现在完成时.ppt

Grammar and usagePresent perfect tense 结构：结构：肯定：肯定：have/hasdone否定：否定：have/hasnotdone疑问：疑问：Has/Have+主语主语+done 简略答语简略答语:Yes,主语主语+have/has.(肯定肯定)No,主语主语+havent/hasnt.(否定否定)被动：被动：has/havebeendone注意：注意：1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用语连用,如如yesterday,last week,three years ago 等等;2)不能与不能与when连用连用 3).现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用去时间状语连用用法一：用法一：表示表示(不确定的不确定的)过去发生的动作对现在过去发生的动作对现在产生影响或造成结果。产生影响或造成结果。I have already lost the key.(我现在没有钥匙我现在没有钥匙)I havent read that book yet.(不了解书的内容不了解书的内容)I have just cleaned my hands.(手是干净的手是干净的)常与常与already(已经已经),yet(已经已经),just(刚刚刚刚),ever(曾经曾经)never(从不从不)，recently(最近最近),lately(近来近来)等词连等词连用用.already:常用于肯定句中常用于肯定句中.yet:常用于否定句常用于否定句,疑问句尾疑问句尾.注意：注意：just:just:刚刚，与现在完成时连用刚刚，与现在完成时连用just now:just now:刚才，与一般过去时连用刚才，与一般过去时连用e.g.I have just bought a pen I bought a pen just now.用法二用法二:表示从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或表示从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，也可能继续持续下去，只能用于某些延续状态，也可能继续持续下去，只能用于某些延续性动词，常与性动词，常与forfor,since,since,或和表示从过去某或和表示从过去某时到现在这段时间的时间状语（如时到现在这段时间的时间状语（如:so far,:so far,up to now,in the last few years/daysup to now,in the last few years/days等）等）连用。连用。She has learned English for 5 years.He has lived in Beijing since he was born.Has he lived in Shenzhen for 4 years?since:(自自以来以来)1)since+时间点时间点Hehasstayedheresince5oclock.2)since+时间段时间段+agoHehasstayedheresince5hoursago.3)since+从句从句ShehastaughtEnglishsincehecamehere.for:(长达）达）for+时间段时间段Hehaskeptthebookfor2weeks.since,for的用法的用法:Takenotes 用for 或since填空1.Mr.Brown has had his TV _ 15 years.2.Ive taken driving lessons _last month.3.My sister has had her cell phone _a month.4.My friends havent visited me _my birthday.5.We havent used our car _ a long time.6.She hasnt had a good cup of coffee _years.7.Tom has worn glasses _he was 7 years old.forsinceforsinceforforsince注意：注意：瞬间动词瞬间动词在肯定句中不能与在肯定句中不能与forfor，sincesince等表示等表示一段时间的时间状语连用一段时间的时间状语连用延续性动词延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：或产生持久影响。如：learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。等。瞬间动词瞬间动词也称非延续性动词、终止性动词或短暂性动词，也称非延续性动词、终止性动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach,getto,leave,die,borrow,buy等。等。当现在完成时当现在完成时 +一段时间一段时间注意：注意：1)Tom has studied Russian for three years.=Tom began to study Russian three years ago,and is still studying it now.2)(错错)Harry has got married for six years.=Harry began to get married six years ago,and is still getting married now.改为改为:Harry got married six years ago.或或 Harry has been married for six years.误误I have received his letter for two days.正正I received his letter two days ago.I have had his letter for two days.It is two days since I received his letter.*瞬间动词在瞬间动词在否定句中否定句中则可以与表示一段时间则可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。的时间状语连用。I havent received his letter for a long time.He hasnt married since he broke up with his girlfriend.动作动作状态状态die be over leave arrive begin end/finish join marry be away be here be on(上演）be married be in be dead由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换1.have代替代替buy My brother has had(不能用不能用has bought)this bike for almost four years.2、用、用keep或或have代替代替borrow I have kept(不能用不能用have borrowed)the book for quite a few days.3、用、用be替代替代become How long has your sister been a teacher?4、用、用have a cold代替代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.5、用、用wear代替代替put on b)用用“be形容词形容词”代代终止性动词终止性动词 1、bemarried代代marry 2、beill代代fall(get)ill 4、beasleep代代fall(get)asleep 5、beawake代代wake/wake up 7、beopen代代open 8、be closed代代close/shut 9、bemissing(gone,lost)代代lose 用法三：用法三：表示一个过去发生的动作到现在为止已完表示一个过去发生的动作到现在为止已完成或刚刚完成。