新编英语语法教程comparative-structures.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Comparative Structures,I.Comparative structures,A.CS with Positive Degree adj./adv.,B.CS with Comparative Degree,adj./adv,.,C.CS with Superlative Degree adj./adv.,D.Other comparative structures,light,crowded,swift,sensible,near,silly,dangerous,narrow,efficient,clever,Positive Degree,Comparative Degree,Superlative Degree,lighter lightest,swifter swiftest,nearer nearest,more crowded most crowded,more sensible most sensible,sillier silliest,more dangerous most dangerous,narrower narrowest,more efficient most efficient,A.CS with Positive Degree adj./adv.,as,as,a.A boy of sixteen is often,as tall as,his father.,My parcel is,as heavy as,yours.,b.He is,as brave as,(he is)wise.,He writes English,as easily as,(he)reads it.,c.The king is,as cruel as,the queen is kind.,Europeans eat bread,as naturally,as Asians eat rice.,d.He has,as,much money,as,he wants.,I teach,as,many students,as,I did last year.,e.You can marry,as good,a wife,as,you like.,The poor cannot even afford,as cheap,food,as,rice.,f.London is,not as/so modern as,New York.,He is,not so wise as,he is witty.,I havent seen,as humorous a person as,Jason.,B.CS with Comparative Degree,adj./adv.,a.more than(more=,形容词，副词的比较级）,Tokyo is,bigger than,New York.,Traveling by train is,more comfortable,than,traveling by bus.,Its,even,colder than,yesterday.,They worked,even,harder than,they promised.,Its,easier,to do it yourself,than,(to)explain it to her.,b.more+n.+than,b/1 My brother has,a larger house than,mine.,John is,a more efficient worker than,Peter.,=John is,a worker more efficient than,Peter.,b/2 We have finished,more tasks than,they.,It takes,less time,to go there by plane,than,by train,.,C.CS with Superlative Degree adj./adv.,eg,.In old folk tales,the youngest,of the family,is always the most successful.,The Sahara is,the biggest desert,in the world,.,This was,the worst film,that he had ever seen,.,Thats,the least unusual thing,about them,.,*,The market in the country is,busiest,in winter.,*,She is,most beautiful,.,*,He is a,most learned,man.,Ex B,C,一。形容词时,1.,最高级形容词单独使用，有形容词物主代词就不用,the.,Her oldest daughter is eleven years old.,2.,形容词最高级做表语，,the,可以省略,.,I think her plan is best.,我认为她的计划最好,We are busiest on Monday.,我们星期一最忙,3.,形容词最高级前加,a,或不加冠词表示“非常,”,It is a most joyful occasion.,这是一个非常快乐的日子,She is a most mysterious person.,她是个非常神秘的人,4.,形容词最高级和,at,构成短语做表语，表示“处于最。的状态”,The peony was at its brightest.,牡丹花正在盛开。,I knew she was at her worst.,我知道她这时情绪最糟。,二。副词时 副词修饰动词时多数不带,the.,I shall give a prize to the pupil who reads best.,我将给朗读最好的学生发一份奖品。,she behaved most generously.,她表现得最大方。,D.other comparative structures,a.more and more+adj./adv;n.,eg,.,More and more citizens,are getting angry about the decision of the city government.,I cant understand why they are making,more and more mistakes.,The story gets,more and more interesting,.,Your English is getting,better and better.,Holiday flights are getting,less and less expensive,.,b.the more the more,eg,.,The more learned,a man is,the more modest,he usually is.,The quicker,you get ready,the sooner,well be able to leave.,The warmer,the weather,the better,I feel.,The more the better,.,The more grain,we produce,the greater,will be our achievement.,The longer,you live in a place,the more neighborly,are you likely to feel.,c.no more()than/not more()than,He has no more than five dollars on him.,He has not more than five dollars on him.,He is no more diligent than you.,He is not more diligent than you.,d.no less than/not less than,His son has read no less than 50 English books.,His son has read not less than 50 English books.,The middle-aged man was no less a person than the new minister.,Her voice is no less sweet than it used to be.,Ex.D,E,II.transformation of CS,He is more capable than I.,(=I am not so capable as he.),Richard is older than any other boy in the school.,(=Richard is the oldest boy in the school.),Nothing in my life shook me so deeply as this first visit to China.,(=What shook me most in my life was my first visit to China.),Mary is less careful than Jane.,(=Mary is not as(so)careful as Jane.),III.word order in CS,A.,I havent seen,as old,a car,as,this for years.,I cant drink,as sweet,coffee,as,this.,Our neighbors have,a much larger,house,than,ours.,B.,I havent seen,a car,as old as,this for years.,I cant drink,coffee,as sweet as,this.,Our neighbors have,a house,much larger,than ours.,C.n.must be in front of CS,a.I can carry,parcels,as heavy as,these,.,Fetch me,some water,as clean as,this,.,Do you want,a piece of cake,as big as,mine,?,b.Ive never seen,a man,more outstandingly courageous than,Miss,Marple,.,？