兰大化学专业英语.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,化合物的英文命名,Nomenclature of compounds,1,一 无机物的命名,(,Inorganic compounds),1,元素与单质的命名,“,元素,”,和,“,单质,”,的英文,意思,都是,“,element,”,，有时为了区别，在强调,“,单质,”,时可用,“,free element,”,。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。,2,S-block Element,IA,H,Hydrogen,Li Lithium,Na,Sodium,K,Potassium,Rb,Rubidium,Cs Cesium,Fr Francium,IIA,Be Beryllium,Mg,Magnesium,Ca,Calcium,Sr,Strontium,Ba,Barium,Ra Radium,3,P-block Element,VIA VIIA 0,He Helium,O Oxygen F Fluorine,Ne,Neon,S Sulfur,Cl,Chlorine,Ar,Argon,Se Selenium Br Bromine Kr Krypton,Te Tellurium I Iodine,Xe,Xenon,Po Polonium At Astatine,Rn,Radon,IIIA IV A V A,B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen,Al,Aluminium,Si,Silicon P Phosphorus,Ga,Gallium,Ge,Germanium As Arsenic,In Indium,Sn,Tin,Sb,Antimony,Tl,Thallium,Pb,Lead Bi Bismuth,4,Common Transition,Elememt,Fe:iron,Mn,:manganese,Cu:copper,Zn:zinc,Hg:mercury,Ag:silver,Au:gold,5,2,化合物的命名,化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀,(1),mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra ,(5)penta-,(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。,6,Naming metal ions(,cations,)for metal oxides,bases and salts,1.Single valence ions,Cations,name=Element,for example:,Na,+,Sodium Al,3+,Aluminum,K,+,Potassium Ca,2+,Calcium,7,2.Multivalence ions,Cati,ons,name=Element(N),For example:,Fe,2+,Iron(II)or Ferrous,Fe,3+,Iron(III)or Ferric,Cr,2+,Chromium(II),Cr,3+,Chromium(III),Mn,4+,Manganese(IV),Mn,2+,Manganese(II),8,对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更 多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀,-,ous,表示低价，,-,ic,表示高价。,如,FeO,:,iron(II,),oxide,或,ferrous oxide,Fe2O3:iron(III)oxide,或,ferric oxide,Cu2O:,copper(I,)oxide,或,cuprous oxide,CuO,:,copper(II,),oxide,或,cupric oxide,9,Naming nonmetal ions(anions),1.Monatomic anions,Anions name=Elements root-,ide,For example:,Cl,-,Chloride O,=,Oxide,Br,-,Bromide OH,-,Hydroxide,I,-,Iodide CN,-,Cyanide,S,=,Sulfide H,-,Hydride,10,2.Polyatomic,oxyanions,(1).Acid radicals for,normal salt,(,正酸根,-ate),Anions name=Central Elements root,-ate,for example:,ClO,3,-,Chlor,ate,IO,3,-,Iod,ate,PO,4,3-,Phosph,ate,NO,3,-,Nitr,ate,SO,4,2-,Sulf,ate,CO,3,2-,Carbon,ate,11,(2).Acid radicals for,meta-salts(,亚酸根,-,ite,),Anions name=Central elements root-,ite,for example:,ClO,2,-,Chlor,ite,IO,2,-,Iod,ite,PO,3,3-,Phosph,ite,NO,2,-,Nitr,ite,SO,3,2-,Sulf,ite,12,(3).Acid radicals for,hypo-salts(,次酸根,-,ite,),Anions name,=,Hypo-,Central elements root,-,ite,for example:,ClO,-,Hypo,chlor,ite,IO,-,Hypo,iod,ite,PO,2,3-,Hypo,phosph,ite,13,(4).Acid radicals for,persalts,(,高酸根,Per-ate),Anions name,=,Per-,central Elements root,-ate,for