成或刚刚完成。Now we have planted all the trees.He has turned off the light.Up to now,the program has saved thousands of children.A:“Would you like something to eat?”B:“No,thanks.Ive just had lunch.”All of us have heard this many times.I have visited Beijing three times.You dont need to describe her;I have met her several times.用法四：用法四：表示过去发生的一次或多次的动作，一般汉表示过去发生的一次或多次的动作，一般汉语译为语译为“过过”，常带有，常带有once，twice,threetimes等等频度时间状语频度时间状语 特殊句型：特殊句型：1.It is+时间段 since+一般过去时的句子.1.他的爷爷已经去世他的爷爷已经去世2年了。年了。2.Nick 参军参军3年了年了.3.他离开深圳好长时间了。他离开深圳好长时间了。4.这本书我已借了这本书我已借了4个月了个月了.It is 2 years since his grandpa died.It is 3 years since Nick joined the army.It is a long time since he left Shenzhen.It is 4 months since I borrowed the book.句型二句型二:This/It is:This/It is the first/second 等序数词等序数词 time+that time+that 从句从句(谓语动词用现在完成时谓语动词用现在完成时)Its the first time that Miss Liu has been to Taojiang.句型三：句型三：It/This/That is It/This/That is the the 最高级最高级 +名词名词 that that 从句（谓语动词用现在完成时）从句（谓语动词用现在完成时）Its the best film that I have ever seen.have/has gone to&have/has been to 1.have/has been(to)表示表示“去过某地去过某地 （现在已回来）（现在已回来）”2.have/has gone to 表示表示“去某地了去某地了 （说话时某人不在当地）（说话时某人不在当地）“前者可与前者可与once,never,severaltimes等连用等连用,后后者则不能者则不能我曾经去过三次意大利。我曾经去过三次意大利。I have been to Italy three times.他去哈尔滨了。他去哈尔滨了。He has gone to Harbin.Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai for two months./since two months ago.Summary:用法一：用法一：(不确定的不确定的)过去发生的动作对现在产生影过去发生的动作对现在产生影 响或造成结果。响或造成结果。用法二用法二:表示从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，表示从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，也可能继续持续下去。也可能继续持续下去。用法三：用法三：过去发生的动作到现在为止已完成或刚完成。过去发生的动作到现在为止已完成或刚完成。用法四：用法四：过去发生的一次或多次的动作。过去发生的一次或多次的动作。用法五：用法五：用于某些特殊句型用于某些特殊句型Practice：1.Can you give me the right answer?Sorry,I _ Would you please repeat that question?A.havent listened B.hadnt listenedC.dont listen D.wasnt listening 2.When you get the paper back,pay special attention to what _.A.have marked B.have been markedC.had marked D.had been marked3.It seems that she is thinking about something.Yes,she can not remember what key she _ to her computer.A.set B.has set B.C.had set D.sets4.Danny _ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.A.works B.is workingC.has worked D.worked5.He didnt give up the plan though he _many times.A.would fail B.was failing C.had failed D.has failedTrue or False:1.He has been to the shop.Hell be back soon.2.I havent received his letter for a long time.3.I have received his letter for two days.4.This is the most interesting book that I had read.5.He has bought the car last Friday.gonehadhavee.g.Billhassmokedsinceheleftschool.Hestillsmokes.Billsmokedforsixmonths.Itmeansthathestoppedsmokingthen.The present perfect tense&thesimple past tense现现在完成在完成时时:强强调调的是的是这这一一动动作作与现在的关系与现在的关系,对对现现在在产产生的生的结结果或影响果或影响等等,不能与表过去的时间不能与表过去的时间状语连用。状语连用。一般一般过过去去时时:只着重只着重说说明明动动作作发发生在生在过过去，与去，与现现在无关，在无关，常与具体的过去时间状语连用。常与具体的过去时间状语连用。Exercises:1.We _(study)English for about five years.We_(begin)to study it five years ago.2.They _(move)to the south in 1990 and _(live)there since then.3.Eric _(leave)home last year but now he _(come)back.have studiedbeganmovedhave livedhas comeleft1、Both his parents look sad.Maybe they _whats happened to him.knew .have known .must know .will know2、He has _ been to Shanghai,has he?.already .never .ever .still 3、Have you met Mr Li _？.just .ago.before .a moment ago4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two years.is writing .was writing.wrote .has written5、Our country _ a lot so far.Yes.I hope it will be even _.has changed;well .changed;good .has changed;better .changed;better6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years.was;studying .will;study.has;studied .are;studying7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl.know .had known.have known .knew8、Harry Potter is a very nice film.I_ it twice.will see .have seen.saw .see9、These farmers have been to the United States.Really?When _ there?.will they go .did they go.do they go .have they gone 10、_ you _ your homework yet?Yes.I _ it a moment ago.Did;do;finished .Have;done;finished.Have;done;have finished .will;do;finish11、His father _ the Party since 1978.joined .has joined .was in .has been in12、Do you know him well?Sure.We _ friends since ten years ago.were .have been .have become .have made13、How long have you _ here?About two months.been .gone .come .arrived14、Hurry up!The play _ for ten minutes.has begun .had begun .has been on .began15、It _ ten years since he left the army.is .has .will .was16、Miss Green isnt in the office.she_ to the library.has gone .went .will go .has been17、My parents _ Shandong for ten years.have been in .have been to.have gone to .have been18、The students have cleaned the classroom,_?A.so they B.dont they C.have they D.havent they19、_ has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he_ to China?A.How soon,comes B.How often,got C.How long,came D.How far,arrived 20、His uncle _ for more than 9 years.A.has come here B.has started to work C.has lived there D.has left the universityGrammar and usagePresent perfect continuous tenseStructure:现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由have(has)+been+doing构成构成构成构成 1.The telephone has been ringing for almost a minute.Why doesnt someone answer it?电话响了差不多一分钟电话响了差不多一分钟,为什么没人接为什么没人接?2.The weather has been changeable lately;Ive been having a lot of colds.最近天气变化无常最近天气变化无常,我时常感冒。我时常感冒。Usagesn用法一：用法一：从以前到现在这一段时间里一直在从以前到现在这一段时间里一直在进行的动作，可能仍在进行，也可能已停止。进行的动作，可能仍在进行，也可能已停止。e.g.e.g.1.It 1.It has been raininghas been raining since last Monday.since last Monday.自上周一以来就一直在下雨。自上周一以来就一直在下雨。自上周一以来就一直在下雨。自上周一以来就一直在下雨。2.She2.Shes s been watchingbeen watching television all day.television all day.她看了整整一天电视。她看了整整一天电视。她看了整整一天电视。她看了整整一天电视。用法二：用法二：表示一个从过去某时开始的动表示一个从过去某时开始的动作一直延续到说话时刚结束。作一直延续到说话时刚结束。Where have you been?We have been looking for you everywhere.Sorry.Haveyoubeenwaitinglong?Ihavebeenwaitingforanhour.用法三：表示过去刚刚完成的动作，用法三：表示过去刚刚完成的动作，对现在有联系或影响。对现在有联系或影响。1.Ive been typing letters all day.（I am very tired.）一整天都在打信件。（我太累了。）一整天都在打信件。（我太累了。）2.Susan has been crying.（Susans eyes are red.）苏姗一直在哭。（眼睛都哭红了。）苏姗一直在哭。（眼睛都哭红了。）Practice:1.How I wish I could bring some laughter to my students who _ so hard.A.will work B.had worked C.have been working D.were working2.Isnt it hard to drive downtown to work?-Yes,thats why I _ to work by train.A.have gone B.have been goingC.was going D.will have gone现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较:Note 1:两者都可表示延续至今的状态两者都可表示延续至今的状态两者都可表示延续至今的状态两者都可表示延续至今的状态,但但但但现在完成进行现在完成进行现在完成进行现在完成进行时强时强时强时强调动作的持续性；而现在完成时着重调动作的持续性；而现在完成时着重调动作的持续性；而现在完成时着重调动作的持续性；而现在完成时着重说明一个事实。说明一个事实。说明一个事实。说明一个事实。A.They have lived in New York.他们住在巴黎。他们住在巴黎。B.They have been living in New York.他们他们他们他们一直一直一直一直住在巴黎。住在巴黎。住在巴黎。住在巴黎。Note2:现在完成时强调现在完成时强调结果和影响结果和影响；现在完成进行；现在完成进行时强调动作时强调动作仍在进行仍在进行。1.Ive cleaned the windows.我把窗户擦干净了我把窗户擦干净了。2.Ive been cleaning the windows.我一直在擦窗户。我一直在擦窗户。(可能窗户尚未擦完可能窗户尚未擦完)Sheisstillreadingthebook.LiJiahasbeenreadingabookaboutStonehenge.LiJiahasreadabookaboutStonehenge.Shefinishedreadingthebook.Sheknowsthecontentofthebooknow.Howmanytimeshaveyouswuminthelake?Howlonghaveyoubeenswimminginthelake?Note3:现在完成时表示动作现在完成时表示动作重复的次数重复的次数，提问时，提问时用用how many times;而现在完成进行时则表示而现在完成进行时则表示持续的不间断的动作，提问时用持续的不间断的动作，提问时用how long.IhavevisitedEgypttwicethismonth.IhavebeentouringEgyptfortwomonths.Note 4:某些某些不用于进行时不用于进行时的状态动词也不能用于的状态动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。