,Ive never seen a more outstandingly courageous man than Miss,Marple,.,There are,men,more intelligent than,Mary,.,？,There are more intelligent men than Mary.,D.Nouns must be in the middle of CS,a.There are,more,chairs,in the garden than,there are in the living room.,He has,more,chance,than,ever.,There is,much less,difficulty,than,I thought.,b.We can give you,as many,copies,as,you need.,Of course we didnt have,as much,snow,as,you have in Finland.,c.It was,as much of,a success,as,I had hoped.,He is,more of,a sportsman,than,his brother.,He is,less of,a fool,than,I thought he was.,IV.“asas”&“more()than”without any comparative meaning,A.,The passive has been bound to be,as much as,ten times,more frequent in one test than another.,The journey took,less than,an hour,about 45 minutes,I think.,Its,no/not more than,a mile,to the sea.,B.,I was,more annoyed than worried,when they didnt come home.,He was,less hurt than frightened,.,He is,more big than strong,.,？,He is bigger than strong.,C.My trip to Beijing was,more than sightseeing,.,Hes,more than happy,about it.,He,more than complained,:he threw the whole book of rules at me.,V.modifiers of CS,a.John is,nearly,as big as you are.,This house is,about three times,as big as ours.,Peters songs are not,half,so popular as Toms.,c.This hat is,nearly/about/almost/by far/far and away/out and away/out and out,not nearly/by no means/not quite,the biggest.,b.He is,far,more truthful than most people.,The tiles are,only a little,less broad than they are long.,A meter is,more than 3 times,longer than a foot.,Too much reading makes me,all the,(even)more stupid.,After all his explanations,I remained,none the,wiser.,Ways to express times,2003,年的棉花产量是,1963,年的三倍。,1.A is N times as great(long,much)as B.,The output of cotton in 2003,was three times as much as,that of 1963,2.A is N times the,size(length,amount)of B,The output of cotton in 2003 was,three times that of,1963/the 1963 figure.,The output of cotton in 2003 was,three times what it had been,in 1963.,3.A is N times,greater(longer,more.)than,B.,The output of cotton in 2003 was,three times greater than,that in 1963.,4.,Increase/be up N times,The output of cotton,increased threefold,in the years 1963-2003.,The output of cotton,increased to/by three times,in the years 1963-2003.,The output of cotton was,up 3 times,from 1963 to 2003.,5.The output of cotton in 2003 was,200 percent greater than,in 1963.,The output of cotton,increased by 200%,in the years 1963-2003.,There was a,200%increase,in the output of cotton between 1963 and 2003.,The output of cotton was,up 200%,from 1963 to 2003.,用,times,表达倍数增加的常见句型,(1)A is N times bigger than B,(2)A is bigger than B by N times,(3)A is N times as big as B,(4)A is N times the size of B,(5),表示增加意义的动词与,times,连用，即：,increase by N times,to N times,N times,。,据考证，以上句型的实际含义相同，都可翻译为：,A,是,B,的,N,倍,或者,A,比,B,增加了,N,一,1,倍。,1.An oxygen atom is 16 times heavier than a hydrogen atom.,氧原子的重量是氢原子重量的,16,倍,(,或：氧原子比氢原子重,15,倍,),。,2.Mt.,Jolmolungam,is 29028 feet high,higher than Mt.Fuji by about 2.5 times,珠穆朗玛峰高,29028,英尺，比富士山大约高,1.5,倍,(,或：约为富士山的,2,5,倍,),。,3.The increase of,investiment,was one and a half times or from one million USD to one and a half million USD.,投资增加了一半,即从,100,万美元增加到,I50,万美元。,用,times,表示倍数减少的常见句型,(1)A is N times,smaIler,than B,(2)A is smaller than B by N times,(3)A is N times as small as B,(4),表示减少意义的动词与,times,连用，即：,decrease by N times,to N times,N times,以上句型的实际含义相同，均为,A=B N,，译为：,A,是,B,的,1,N,；,A,比,B,小或减少,(N,一,1),N,。,1.Technical innovation reduced the cost of production by four times,技术革新使生产成本降低四分之三。,2.In I766 the English scientist Henry Cavendish,had shown that hydrogen was lighter than air by seven times,在,1766,年英国科学家享利,卡文迪什就已证明氢的重量为空气重量的七分之一。,3.The automatic assembly line shortened the,assembling time five times.,这条自动装配线使装配时间减少了五分之四。,