example:,ClO,4,-,Per,chlor,ate,IO,4,-,Per,iod,ate,MnO,4,-,Per,mangan,ate,14,Naming compounds,1.Metal oxide,Metal oxide=,Cation,+oxide,for example:,FeO,Iron(II)oxide (Ferrous oxide),Fe,2,O,3,Iron(III)oxide (Ferric oxide),Fe,3,O,4,Ferroferric,oxide,Pb,3,O,4,Trilead,tetroxide,Na,2,O,2,Sodium peroxide,15,2.Nonmetal oxide,Nonmetal oxide=n-Nonmetal element+n-oxide,for example:,CO Carbon monoxide,CO,2,Carbon dioxide,SO,3,Sulfur trioxide,N,2,O,3,Dinitrogen,trioxide,P,2,O,5,Diphosphorus,pentoxide,N,2,O,4,Dinitrogen,tetroxide,(tetra-,mono-,后缀中的,a,o,在后一,o,之前省去,),有些物质常用俗称,如,NO:nitric oxide N,2,O:nitrous oxide,16,非金属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称,water,，,ammonia,以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。,（,1,）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。,举例：,HF hydrogen fluoride,HCl,hydrogen chloride,HBr,hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide,H,2,S hydrogen sulfide H,2,Se hydrogen,selenide,H,2,Te hydrogen telluride,（,2,）对于其它族的非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀,-,ane,，氮族还可加,-,ine,举例：,PH,3,:,phosphine,或,phosphane,AsH,3,:arsine,或,arsane,SbH,3,:,stibine,或,stibane,BiH,3,:,bismuthane,CH,4,:methane SiH,4,:,silane,B,2,H,6,:,diborane,17,无氧酸,命名规则：,hydro-,词根,-,ic,acid,举例：,HCl,:hydrochloric acid,H,2,S:,hydrosulfuric,acid,18,3.Bases,Base=Metal,cation,+hydroxide,for example:,Al(OH),3,Aluminum hydroxide,NaOH,Sodium hydroxide,Ca(OH),2,Calcium hydroxide,Ba(OH),2,Barium hydroxide,Co(OH),2,Cobalt(II)hydroxide,19,4.,盐,(Salts),(1).,正盐,(,Normal salt),：,根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。,Normal salt,=,Cation,+anion,for example:,HgSO,4,Mercury(II)sulfate,Hg,2,SO,4,Mercury(I)sulfate,KNO,3,Potassium nitrate,Na,2,CO,3,Sodium carbonate,NaClO,Sodium hypochlorite,FeSO,4,iron(II,)sulfate,KMnO,4,potassium permanganate,20,(2),酸式盐,：,(Acidic salts),同正盐的读法，酸根中的读做,hydrogen,，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。,Acidic salt=,Cation,+hydrogen+,anion,for example:,NaHSO,4,Sodium,hydrogen,sulfate,Na,2,HPO,4,Disodium,hydrogen,phosphate,NaH,2,PO,4,Sodium,di,hydrogen,phosphate,Ca(HSO,4,),2,Calcium,bi,sulfate,NaHCO,3,Sodium,hydrogen,carbonate,或,Sodium,bi,carbonate,21,(3).Basic salts,Basic salt=,Cation,+,hydroxy,-,anion,for example:,Cu,2,(OH),2,CO,3,Dicopper(II,),di,hydroxy,carbonate,Ca(OH)Cl,Calcium,hydroxy,chloride,Mg(OH)PO,4,Magnesium,hydroxy,phosphate,22,(4).,复盐,(,Mixed salts,),：同正盐的读法。