现在完成进行时。静态动词静态动词则主要指表示情感、相互关系、内心则主要指表示情感、相互关系、内心活动、感觉等的动词：活动、感觉等的动词：如如exist，be,have,mean,seem,sound,belong,contain,concerns,hate,dislike,like,love,prefer,surprise,satisfy等。等。1.I am loving you.2.He isnt believing in Howard.3.The meat is tasting delicious.4.Tom is having several shirts.True or False注意：注意：never,yet,already,ever and once,twice等频率时等频率时间状语间状语不能用于现在完不能用于现在完成进行时。成进行时。高考链接高考链接1.Imsorry,butIdontquitefollowyou.DidyousaythatyouwanttoreturnonSeptember20?Sorry,I_myselfclear.WewanttoreturnonOctober20.(2010北京北京)A.hadntmadeB.wouldntmakeC.dontmakeD.haventmade2.EveryyearafloodoffarmersarriveinShenzhenforthemoney-makingjobsthey_beforeleavingtheirhometowns.(2010福建福建)A.promisedB.werepromisedC.havepromisedD.havebeenpromised3.Thebookhasbeentranslatedintothirtylanguagesinceit_onthemarketin1973.(2010重庆重庆)A.hadcomeB.hascomeC.cameD.comes5.Imtiredout.I_allafternoonandIdontseemtohavefinishedanything.(2010湖南湖南)A.shoppedB.haveshoppedC.hadshoppedD.havebeenshopping考例考例1-_you_himaroundthemuseumyet?-Yes.Wehadagreattimethere.A.Have；shownB.Do；showC.Had；shownD.Did；show点拨点拨此句强调过去发生的动作对现在此句强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响，即：是否已经带他参观了博物馆。的影响，即：是否已经带他参观了博物馆。考例考例2We_ournewneighborsyet,sowedontknowtheirnames.A.dontmeetB.wontmeetC.haventmetD.hadntmet点拨点拨此句表示发生在过去的动作对此句表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响。现在造成的影响。考例考例1Ihavegotaheadache.Nowonder.You_infrontofthatcomputertoolong.A.workB.areworkingC.havebeenworkingD.worked点拨点拨由语境可以看出由语境可以看出work动作开始于动作开始于过去，持续到现在，对现在还有影响，且过去，持续到现在，对现在还有影响，且含有责备的口吻，所以用现在完成进行时。含有责备的口吻，所以用现在完成进行时。考例考例2CathyistakingnotesofthegrammaticalrulesinclassatSunshineSchool,whereshe_Englishforayear.A.studiesB.studiedC.isstudyingD.hasbeenstudying点拨点拨句意：凯茜正在阳光学校的课堂上句意：凯茜正在阳光学校的课堂上做语法笔记，她一直在那里学英语，到现做语法笔记，她一直在那里学英语，到现在已经一年了。在已经一年了。Note5:现在完成时通常只现在完成时通常只陈述事实陈述事实，而现在完成进，而现在完成进行时还可表示一种行时还可表示一种感情色彩感情色彩。I have waited for two hours.我等了两小时。（陈述事实）我等了两小时。（陈述事实）I have been waiting for two hours.我等了两个小时。（等得好辛苦）我等了两个小时。（等得好辛苦）Note 6:静态动词静态动词通常不能用于现在完成进行通常不能用于现在完成进行时中时中,现在完成进行时通常只用现在完成进行时通常只用动态动词动态动词;现现在完成时两者皆可用。在完成时两者皆可用。Theyve been married for twenty years.他们结婚已二十年了。他们结婚已二十年了。The war has lasted for a long time.这场战争持续了很长时间。这场战争持续了很长时间。1.1.动态动词动态动词主要指动作动词，主要指动作动词，如如give，take，work，run等；等；2.2.而而静态动词静态动词则主要指表示情感、内心活动、感觉、则主要指表示情感、内心活动、感觉、相互关系等的动词：相互关系等的动词：如如know，live，lie，exist，be，have，mean，seem，appear，sound，contain，concerns，hate，dislike，like，love，prefer，surprise,astonish，satisfy等。等。1.Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.I think so.He _ for it for months.A.is preparingB.was preparingC.had been preparingD.has been preparing2.By the time he realizes he _ into a trap,itll be too late for him to do anything about it.A.walks B.walked C.has walked D.had walked3.So far this year we _ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.A.saw B.see C.had seen D.have seen4.Danny _ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.A.worksB.is working C.has workedD.had worked5.The unemployment rate in this district_ from 6%to 5%in the past two years.A.has fallen B.had fallen C.is falling D.was falling8.Now that she is out of job,Lucy _ going back to school，but she hasnt decided yet.A.had considered B.has been considering C.considered D.is going to consider7.Hi,Tracy，you look pale.I am tired.I _ the living room all day.A.painted B.had painted C.have been painting D.have painted