comparison-and-contrast教学内容.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Comparison and Contrast,Whats comparison?,The process of examining two or more things in order to establish their,similarities,Common words and phrases of comparison,Like,the same as,similarly,in the same manner,in common,in comparison with,resemble,compare with,compared with,commonly used transitional expressions for comparing paragraphs or essays,Expressions,Examples,and,too,High level positions are stressful,，,and can be harmful to your health too,Just as,Just as high level positions are stressful,，,they can be harmful to your health.,similarly,High level positions are stressful at times;similarly,they can be harmful to stressful at times.,similar to,Similar to other important professions,，,high level business positions aye,stressful at times,like,Like many cities in Germany,，,it had to recreate itself after World War II,in comparison with,Is human heart weaker in comparison with the other organs?,likewise,This weapon could only be used against cities,Likewise the atom bomb,in the same way,There is no reason why a gifted aircraft designer should also be a capable,pilot.In the same way,a brilliant pilot can be a menace behind the wheel,of a car.,Sentence Patterns,The similarity between A and B lies in,A is similar to B in,A has something/many features in common with B,A is the same as B,A and B share similar,Whats contrast?,The process of examining two or more things in order to establish their,differences,Common words and phrases of contrast,unlike,on the other hand,in contrast to,on the contrary,but,，,yet,，,although,however,，,nevertheless,whereas,，,while,conversely,in spite of,differ from,，,be different from,commonly used transitional expressions for contrasting,paragraphs or essays,Expressions,Examples,but,High level positions are stressful at times,，,but professionals can learn to,manage their stress levels.,although,Although high level positions are stressful at times,，,professionals can learn,to manage their stress levels,however,High level positions are stressful at times;nevertheless,professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.,nevertheless,High level positions are stressful at time;nevertheless,professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.,in spite of,In spite of the stressful nature of high level positions,professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.,while,While high level positions are stressful at times,the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.,In contrast,High level positions are stressful at times;in contrast,the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.,on the other hand,High level positions are stressful at times;on the other hand,the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indeed.,unlike,Unlike the undesirable stress of high level positions,the financial rewards make these positions very desirable indedd.,Sentence Patterns,The obvious differences between A and B are,The difference between A and B lies in,A differs from B in,Compared with A,，,B has some/many/more advantages.,A has nothing/little in common with B,What are the purposes of comparison and contrast?,To observe two or more things in a better way.,To show the superiority of one thing over another.,To explain something which is unfamiliar to the reader.,Write Pattern,Main,sentence,Character 1,Character 2,Character 3,Character 4,Pattern 1,Write Pattern,Main,sentence,Character 1 of A,Character 1 of B,Character 2 of A,Character 2 of B,Character 3 of C,Character 3 of C,Pattern 2,Ending,sentence,keep in mind the following points,The comparison/contrast should be supported by,concrete and relevant facts,.,Only subjects of,the same general class,can be compared/contrasted.,Dont pay equal attention,to comparison and contrast.,keep in mind the following points,The comparison and contrast should,be balanced,；,the two items being compared and contrasted are to,be given equally,A comparison and contrast shows similarities and differences in order to,make a particular point,.,comparison and contrast essay,A comparison and contrast essay involves analyzing the similarities and differences between two or more items,If you write about the similarities,the essay will be a comparison essay,On the other hand,，,if you want to write about the differences,，,your essay will be a contrast essay,In either essay,，,you are expected to identify the similarities and the differences and you need to give evidence supporting these similarities and differences,Comparing items,When you compare items,，,you look for their similarities-the things that make them the same,For example,：,Apples and oranges are both fruit,They,re both foods,Both are made into juice,Both grow on trees,Contrasting items,When you contrast items,，,you look at their differences,For example,：,Apples are red,Oranges are orange,The fruits have different textures,Oranges need a warmer place to grow,，,like Guangzhou,，,Fujiang Province,Apples can,grow in cooler states,，,like Yantai,，,Shandong Province,Patterns of Organization,A comparison/contrast essay usually follows one of the two patterns:,the subject-by-subject pattern,the point-by-point pattern.,Patterns of Organization,Subject-by-Subject,Pattern,I,Introduction(state your purpose,：,to discuss the differences between vacationing in the mountains or at the beach),II,Mountain,A,Climate,B,Types of Activities,C,Location,III,Beach,A,Climate,B,Types of Activities,C,Location,IV,Conclusion,Patterns of Organization,Point-by-Point Pattern,I,Introduction(state your purpose,：,to discuss differences between fresh foods and canned foods 1,II,F1avor,A,Fresh foods,B,Canned foods,III,Health benefits,A,Fresh foods,B,Canned foods,IV,Cost,A,Fresh foods,B,Canned foods,V,Conclusion,Writing Techniques,There are some general rules to consider before you begin to write a comparison and contrast essay,First,，,is the comparison fair?Is it fair to compare the social nightlife of a small rural town in Shaanxi Province to the nightlife of Shanghai?Probably not,，,unless your comparison is going to lead your readers to a surprise,：,that for reasons they had never thought of before,，,the nightlife of Weinan,，,Shaanxi Province,，,is more fun,，,more fulfilling than the nightlife of Shanghai!,Writing Techniques,The second question is one of procedure,You have,，,let,S say,，,five points of difference between the two things that you want to contrast,Will you go from side to side,，,as if your essay were a ping-pong match,，,or will you dwell on one side before going over to the other side,，,essentially splitting your essay in half?It is possible to mix these two approaches youre your approach will determine the overall structure,，,pacing,，,and effect of the essay,Writing Techniques,Third,，,there has to be a good reason to make the comparison,Why should you compare this movie to the novel it is based on?Why should you compare these two short stories,，,one by a modern southern American Catholic woman and the other by a nineteenth-century French-Canadian man?Will the comparison actually help anyones understanding of either one?Whats the point of the comparison?Have you actually accomplished something important?Have you provided a unique insight into the nature of these two things that the reader would never have discovered otherwise?,Writing Techniques,Finally,，,the business of a comparison and contrast essay is frequently(but not always)to demonstrate a preference for one thing over another,The trick is to allow the preference to grow out of the comparison without actually stating the obvious,Let the reader figure out the preference from the language you use in the contrast,；,let the language do its work,Differs of two patterns,Generally speaking the two patterns differ in terms of language as well,，,While subject-by-subject arrangement is quite straightforward,，,point-to-point arrangement requires more transitions but the end product is more understandable for the reader,the organization of comparison and contrast,1,Thesis statement,Your“categories”or“criteria”for comparing and contrasting(your criteria or the questions you use to focus the way you will look at each subject),2,Supposing details,Your specific observations(the specific answers to the questions you posed,；,choose one pattern),3,Conclusion,What you learned by comparing and contrasting(the conclusion you draw,，,the evaluation you arrive at,，,what we know that we didnt know before),Which pattern to choose,Pattern subject-by-subject tends to work better for short papers;Pattern point-by-point,for long papers.,Pattern subject-by-subject tends to work better with a few aspects;Pattern point-by-point works better with many aspects.,Advantages and disadvantages,If you follow this pattern,all aspects of each subject or item being compared will be discussed together as a whole,so readers can get an overall picture of it,but the danger is that the writer can end up with two or more separate essays instead of one unified comparison and contrast essay.Therefore,to ensure unity,we should follow the following guidelines.,Each aspect should be discussed in the same order in both subjects.,Use appropriate transitional words such as,like/unlike,in contrast to,compared with,etc.and comparative and superlative degrees to achieve unity.,Three Guidelines You Should Remember,Each aspect,in Subject,must also be discussed in Subject,.,Thank you,！,