failure.,It took me only five minutes,to finish the job,.,To do two things,at a time is to do neither,如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for 引起的短语。,It is easy for the students to read.,It will be a mistake for us to help you.,It is+形容词+for/of sb+不定式结构,在It is+形容词+of sb+不定式结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如,kind,silly,good,unwise,clever,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,rude,impolite,bold,thoughtful,honest,bad,sensible,naughty,等。在,“It is+,形容词,+for sb+,不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如,important,possible,impossible,necessary,difficult,hard,reasonable,等。,比较,It is good,of you to help,me with my English.你真好，帮助我学英语。(强调you的特征=You are good to help me.)It is good,for you to give up,smoking.戒烟对你有好处。(强调的是give up smoking这一行为=For you to give up smoking is good.),2.不定式作宾语,有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语:,afford,promise,refuse,expect,hope,learn,offer,wish,want,fail,plan,agree,forget,like,prefer,decide,manage,arrange,desire,try,determine、,一般情况下不定式都要to，help可要可不要；不定式有它自己的补语，要用it 作形式宾语。You neednt bother,to come,yourself.They are considering,what to do,next.Some who were famous in their own times would find,it,difficult,to achieve success,today.,.I dont want _ like I m speaking ill of anybody,but the manager s plan is unfair.,to sound,B.to be sounded,C.sounding D.to have sounded,.I think youll grow _ him when you know him better.,AlikingBto be like,Cto like,Dto be liking,.I dont know whether you happen,but I m going to study in the U.S.A.this September.Ato be heard Bto be hearing,Cto hear,Dto have heard,3.不定式作表语,What she wants to do most now is,(,to)travel abroad,.,The most important thing is,to take measures to prevent the pollution,.,主语的内容或性质,Cf.,He is,to marry Rose,.,表按计划要做的事情.,不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词、代词之后，与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。,4.不定式作定语,1 主谓关系,The future to greet us will be bright.,我们的未来会十分美好的。,The next train to arrive was from New York.,下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。,在“某人是第位做某事的人”固定结构中，,不定式与被修饰的词间是主谓关系，表示动作已完成。,Edison was the first man to invent electric light.He was the first man to arrive and the last to leave.,2 动宾关系On Sundays,he always has a lot of letters,to write,.星期天，他总是有许多信要写。He can find no one,to make friends with,.他找不到可交朋友的人。,3 同位关系某些抽象名词后面用不定式说明某种情况，陈述某种事实，如：chance机会、opportunity机会、way方式/方法、time时间、right权利、need必要、moment片刻等。We students should have the courage,to face any difficulty.,He has no chance,to explain it to you.,4 修饰关系Now it is time to begin our class.现在是上课的时间了。,注意：,、不定式作定语要考虑与主语的关系，主语是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式要用主动式；反之用被动式。He has many things to do.He wants his bike to be repaired right now.,、there be句型中用主动表示说话人的行为，被动表示说话人要别人做某事。There must be something to fear.,to be feared.,点津坊,由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，表示动作尚未发生或有可能发生，只用一般式。因此，如果该不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词，这种不定式也叫反射不定式，即不定式介词结构，介词一般不可省去，如：,I need a pen,to write with,Give me some paper,to write on,.,There are some thing,to be grateful for.,She has a child,to take care of,.,There is nothing,to worry about,.He has no friend,to depend on.,他没有可依靠的朋友。Ive got a lot of things,to see to this morning,.今天上午我有许多事情要处理。,I need a pen,to write with,.,Charles Lindbergh is the first man,to fly the Atlantic alone,.,The meeting,to be held,tomorrow is very important.,Eg.I send you 100 dollars today,the rest _,in a year.,follows B.followed,C.to follow,D.being followed,Change the following into infinitives.,He was the first person that came to the classroom this morning.,Here are some books that you can read,He was the first person,to come to the classroom this morning.,The only thing that I want to get is the diamond necklace.,The only thing,for me to get,is the diamond necklace.,Everything that is done needs praising.,Everything,to be done,needs praising.,Here are some books,for you to read,5.