土木工程专业英语lesson2.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,2 Building and Architecture,Cultural background introduction,课程学习指南：,1.New words analysis,Encompass=en+compass,Identical,identity,identify,Illumination 词根：lumin、phot(o)光,如luminous(发光的),Parlance 词根：parl说、谈，parley(座谈)，parliament（议会）,Dominant=dominate+ant 词根：ant人或物或属于的，coolant（冷却剂），pollutant(污染物)，participant(参与者)=participate+ant,Repetition（n.）repeat,Intermediate(中间体，中间的)=inter(之间的)+mediate,The purpose of a building,is,to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities,.,From,the time of the cave dwellers,to,the present,one of the first needs of man,has,been a shelter from the elements.In a more general sense,the art of building,encompasses,all of mans efforts,to control,its environment and,direct,natural forces to his own needs.This art,includes,in addition to buildings,all the civil engineering structures such as dams,canals,tunnels,aqueducts,and bridges.,建筑物是给人类的活动提供一个遮风挡雨的地方。从穴居时代到现在，人类最重要的需求之一就是有一个可以遮风避雨之所。通常意义上，人类为了满足各种需求，努力试图控制环境和改变自然力，建筑艺术就涵盖了人类的各种成就。除建筑物外，这种艺术还包括大坝，运河，隧道，沟渠和桥等结构。,The scientific basis,for,the design of buildings as shelters and,for,the design of civil engineering structures for other purposes,is identical,.It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths.,遮风避雨的建筑物的设计和其他用途的土木工程结构的设计的科学基础是相同的。而正是因为现代社会特定的需要，这两个领域才沿着不同的路径发展。,In a similar manner,the master builder concerned with the building as a shelter is no longer an individual;instead,his work is done by a team of several specialist:the planner,the architect,the engineer,and the builderThe execution of a modern building depends on the collective talents of this team.,在一定程度上，作为遮风避雨的建筑物的主要营造者也不再是单个人，而是由多个专家组成的小组：如规划师，建筑师，工程师和建造者，一个现代建筑物的实现依赖这个小组集体的智慧。,The form of a building is an outgrowth,of,its function,its environment,and various socioeconomic factors.An apartment building,an office building,and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill.In an apartment building every habitable space,such as living rooms and bedrooms,must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building.,outgrowth发展结果；结果；产物,建筑物的结构是建筑物的功能、环境及各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。公寓，办公大楼和学校的不同在于它们实现的功能不同。公寓的每一个可居住空间如起居室和卧室必须有来自窗户的自然光，而浴室和厨房可以采用人造光源因而可以安排在建筑物内部。,Finally,the form of a building is affected by a variety of socioeconomic factors,including land costs,tenancy,building budget,and zoning restrictions.High land costs in urban areas result in high buildings,while low land costs in the country result in low buildings.A housing project,for,the rich will take a different form than a low-cost housing project.A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted for than other office buildings.The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions.In all these examples,buildings with similar functions take on different forms.,最后，建筑物的结构被各种社会经济因素影响，包括地价，租赁，工程预算，分区限制。城市的高地价造成高层建筑物，而乡村的低地价造成低的建筑物。富人的住房工程也不同于廉价的住房项目。雄伟的办公大楼的预算将大大地超过其他的办公大楼。建筑物的大小和外形可能受到分区的限制，在这些例子中，有着相似功能的建筑物常常采用不同的结构。,Architecture is the art of building.Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use.The,precise activities,to be housed in any specific building-ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home-should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within.These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other.Furthermore,the movement of human beings within the building-“circulation in architectural parlance-requires halls,stairs,or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic,建筑学是建筑物的艺术。事实上所有的建筑学都是关于为了人类的使用而围住的空间。在任何特殊的建筑物中所覆盖的精确活动广泛到从工厂的一条装配线到一个家庭的起居室应该规定几个内部区域的大小和形状。