Unit-1-跨文化交际my-ppt.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2012-2-16,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2012-2-16,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2012-2-16,*,Intercultural Communication,跨文化交际,Culture is a Bridge.,Unit 1 An Introduction,李婷,Objectives,Learn the,purpose,of learning the course.,Learn the notions of,Culture,Communication,and,Intercultural Communication,.,Learn the,differences,between Chinese and Western cultures,CONTENTS,I.Warm-up Cases,II.What Is Culture,Communication and Intercultural Communication?,III.The Differences between Chinese and,Western Cultures,IV.Summary,V.Assignments,I.Warm-up Cases,Please discuss the cases in groups and make a comment on it.,Case 1:Showing Concern,In China:,Xiao Li(an interpreter):,You must be very tired.Youre old,Catherine(an elderly American lady):,Oh,Im NOT old,and Im NOT tired.,Comment,What the interpreter said is quite,courteous,in China.It means,“If you are tired,we can take a little rest,since you are getting on in years.”,The Chinese way of showing concern is usually expressed by statement.,The interpreter gave the impression that he thought the elderly lady would,collapse,any minute if she doesnt rest immediately.,The western way of showing concern is mainly displayed with question.,Comment,In the West,there is a value placed in,being young,that many people consciously,or subconsciously,are not willing to accept that they are growing old.,In the West:,A:How are you doing now?Would you like to rest?,B:No,not a bit.,The way of,showing concern,is different.,In China In the West,statement,question,VS,must,how,would,Case 2 First Offer,A Canadian colleague and I traveled to Guilin with our admirable guide Heping Liu in very hot weather.Sightseeing is a thirsty business.We did not trust the water,and enjoyed excellent beer.We politely offered some to Heping but he refused.We said nothing and drank our beer,while poor Heping watched.On another day,Heping quickly accepted our offer of beer.,Questions for discussion,In your daily life,do you often accept first offer?,If yes,in what situation?,Comment,First offer,Chinese,westerners,Modest,Polite,well-behaved,second or third offer,Religious reasons,Reformed alcoholic,Allergic,11,People are,ideologically,different,Chinese people and Asians,are a bit modest,live for harmony,trying to avoid face to face conflict.Being collectivist.,Westerners,are being individualist,being equal and different.It is none of my business.,2012-2-16,12,6.People are,racially,different,We are Hopo sapiens.,Generally,the people in the,world are classified into four major races,though not universally accepted.,White/Caucasian;,Mongoloid/Asian;,Negroid/Black;,Australoid/Brown,2012-2-16,I.,Why take Intercultural Communication?,Discussion,Case 3:,Petes first day in China(H.W.),When we learn English,we are not just learning English language were learning how to reach across barriers of culture and language:,Language,Culture,Inter-cultural communication,2012-2-16,14,People are different throughout the world,culturally,religiously,ideologically,aidildikali(,思想上；意识形态上,),and racially,actually different in almost every aspect,therefore we are supposed to know about their differences as much as possible,just for a smooth communication among the,Homo sapiens(,现代人,),the people in the global village.You will make it by coming to Intercultural Communication.,Why take Intercultural Communication?,The Reasons,Development of Science&Technology,Globalization of Economy,Widespread Immigration,Development of Multiculturalism,International Communication,Interracial Communication,Interethnic Communication or minority communication,16,为什么要学习跨文化交际,跨文化交际是我们：,适应全球发展的需要,对外交流沟通的重要技能,培养国际化人才的需求,2012-2-16,17,II.What Is Culture?,1.Define cultures yourself,Please write down whatever comes to your mind when you hear or think of culture.,Next,try to figure out how they are related to culture.,2012-2-16,20,biryani,2012-2-16,21,2012-2-16,22,2.Definitions of Culture,1)Culture is the total way of life that a group,of people shares.,2)Culture is a system of shared beliefs,values,customs,behaviors,and artifacts that the,members of a society use to cope with their,world and with one another,and that are,transmitted from generation to generation,through learning.,3)Culture is an Integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritance.,4,)Culture is the deposit of knowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notions of time,roles,spatial relations,concepts of the universe,and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group,striving(,努力,奋斗,).,5)Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutions and communication patterns that are shared,learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.,4.Three Ingredients of Culture,artifacts,concepts(beliefs,values,world views),behavior,e.g.Whereas the money is considered an artifact,then value placed on it is a concept,the actual spending and saving of the money is behavior.,5.Characteristics of Culture,Culture is learned.