,Mixed salt=,Cation,+,cation,+anion,for example:,NaKSO,3,Sodium potassium sulfite,CaNH,4,PO,4,Calcium ammonium phosphate,AgLiCO,3,Silver lithium carbonate,NaNH,4,SO,4,Sodium ammonium sulfate,KNaCO,3,:,potassuim,sodium carbonateNaNH,4,HPO,4,:sodium ammonium,hydrogenphosphate,23,5),水合盐,：结晶水读做,water,或,hydrate,如,AlCl36H2O:aluminum chloride 6-water,或,aluminum chloride,hexahydrate,AlK(SO4),2,12H2O:,aluminium,potassium sulfate 12-water,24,5.Acids,(1).Per-,hydro-,normal acid(its salt-,ate,-,ide,),Acid,=,Central elements root-,ic,+acid,for example:,H,2,CO,3,Carbon,ic,acid,H,2,SO,4,Sulfur,ic,acid,H,3,PO,4,Phosphor,ic,acid,HNO,3,Nitr,ic,acid,HClO,4,Perchlor,ic,acid,HCl,Hydrochlor,ic,acid,25,(2).Meta-and hypo-acid(its salt-,ite,),Acid,=,Central elements root,-,ous,+,acid,for example:,H,2,SO,3,Sulfur,ous,acid,H,3,PO,3,Phosphor,ous,acid,HNO,2,Nitr,ous,acid,HClO,Hypochlor,ous,acid,HClO,2,Chlor,ous,acid,26,含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。,高某酸,per-,ic,正酸,ic,亚酸,-,ous,次酸,hypo-,ous,高某酸根,per-ate,正酸根,ate,亚酸根,-,ite,次酸根,hypo-,ite,其它的前缀还有,ortho,-,正,meta-,偏,thio,-,硫代,举例：,HClO,4,perchloric,acid ClO,4,-,perchlorate,ion,HClO,3,chloric,acid ClO,3,-,chlorate ion,HClO,2,chlorous,acid ClO,2,-,chlorite ion,HClO,hypochlorous,acid,ClO,-,hypochlorite ion,H,2,SO,4,sulfuric acid H,2,SO,3,sulfurous acid,HNO,3,nitric acid HNO,2,nitrous acid,HPO,3,metaphosphoric,acid S,2,O,3,2-,thiosulfate,ion,27,命名时先命名阳离子部分，最后命名阴离子部分，阴离子配体以字母顺序列出，中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。,KBF4 potassium,tetrafluoroborate(III,),K4Fe(CN)6 potassium,hexacyanoferrate(II,),Cu(NH3)4SO4,Tetraamminecopper(II,)sulfate,Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3,Diammine,diaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate,络合物的命名（,Naming coordination complex,）,28,Naming coordination complex,1.,Ligands,(1).,Negative ions as,ligands,Ligand,=Elements root,-o,for example:,CN,-,Cyano,NO,2,-,Nitro,F,-,Fluoro,NO,3,-,Nitrato,Cl,-,Chloro,CO,3,=,Carbonato,Br,-,Bromo,CH,3,COO,-,Acetato,O,=,Oxo,H,-,Hydrido,OH,-,Hydroxo,-,O,2,CCO,2,-,Oxalato,29,(2).Neutral molecules as,ligand,Ligand,=Radical name,for example:,NH,3,Ammine,CO Carbonyl,H,2,O Aqua,CH,3,NH,2,Methylamine,H,2,NCCNH,2,Ethylenediamine,30,2.Complex ions,(1).Neutral complex or complex ions with,positive charge,Complex ion,=,n-Ligand-metal,ion(N),for example:,Ag(NH,3,),2,+,Diamminesilver(I,),Cu(NH,3,),4,2+,Tetraamminecopper(II,),Co(NH,3,),3,(NO,2,),3,Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III,),31,ions,molecules,CN,-,cyano,H,2,O,aqua,OH,-,hydroxo,NH,3,ammine,CH,3,COO,-,acetato,CO,carbonyl,NO,3,-,nitrato,CH,3,NH,2,methylamine,NO,2,-,nitro,F,-,fluoro,Cl,-,chloro,Br,-,bromo,CO,3,2-,carbonato,常见配体的名称,32,(2).Complex ions with negative charge,Complex ion,=,n-Ligand-metals,root-ate(N),for example:,Fe(CN),6,4-,Hexafluoroferrate(II,),BF,4,-,Tetrafluoroborate(III,),AlF,6,3-,Hexafluoroaluminate(III,),AuCl,4,-,Tetrachloroaurate(III,),33,3.Naming complex,Complex,=,Cation,+anion,for