这些空间也必须被安排在彼此合乎一定逻辑的关系中。此外，在建筑物中的人类活动建筑学中的说法是“,运动流线,”需要大厅，楼梯和电梯，它们的尺寸受到预期荷载的支配。,The plan of a structure,always the first consideration of an architect,is the resolution,of these different purposes,into an organization of spaces,that will fulfill the intent of the building,.Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and,impresses,him,perhaps subconsciously,by,visibly relating the several units of the edifice.Conversely,a bad plan results in inconvenience,waste,and visual confusion.,Edifice/,dfs建筑物；大厦,建筑师的首先考虑建筑物的结构平面图，平面图把不同的想法在空间组织中布局，从而实现建造意图。好的平面组织可以指引访客到达建筑物中的目的地并且使他们留下印象。他们也许是下意识地被大厦几个单元显而易见的联系所吸引。相反地，不好的平面组织将带来不便、浪费和视觉混乱。,Furthermore,a structure must be well built;it should have,such,permanence,as,the purpose for which it is intended demands and,as,the materials Chosen may allow The raw materials of architecture-stone,brick,wood,steel,or glass-in part,govern,the forms of the building and,are expressed,by them.Stone can resist compression,the force that squeezes together,almost indefinitely.While it is possible to crush stone in a laboratory,for practical purposes its compressive strength is unlimited.On the other hand,stone is weak in withstanding tension,the force that pulls apart.Any beam spanning a void tends to bend downward between the supports,putting the lower half of the beam under tension.,此外,一个结构需要很好地被建造。它应该有结构需要的和被选材料允许的耐久性。未经加工的建筑材料，如石，砖，木，钢或玻璃，某种程度上，决定了建筑物的结构及其实现方式。石头能够无限期地抵抗压缩和压力。在一个实验室里压碎石头是可能，但是对于实际应用，它的抗压强度则是无限的。另一方面，石头抵抗拉力方面是很弱的，用力很容易拉开。任何空间跨度的梁在支承之间容易向下弯曲，梁的下半区承受拉力。,It follows from the tensile weakness of stone that beams of this material must be comparatively short and supported at frequent intervals.Moreover,stone columns must be sturdy,rarely more than 10 times as high as they are wide.In stone buildings,windows,doors,and the spaces between columns are almost compelled to be taller than they are wide-the vertical rectangle of the stone the aesthetic.,由于石头承受拉力的能力很弱,这种材料的梁相对地比较短,并且支撑间距比较小。此外，石柱必须坚固，其高宽比极少超过10。在石类建筑中，门，窗及柱之间的空间几乎都要高大于宽，这源于石的垂直矩形美学。,Stone has been so dominant in the architecture of Western world that forms appropriate to it have been preserved even in buildings constructed of wood,as in the American Georgian period.Stone,then,lends itself to the kind of construction in which walls support the floors and roof,to post and lintel construction with rather closely spaced columns,and to arch construction where the stresses are predominantly compressive.,石在西方世界建筑学中占有如此之高的统治地位，以致，即使在木结构建筑时期其适当的造型一直被妥善保护着，像在美国的乔治王时代。然后，石借助它本身的构造类型，成为支撑楼板和屋顶的墙，成为承重结构中的密排柱，成为主要承受压力的拱形结构。,Wood,a fibrous material,withstands tension as readily as it does compression.Wooden beams may be relatively longer than stone beams,and wooden posts slender and widely spaced.A horizontal rectangle,wider than it is high,results from the natural properties of wood,as may be seen in Japanese architecture.Steel also has tensile strength that is equal to or greater than its compressive strength.,木是一种纤维材料，相对于其抵抗压力的能力而言，它更易于抵抗拉力。木制梁可能相对比石制梁长，并且木制柱较细且间距较宽。由于木的自然性质常形成宽大于高的水平矩形布局，这在日本建筑学中常被见到。钢的抗拉强度也等于或大于其抗压强度。,Anyone,who has observed a steel building under construction,must have noticed the gridiron of horizontal rectangles,produced by the slender,widely spaced columns and the long beams of each floor.,The nature of wood and of steel suggests frame construction-a skeleton to support floors and roof-with whatever surfacing material may be necessary.Wood and steel also permit cantilever construction in which beams project beyond the last point of support.,观察过钢结构施工过程的任何人一定曾注意到由宽间距的细长柱和楼层的的长梁所组成的水平矩形网格。木和钢的性质意味着框架结构一个支撑楼板和屋顶的骨架任何的铺面材料都可能是必需的。木和钢也准许悬臂结构，在这种结构中，梁超出最后的支承点。