不定式作宾语补足语,A.感官动词,：,see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、look at、feel.这时不定式不带to，并表示动作已经完成。,Eg.,We often hear,her,sing the song at home,.,I saw,a child,fall down from the tree.,B.致使、允许类动词：,let、make、get、have、help、want、wish、allow、permit、forbid、advise、force、consider、expect、tell,Eg.I could not make them,understand me.,You cant allow him,to do that.,My advisor encouraged_ a summer course to improve my writing skills.,A.for me taking B.me taking,C.for me to take,D.me to take,C.think、consider、suppose、feel、believe、imagine、prove、find,等动词的宾语后面可带,to be,结构，也可省略,to be。,Eg.We think/consider him(to be)a wise leader.,D.call on、ask for、wait for、depend on、prepare for,等成语动词后面带to的不定式作宾补。,Eg.We are waiting for the rain to stop.,6、不定式作状语,不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。,A.表示目的,Im saving up,to buy a computer,.我在存钱买电脑。,点津坊,有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order to do,和so as to do结构(so as to do不可以置于句首)，否定的只能用in order not to do,和so as not to do。,He shouted and waved,in order to,be noticed.为了引起注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。I ll write down his telephone number,so as not to,forget it.我要把他的电话号码记下来，以防忘记。,Tim sat near the fire,to get warm.,The athletes practised hard,to win the match.,相当于用in order(not)to，so as(not)to引导的目的状语.,.Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music.,A.making herself hear B.to make herself hear C.making herself heard,D.to make herself heard,.All these gifts must be mailed immediately in time for Christmas.,Ain order to have received,Bin order to receive,Cso as to be received,Dso as to be receiving,._ more about university courses,call(920)746-3789.,ATo find out,BFinding out,CFind out DHaving found out,.It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside,the,gym for three hours just _ a look at the sports stars A.had B.having,C.to have,D.have,B.表示结果,多用于固定句型搭配中，也可以表示出乎意料，意想不到的结果。,He got to the station only,to find the train had gone,.他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。,必背,：,不定式表示结果常见于下列句型,1)so.as to do （如此而能够）,Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?把你的自行车借给我好吗？,2)such.as to do（如此而能够）,We are not such fools as to believe him.我们还没蠢到会相信他的地步,3)enough to do（足够地而能够,）,He didnt run fast enough to catch the train.,他跑得不够快，没赶上火车。,4)only to do（表示与原来的目的或愿望相反的结果）,He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.,他搬起石头砸自己的脚。,5)too.to do（太而不能够）,His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.他的视力太差了，看不清这么小的字。,注：too之前如果有only,not,never,all,but,此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意，only too 表“非常”、“很”意。如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit.他们很幸运去国外访问。另外，too后如果是happy,glad,，kind,anxious,easy,delighted,eager,pleased,ready,surprised,willing,之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，,如：She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street,.The news reporters hurried to the airport,only_ the film stars had left.,Ato tell,Bto be told,Ctelling Dtold,.He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left.A.,to find,B.finding,C.found D.to have found,C.表示原因,You were silly not _ your car.,to lock,B.to have locked,C.locking D.having locked,常放在动词后面或用于表示心理感觉的形容词、过去分词后面，不定式的动作先于谓语动词的动作。,I am happy,to see you,.She was sad,to hear the bad news,.,动词不定式与主语是主谓关系，动词不定式的动词可带宾语；如果不定式与主语是动宾关系，不可带宾语。I was very pleased,to see you,yesterday.Relativity theory isnt easy,to understand,.,I am very glad,to see,you,我见到你很高兴,We are sorry,to leave,.,He is sure,to come,.,Volleyball is very interesting,to watch,.,打排球看起来很有意思,This problem is difficult,to solve,.,这个问题难解决,Shes very nice,to talk,to,和她谈话是愉快的,7、不定式的进行式、完成式.,它们与谓语动词的进行式、完成式相似，进行式表示不定式动作与主句动作几乎同时发生；完成式表示不定式动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。