example:,LiAlH,4,Lithium,tetrahydroaluminate(III,),Ag(NH,3,),2,Cl,Diamminesilver(I,)chloride,K,4,Fe(CN),6,Potassium,hexacyanoferrate(II,),Cu(NH,3,),4,SO,4,Tetraamminecopper(II,)sulfate,Ni(CO),4,Tetracarbonylnickel(0),34,Exercise,H,2,SO,4,HCl,HNO,3,HNO,2,HCN Na,2,S CuSO,4,Fe(NO3),3,HClO,4,KCN NH,4,Cl,NaClO,NaOH,Mn(OH),2,Fe,2,O,3,P,2,O,5,H,2,O,2,K,2,Cr,2,O,7,Cu,2,(OH),2,CO,3,CaHPO,4,PtCl,4,2-,Ag(NH,3,),2,Cl K,4,Fe(CN),6,35,Exercise,H,2,SO,4,HCl,HNO,3,HNO,2,HCN Na,2,S CuSO,4,Fe(NO3),3,HClO,4,KCN NH,4,Cl,NaClO,NaOH,Mn(OH),2,Fe,2,O,3,P,2,O,5,H,2,O,2,K,2,Cr,2,O,7,Cu,2,(OH),2,CO,3,CaHPO,4,PtCl,4,2-,Ag(NH,3,),2,Cl K,4,Fe(CN),6,36,Answer,H2SO4 sulfuric acid,HCl,hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid,HNO3 nitric acid,HNO2 nitrous acid,HCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid,Na2S sodium sulfide,CuSO4 copper(II)sulfate or cupric sulfate,Fe(NO3)3 iron(III)nitrate or ferric nitrate,HClO4,perchloric,acid,KCN potassium cyanide,NH4Cl ammonium chloride,37,NaClO,sodium hypochlorite,NaOH,sodium hydroxide,Mn(OH)2,Manganese(II,)hydroxide,Fe2O3,iron(III,)oxide or ferric oxide,P2O5,Diphosphorus,pentoxide,H2O2 hydrogen peroxide,K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate,Cu2(OH)2CO3,Dicopper(II,),di,hydroxy,carbonate,CaHPO4 calcium hydrogen phosphate,PtCl4,2-,tetrachloroplatinum(II,),Ag(NH3)2Cl,Diamminesilver(I,)chloride,K4Fe(CN)6 Potassium,hexacyanoferrate(II,),Answer,38,二 有机物的命名,1,烷烃（,alkanes,）,1.1,直链烷烃,烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含,1,到,4,个碳原子以外，其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾（,-,ane,）来命名，,10,个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀,un,、,do,、,tri,、,tetra,、,penta,等。,如：甲烷,methane,乙烷,ethane,丙烷,propane,丁烷,butane,戊烷,pentane,己烷,hexane,庚烷,heptane,辛烷,octane,壬烷,nonane,癸烷,decane,十一烷,undecane,十二烷,dodecane,39,Alkane,=Number prefix,-,ane,for example:,CH,4,Meth,ane,CH,3,CH,2,CH,3,Prop,ane,CH,3,CH,3,Eth,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),2,CH,3,But,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),3,CH,3,Pent,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),4,CH,3,Hex,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),5,CH,3,Hept,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),6,CH,3,Oct,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),7,CH,3,Non,ane,CH,3,(CH,2,),8,CH,3,Dec,ane,40,1119Alkane=Number prefix,-,decane,for,example:,11-alkane,Un,decane,12-alkane,Do,decane,13-alkane,Tri,decane,14-alkane,Tetra,decane,15-alkane,Penta,decane,16-alkane Hexa,decane,17-alkane,Hepta,decane,41,18-alkane,Octa,decane,19-alkane,Nona,decane,20-alkane,Icosane,2129,Alkane,=Number prefix,-,cosane,for example:,21-alkane,Heni,cosane,22-alkane,Do,cosane,23-alkane,Tri,cosane,24-alkane,Tetra,cosane,25-alkane,Penta,cosane,42,30-Alkane,Triacontane,3139Alkane,=,Number