(not innate),2)Culture is transmissible.,3)Culture is,dynamic,.,4)Culture is selective.,5)the,facets,of Culture are interrelated,Culture is,ethnocentric,enusentrik,(,民族中心主义的,;,种族优越感的,),.,（,blue book unit6),文化现象,他具有人类的语言能力与文化意识吗？,没有生活在人类社会,脱离了人类所特有的文化环境,Peoplehavetolearntheculturalwaysoftheir community:theyarenotsomethingthatthepeopleinthegrouparebornwith,30,It is necessary to recognize that cultures are dynamic rather than static,（静态）,.They are constantly,（经常）,changing and evolving,（,演变,）,under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures.Cultures change through three most common mechanisms,（,机制,）,:,innovation,diffusion and acculturation(calamity).,创新，传播和涵化（灾难）,Culture is dynamic,（动态）,2012-2-16,31,Ethnocentrism is the,belief that your own cultural background,including ways of analyzing problems,values,beliefs,language,and verbal and nonverbal communication,（语言和非语言沟通）,is correct.Ethnocentrists believe their culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect,ineffective,or quaint,（,无效，或古朴,）,.,Culture is ethnocentric.,2012-2-16,III.What Is Communication,Can you give some examples to explain the word,communication,?,What is communication?,Communication means life and development.,Communication,1.Definition of Communication,Generally speaking,communication can be defined as,a dynamic,symbolic,transactional and contextual process in which people create shared meanings or messages,.,交际：即人与人通过语言和非语言表达方式进行思想、情感、信息等传递和交流的过程,2012-2-16,35,Components of communication,Red book,p3,：,Source,信息源,(sender),Encoding,编码,Message,信息,Channel,渠道,Receiver,信息接受方,Decoding,解码、信息译码,Noise,干扰,Feedback,反馈,2012-2-16,36,Source of information,encoder,coder,*channel,*medium,*noise,decoder,retrieval of information,electric signals,telephone line,IV.What Is Intercultural Communication?,1.Intercultural Communication Defined,Intercultural Communication means,the exchange or communication between people who have different cultural backgrounds.,2.Model of Intercultural Communication,（,p8-9),40,The,more,similarities two cultures share,the,less,influence culture will have on communication.Therefore,the,less,messages will be changed during communication.,The,less,the cultures are alike,the,greater,the influence of culture on communication will be,and the,more likely,the messages will be changed.,Misunderstanding,in intercultural communication often arises here.,Suppose,Culture A:Chinese culture,Culture B:Japanese culture,Culture C:American culture,If people from Chinese culture go to Japan,due to the similarities,between Chinese and Japanese cultures,they can communicate with Japanese people without causing much misunderstanding.Or,people of the Japanese culture could understand most of what they say without their messages being altered too much.,However,when Chinese people communicate with American people,problems often occur because Chinese culture and American culture differ from each other greatly.,43,2012-2-16,3.Barriers in Intercultural Communication,Language differences,Nonverbal communication,Stereotypes,(,陈规,成见,),Cultural bias on judgments,High level of stress,(blue book:p6-8,p13-15)(H.M),Therefore,when you learn about other cultures,2 good habits you should cultivate right form the start:,1.consciously making an effort to avoid stereotypes,2.not to judge other cultures too quickly.(describing things instead of evaluating them.),2012-2-16,45,V.The Differences,between Chinese,and Western,Cultures,1.The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People,Saving Face,Hardworking,Formal,The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People,Never kissed parents,Shanzai everywhere,2,.The attitudes by Chinese towards Westerners,Kiss and hug anytime and anywhere,Going Dutch,The attitudes by Chinese towards Westerners,Being punctual,Mind your own business,Too frank,The way of life,Individual vs Group,51,The way of making comments,Direct vs Indirect,52,Punctuality,On time vs Late,53,Personal Relationship,Simple vs Complex,54,Standing in a queue,Line vs Fan,55,Walking in a street on weekends,A few vs a crowd,56,Time for a shower,In the morning vs in the evening,57,Daily life of old people,With a dog vs with a child,58,Voice of talking in public,Low vs high,59,Idea of