常用以下固定结构。,1）由及物动词,be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported,、regret、prove,等固定结构。,He is said,to be translating,a new novel.=Its said,he is translating,a new novel.The novel was said,to have been,published.=It was said,that the novel has been,published.,I regret,to have been,with you for so many years.,2）由不及物动词,seem、appear、happen等,固定结构。,An elephant happened,to be passing by,.=It happened that an elephant was passing by.She seemed/appeared,to have heard of,it.=It seemed/appeared that she had heard of it.,3）由want、mean、hope、plan、intend等动词的一般过去式接不定式完成式表示本打算做，结果未实现。,I wanted/meant,to have telephoned,but I forgot.=I had wanted/meant to telephone,but I forgot,4）would like、was/were to以及情态动词等接不定式完成式表示本打算做，结果未完成。He would like,to have attended,the meeting,but I fell ill.,此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。,Im sorry,to keep,you waiting for a minute.,对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）,Im sorry,to have kept,you waiting.,对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）,.You were silly not _ your car.,to lock,B.to have locked,C.locking D.having locked,.I dont know whether you happen,but Im going to study in the U.S.A.this September.,Ato be heard Bto be hearing,Cto hear,Dto have heard,.-Is Bob still performing?-Im afraid not.He is said_ the stage already as he has become an official.,to have left,B.to leave,C.to have been left D.to be left,8、动词不定式的各种结构,1）否定结构：not+to do（表示较强的否定意义时用never+to do）,I promised,not to wake him up,.You must promise,never to do,that again.,2）连接词+to do：具有名词性质，相当于一个名词性从句，可作,主宾表,成分。,连接代词：,who,whom,which,what。,连接副词：,when,how,where,whether等，但不可用why,if,whose。,S.,What to do next,has not been decided.O.She has forgotten,whom to ask,.I asked him,where to get,this book.He had no idea,of how to do,it.P.The question is,which to buy,.,3）for+N./Pron.+to do结构,动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或谓语的宾语，它有自己的主语，这时用for引出，可作主宾表定状等成分。,It is important,for us to learn English,.（主语）I meant,for you to decide,.（宾语）I consider it necessary,for her to learn English,.That is,for her to decide,.（表语）There is no need,for her to come,.（定语）Its time,for us to go,.She opened the gate,for the car to enter,.（目的）The book is too difficult,for the students to reaad,.（结果）,4）of+N./Pron.+to do 结构,某些表示性格特征以及心理状态和行为的形容词要用此结构，并常用it 作形式主语，如：,kind,nice,clever,silly,foolish,wise,rude,cruel,careful,careless,wrong,polite,impolite,honest,等。,Its wise of you not to go there.Its wrong of him to laugh at the disable people.,5）独立结构或成分,有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，可单独使用，具有插入语的性质，表示说话人的态度和看法。如：,to tell you the truth 说老实话 to begin with 首先 to say nothing of 姑且不说 so to speak 可以这么说 to be exact 精确地说 to be sure 诚然，固然 to do him justice 说句对他公道的话 to make a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说 to be brief 简言之 to conclude 总而言之,To tell you the truth,I dont care for your plan.He is not a bad man,to be sure.,固然，他不是个坏人。They are,so to speak,grown up boys.可以这么说，他们是大孩子了。,To be frank,you are right.坦率地说,你是对的。,He is very honest,to begin with,.首先，他很诚实。,6）分裂结构,在不定式符号to和动词原形之间可插入一个副词，使句意明确，通顺自然，构成分裂不定式，所插入的副词习惯上常与不定式的动词原形连用，故分裂不定式要合乎习惯，不可滥用，如：,He liked,to half close,his eyes,It is too heavy for me,to even lift,.,它很重，我都掀不动它。,I remember,to have plainly refused,his offer.,Im glad,to always see,him work hard.由于总是看见他努力工作，我就高兴。,7）介词+whom/which+to do结构,这种结构常放在名词后面作定语，实际上是不及物动词作宾语的特例。,Mary needs a friend to play with/,with whom to play,.Hes looking for a place to live in/,in which to live,.Im looking for something to clean the carpet with./,with which to clean the carpet,.,9、不带to 的动词不定式,1）大部分助动词和情态动词后面构成复合谓语 We shall see you soon.You can speak English fluently.,2）在固定成语的后面：,在had better,had best,would rather,would rather.than,would sooner,would sooner.than,cannot but,cannot choose but,cannot help but,may/might as well等结构后直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。