prefix,-,triacontane,for example:31-Alkane,Hen,triacontane,32-Alkane,Do,triacontane,33-Alkane,Tri,triacontane,34-Alkane,Tetra,triacontane,35-Alkane,penta,triacontane,36-Alkane,Hexa,triacontane,43,4090Alkane=Number prefix,-,contane,for example:,40,Alkane,Tetra,contane,50,Alkane,Penta,contane,60,Alkane,Hexa,contane,70,Alkane,Hepta,contane,80,Alkane,Octa,contane,90,Alkane,Nona,contane,100,Alkane,Hectane,44,1.2,含支,链,烷,烃和烷基,命名含,支,链的,烷,烃时,，可把它,们视为,直,链,烷,烃,，但分別是某些,氢,（,hydrogen,）原子被,称为,烷基,（,alkyl groups,）的原子取代。命名烷基,时,，,只,需把,“基”,（,-,yl,）字加在相,应,的烷,烃,的字首,后,。,如：,CH,3,-Methyl CH,3,-(CH,2,),9,-CH,2,-,Undecyl,CH,3,-CH,2,-CH(CH,3,)-CH,2,-CH,3,3-,Methylpentane,45,Univalent radicals,Radical=,Alk,-,yl,for example:,CH,3,-Meth,yl,CH,3,CH,2,-,Eth,yl,CH,3,CH,2,CH,2,-,Prop,yl,CH,3,(CH,2,),2,CH,2,-But,yl,46,Saturated branched-chain hydrocarbon,branched-chain hydrocarbon,=,n-,Radical+alkane,for example:,47,Univalent branched radicals,Radical=,Alk,-,yl,for example:,48,Polyside,chain hydrocarbon,ButylEthylIsopropylMethyl,Propyl,for example:,49,对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加,“,异,”,（,iso,-,）、,“,仲,”,(sec-),、“叔”（,tert,-,）、“新”（,neo-,）,等字命名。下面是一些符合条件的烷基，其系统命名和普通命名如下：,(CH,3,),2,CH-CH-2-Methylpropyl Isobutyl,CH,3,-CH,2,-CH(CH,3,)-1-Methylpropyl,sec,-Butyl,(CH,3,),3,C-1,1-Dimethylethyl,tert,-Butyl,CH,3,-CH,2,-C(CH,3,),2,-1,1-Dimethylpropyl,tert,-pentyl,(CH,3,),3,C-CH,2,-2,2-Dimethylpropyl,Neopentyl,1.3,一些可采用普通命名的支链烷烃：,(CH3)2CH-CH3,Isobutane,(CH3)2CH-CH2-CH3,Isopentane,(CH3)4C,Neopentane,(CH3)2CH-CH2-CH2-CH3,Isohexane,50,1.4,复杂的烷烃,结构较复杂的烷烃不能用普通命名法命名，只能采用系统命名法。选最长的碳链为主链，按相应的直链烷烃命名，从一端向另一端编号，支链作为取代基放在母体名称前，编号时使支链的编号尽可能小且支链的排列按基团的字母顺序。,如,:,3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane,4-ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane,51,复杂的烷烃命名时须注意分子中有两个等长碳链时，按以下原则进行比较：,1,）带支链数目较多者为主链，例如：,2,3,5-Trimethyl-4-propylheptane,2,）支链定位号较小者为主链,4-Isobutyl-2,5-dimethylheptane,52,2,烯烃和炔烃（,alkenes and alkynes,）,2.1,命名,烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷,”,（,ane,）,改为“烯”,（,ene,）,或“炔”,（,yne,）,，名称前加上不饱和键的编号即可。当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时，可在前边加上,di,、,tri,、,tetra,等数字来表示。有些简单的烯炔类化合物可用普通名称。例如：,CH,2,=,CH,2,Ethene,CH,2,=CHCH,2,CH,2,CH,3,1-Pentene,CH,2,=C=CH,2,1,2-Propadiene,Ethyne,1,3-Butadiyne,53,Naming unsaturated hydrocarbon,2.1,Unbranched,acyclic,alkene,Alkene,=Number prefix,-,ene,for example:,C-C-C-C=C-C 2-Hex,ene,C-C=C,Prop,ene,C-C=C-C 2-But,ene,C-C-C-C=C 1-Pent,ene,54,Poly-,ene,n-Alkene,=,Alk,-a-,n,-,ene,n=2,-,adiene,n=3,-,atriene,n=4,-,atetraene,for example:,C-C=C-C=C-C=C 1,3,5-Heptatriene,C=C-C=C 1,3-Butadiene,C-C=C-C=C 1,3-Pentadiene,55,56,Alkyne,Alkyne,=,Alk-,yne,(,-a-,n,-,yne,),n=2,-,adiyne,n=3,-,atriyne,for,exanmple,:,57,2.2,烯炔的命名,烃类分子中同时含有双键和叁键时成为烯炔，命名时烯在前炔在后，双键的编号写在前面，叁键的定位号写在表示炔烃词尾之前。