,Finally,architecture must,do,more than,meet,the physical requirements of strength and space;it must also content the spirit of man.The building should form an aesthetic unity to which the several parts contribute.Thus,the sides and rear of a structure should bear sufficient correspondence to the front to make them all related parts of a single whole.The major internal divisions,too,require some expression in the external design.The nave,aisles,transepts,apse,and radiating chapels of Gothic cathedrals,for example,are all visible on the exterior,so that the visitor is subconsciously prepared for what he will find inside.,最后，建筑学需做更多的事情，来满足强度和空间的实际需要，也一定要满足人们精神需要。建筑物应该使每一部分形成一个美学的统一体。因此，结构的侧面和背面应该与正面具有足够的一致性，可以使所有相关部分成为一个整体。同样地，主要的内部分区也需要在外部设计上有所表现。正殿，甬道，袖廊，半圆形壁龛,哥德式大教堂的小礼拜堂，举例来说，全部是在外部上看得见的,所以访客意识到他们将在里面找到什么。,Architecture calls for good proportions a pleasing relationship of voids to solids,of height to width,of length to breadth.Many attempts have been made to explain good proportions by mathematical formulas,such as the golden section.These efforts havent found general acceptance,however,although good results have been achieved through the repetition of some dimension(for example,a module that is half the diameter of a column)throughout the design.Such repetitions help to produce the visible order that the human mind seems to crave,建筑要求有恰当的比例，即令人愉快的虚与实、高与宽、长与宽的关系。人类已经作过许多尝试用数学公式来解释恰当的比例，如黄金分割。然而，这些努力并没有被广泛接受，尽管在设计中透过一些尺寸（举例来说，一个模数是一个柱的直径一半）的复测法已经收到很好的结果。这种复测法帮助提出了人类思想渴望的可视规则。,A building also should have what architects call scale;that is,it should visually convey its true size.Such elements as benches,steps,or balustrades,though slightly variable in size,are,by their very purpose,related to the normal dimensions of human beings.They therefore become,almost imperceptibly,units of measurement for gauging the size of the whole edifice.,一个建筑物还应该有建筑师称作的比例尺，它应该能在视觉上传达它的真实尺寸。如长椅、台阶或楼梯栏杆等元素，尽管由于它们特别的原因在大小方面有些微可变，但仍然与人类的正常尺寸有关。因此它们也不知不觉成为精确计量整个大厦尺寸的测量单位。,Because these units are so small in comparison to the whole building,other elements of intermediate size are needed.Stairs and a balustrade may give a clue to the size of a doorway;that,in turn,to the height of a colonnade;and finally,the colonnade to the whole structure.The Petit Trianon at Versailles is perfect in scale.The absence of small elements in St.Peters in Rome makes it difficult to perceive its vastness.,因这些单位对整个建筑物而言太小，所以还需要其他中间尺度的元素。楼梯和一个栏杆可能为确定门口的尺寸提供帮助，依次是柱廊的高度，最后是整个的结构廊。凡尔赛的Petit Trianon在比例尺方面相当完美。罗马的圣彼得堡由于缺少小元素而让人很难感知它的巨大。,Although all decoration is rejected in some modern architecture,it was employed in the past either for its inherent beauty or to emphasize some point of importance in the building.Decoration or ornament may be used to contribute the character,the visible expression of the purpose of the building.Thus a bank should look like a bank,and a church should be immediately identifiable as such.Ideally,too,any building should seem to belong on its site,with some relationship to its architectural neighbors and the local geography,虽然全装饰在一些现代的建筑中被拒绝，但它过去由于固有的美或为了强调建筑物的一些重点而常被采用。装饰品可能用于突出建筑物的特征和建筑物目的的可视化表现。因此，一个银行要看起来像银行，一个教堂也应该同样地可以被立刻确认。理想地，任何建筑物应该通过与它建筑上的邻居的一些关系和地方地理学上看起来属于它的位置。,Through the related architectural forms shaped by their purpose，governed by the materials,proportioned and given scale and character by the designer,buildings become,expressions of the ideals and aspirations of the generations,that built them.The successive styles of historic architecture are incarnations of the spirit of their times.,经过建筑学目的的成型，再受材料、比例和设计者给定的比例尺和特征支配，建筑物成为建造它们时代人的理想和抱负表达的载体。历史性建筑学的连续性式样是他们的时代精神的化身。,