oneself,Individual-centered vs group-centered,60,Leadership,Equal vs power,61,Western:small,intimate family,retirement home,the old are separated,children leave early;being independent and look after themselves.Parents never interfere with their children affairs when they are old enough.,Family,Old separated,Young independent,A photo of a farm family,A photo of Ba Jins Family,western:performance oriented,little rote(,死记硬背,),memory,ability to solve problems;practical competence of running a business is more important.,Education,Eastern:experience oriented,much memorization,the more experienced you are,the more popular you will be;you will be regarded well-educated if you can recite some ancient poems.,67,In 1979,one Chinese educational delegation went to the United States and one US educational delegation came to China and both of them made a report after their visits.,Two Educational Reports,2012-2-16,68,The Chinese report said,The American students were much self-confident and independent.Their teachers encouraged them to do so instead of correcting them.The pupils knew limited vocabulary and solved mathematics problems with their fingers,but they all had a strong desire for great inventions.In class,students were free to walk from seat to seat,talking without being controlled.,2012-2-16,The US students in class,70,The American report said,The students sat on seats with their hands on the back.The teachers just talked and talked for several periods having no time for water.The students had much assignment called homework.Those who had the highest score would be prized as,“,Three Good Students,”,with certificates.,2012-2-16,The Chinese students in class,Western:,time oriented relationships(work,free time),make an appointment before you go to see anyone,no appointment,no business.Law superior to friendship and kinsfolk.,Attitudes and Ideas,Eastern:person oriented relationships(hospitality),friendship is everything,superior to law,Colors,No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as reprinting the same social reality.The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds,not merely the same world with different labels attached.,A wedding ceremony,A Wedding Ceremony,A funeral,Red paper bag containing money as a gift,The red carpet:lay out the red carpet,A red card for their marriage;,or for his health,79,It is easy to discover the position or rank in a conversation or talk in China,as they seldom use the names only,usually with a title.,On the contrary,the westerners have the habit of using names for teachers,within a family,in an office.,2012-2-16,Exercises,1.Matching the terms with their definitions,A.culture B.communication C.ethnocentrism,D.intercultural communication,E.business communication,1.()The belief that your own cultural background,including ways of analyzing problems,values,beliefs,language,and verbal and nonverbal communication,is superior.,2.()The total accumulation of beliefs,customs,values,behaviors,institutions and communication patterns that are shared,learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.,3.()A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols,signs,or behavior,or the exchange of thoughts,messages,or information,as by speech,signals,writing,or behavior.,4.()The communication is within business and administration,aiming at a common objective and profits for both the individuals and organizations.,5.()The communication between people from different cultures when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture.,Exercises 2,.Comprehension Check,Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F).,_ 1.As a phenomenon,intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years.However,as a discipline,its history is only about fifty years.,_2.Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe.,_3.Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.,_4.Culture can be seen as shared knowledge,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.,_5.Although cultural stereotype has its limitations(over-generalization),it still contributes to a persons cultural cognition.,_,6.In intercultural communication,we should separate ones individual character from cultural generalization.,_,7.Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic mistakes.The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals.,_8.All people of the same nationality will have the same culture.,_9.Although two cultures may share the same ideas,their meaning and significance may not be the same.,_10.Ones actions are totally independent of his or her culture.,IX.Assignments,Book reading,2.Video Watching,Gua Sha,刮痧,Thank You!,