例如：,1,3-Hexadien-5-yne,3-Penten-1-yne,58,Unsaturated hydrocarbon with both double and triple bonds,Alkenyne,=Number prefix-en-,yne,Two,ene,+one,yne,-,adien-?-yne,Three,ene,+one,yne,-,atrien-?-yne,One,ene,+two,yne,-en-?-,diyne,for example:,59,60,系统命名中，应选含不饱和键最多且最长的直链。如分子中有两条直链具有相同数目的不饱和键时，取碳原子数较多者为主链。如碳原子数相同，则取含双键数目较多者为主链。例如,:,3,4-Dipropyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne,4-Vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne,5-Ethynyl-1,3,6-heptatriene,61,2.3,不饱和烃基的命名,不饱和烃基的命名类似于饱和烃基，但需要标出不饱和键的位置。有些简单的不饱和烃基可用俗名。例如,:,CH,3,-CH=CH-1-Propenyl,CH,2,=CH-CH=CH-1,3-Butadienyl,CH,2,=CH-Vinyl,Ethynyl,CH,2,=CH-CH,2,-,Allyl,CH,2,=C(CH,3,)-,Isopropenyl,2-Propynyl,2-Penten-4-ynyl,Alkene,radical=,Alken,-yl,Alkyne,radical=,Alkyn,-yl,62,Alkene,radical=,Alken,-yl,Alkyne,radical=,Alkyn,-yl,for example:,63,2.4,多价基的命名,1),两个自由价在同一个碳原子上称为“亚”，英文词尾为“,-,ylidene,”.,例如：,CH,2,=,Methylene,CH,3,CH=,Ethylidene,(CH,3,),2,C=,Isopropylidene,2),两个自由价不在同一个碳原子上也称为“亚”，但需要标出定位号。例如：,-CH,2,CH,2,CH,2,CH,2,CH,2,CH,2,-,Hexamethylene,3),三个自由价在同一个碳原子上的称为次基，英文词尾为,-,ylidyne,。例如：,Ethylidyne,Methylidyne,64,Multivalent radicals,Bivalent radical=univalent radical-,idene,(,ene,),Trivalent radical=univalent radical-,idyne,for example:,65,.,66,3,环烃,(cyclic hydrocarbons),3.1,脂肪环烃,(,alicyclic,hydrocarbons),3.1.1,未取代的饱和单环烃命名时刻在相应的开链烃名前加“环”（,cyclo,）字。例如：,Cyclopropane,Cyclohexane,67,Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons,Cyclic,alkane,=,Cyclo,-,alkane,for example:,68,3.1.2,含取代基的脂肪环烃,环上带有侧链时，如侧链的碳原子数不比环内的碳原子数多，侧链作为取代基。如侧链的碳原子数目等于或多于环内碳原子数，或侧链有不止一个脂环时，则将环作为取代基命名。例如：,1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane,1-Cyclobutylpentane,1,2-Dicyclohexylethane,69,Univalent radicals of cyclic hydrocarbon,Cyclic radical=,Cyclo,-R,for example:,70,3.1.3,不饱和单环烃的命名,不饱和单环烃的命名是把相应的饱和单环烃的词尾,ane,改为,ene,（烯）、,yne,（炔）、,adiene,（二烯）、,adiyne,（二炔）、,enyne,（烯炔）等，并使不饱和键尽可能取最小编号。例如：,1,5-Cyclooctadien-3-yne,5-Methylene-1,3-cyclopentadiene,71,Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons,Cyclic,alkene,=,Cyclo,-alkene,for example:,72,4,桥环烃,(,bridgedhydrocarbons,),桥环烃的命名按以下步骤进行,1,）确定环数，将环状分子变为开链烃时所需要断开的次数就是该分子的环数。,2,）选择主环,主环应包含尽量多的碳原子，且有两个碳原子作为主桥桥头。,3,）选择主桥,主桥要包含尽量多的碳原子，且尽可能把主环对称的分开。,4,）桥环烃的编号 桥头原子定为,1,，然后沿最长链依次编号至另一桥头，再沿次长链编至,1,号碳原子，再编主桥和次桥内的碳原子直至编完。,5,）将相当于桥环烃所有环上碳原子总数的直链烃名放在后面。,6),在最前面，标出环数，如双环,Bicyclo,三环,Tricyclo,。然后在方括号内标明各个环中的除桥头原子以外的碳原子数目，最后标明主桥及次桥，并用上标来表明次桥的位置，标明次桥位置的上应尽可能小。,73,Bicyclic,bridged hydrocarbon,74,Polycyclic systems,75,Bicyclo4.4.0decane Tricyclo4.2.1.0,2,5,non-2-ene,Pentacyclo4.2.0.0,2,5,.0,3,8,.0,4,7,octa