Youd better,listen to your teachers opinion,.你最好听一听老师的意见。We had best,call for the doctor at once,.我们最好马上就请医生来。,3）在口语中，动词原形come和go后可接不带to的不定式。Go,tell her,.去告诉她吧。Come,have a glass,.来喝一杯。,4）在why引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形表示做某事是愚蠢的或无意义的行为；或“Why not+动词原形”表示用来提出建议或劝告。Why,make so much noise,?Why,not join us,?为什么不加入我们？Why,sit down,if you can lie down?Why,hurry,?Why,not have a rest,?,5）在感官动词,see,watch,notice,observe,look at,feel,hear,listen to,或致使类动词,make,let,have,后做宾补时，可省略to，被动态中要加上to。I will have you,know your position,here.She was seen,to enter,the room.,后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”的一些常用特殊动词:一些动词要掌握，have,let和make,此三动词是使役，“注意”“观察(look at,observe)”“听到(hear,listen to)”see,还有feel和watch，使用它们要仔细后接“宾补”略去“to”，此点千万要牢记,6）在动词help,dare后，to可要可不要。help后无to，表示帮助者直接参与动作。They helped me,carry the boxes,.This kind of soap will help us,to wash the clothes,more easily.,7）在介词,but,except,besides,连词,than,后，如果它们前面有,do,的某种形式，这时不定式不带,to,，否则，,besides,后用动名词，其余的可带,to,；但前面有动名词时，后面也用动名词。,My dog does everything,except/but,speak,.He did nothing else,than,laugh,.He had no choice,except/but,to obey,.He gave them money,besides,advising,.He liked,doing,nothing,except/but besides,watching,TV in the evening.,8）如果主语是“all+定从”、“thing+定从”、“what+分句”、“thing+不定式”等，并带有do的某种形式，这时做表语的不定式可以不带to。,All I did was,(to)hit,him on the head.The only thing we can do now is,(to)encourage,him to try again.What Ill do is,(to)tell,her the truth of facts.,9）同一结构中出现两个以上的作用相同的不定式，第一个不定式要to，后面的不要to，但表示对比、对照关系时，可加to。,Id like to lie down and,go to sleep,.Do you want to have lunch or,wait,till later?,10）在一些固定搭配中用不带to的不定式。He,let go,the rope.他松开了绳子。I,hear say,there will be an earthquake soon.我听说不久就要有一次地震。She,made believe,she was innocent.她假装清白。,.A computer does only what thinking people _.,A.have it do,B.have it done,C.have done it D.having it done,.Weve missed the last bus.Im afraid we have no choice but _ a taxi.,A.to take,B.taking,C.take D.taken,10.不定式后动词的省略,1）,动词,love,mean,want,hate,like,wish,expect,hope，try,intend,plan,refuse,prefer,seem 及be glad(pleased,delighted,happy)to,等后面接不定式时，为避免重复，常省略与上文相同的动词，只保留to不定式符号，而try后的to 也可省略。,.-Would you like to go to the Great Theatre with me tonight？-_.,A.Yes,I would like to go to the Great Theater with you tonight.,B.Id love to,but I have an exam tomorrow,.,C.No,I wouldnt D.Thats all right,.-Does your brother intend to study Germany?-Yes,he intends _.,A./,B.to,C.so D.that,2）句式 would have done,should have done,ought to have done,neednt have done,used to be 等省略形式为 would have,should have,ought to have,neednt have,used to be,要保留不定式后的be或have,。例-Are you a sailor?,-No,but I used to be(a sailor).,3）在be going to,be able to,used to为固定结构，to不可省略。I dont dance now,but I used to.,4）当,want,like,用于下列从句时，可省略不定式，甚至可省略to：when时间状语从句，if和as long as条件状语从句，as方式状语从句以及what宾语从句。,Come,when,you,want,.Do,as you,like,.You may come,if,you,like,.Ive decided to do,what I,like,.,5）在某些,形容词,后，to 可替代整个不定式，甚至在从句中可省略to。You cant force him to go there if hes not,ready,(to).Would you like to go there with me?Ill be,glad,to.,返回,二、动名词,A.动名词的构成：V.+ing.兼有名词和动词的特征，即可起名词作用，也具有动词的时态和语态的变化，在句子中可充当,主语、宾语、表语、定语,成分:,B.动名词形式变化的时间关系：,一般式,表示动名词的动作与谓语的动作同时发生或在其后发生，有时也可在谓语之前，也可用一般式代替完成式；,完成式,表示动名词的动作在谓语的动作以前发生；被动式表示被动意义。,动名词的句法功能,1.动名词作主语,表示经常性、习惯性和抽象的动作，可以用it 作形式主语，但常用于固定结构。动词-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。,Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.,百闻不如一见。,为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。,It is no use crying over spilt milk.,作无益的后悔是没有用的。,Its a waste of time arguing about it.,争论这事是浪费时间。,动名词作主语：