四级翻译技巧.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,翻译题目破题通法：,1、精研四级翻译真题，彻底搞懂每个考点，诸多考点反复重考;,2、背熟四、六级考试核心词组;,3、掌握四、六级翻译核心语法点，如虚拟语气、倒装句、定语从句、状语从句、主语从句等。,解题步骤,The professor required _(我们交研究报告)by Wednesday.,_(为了挣钱供我上学)，mother often takes on more work than is good for her health.,In order to finance my study,例题：请在5分钟内填空完毕。,1、Because she knew French,she(比我们有利).,2、Its important that the librarian(确认图书按时归还).,3、The regulations doesnt(生效)until the first of March.,4、My mother wanted me to(从事教育工作).,5、After arriving at your new university,the following may assist you in(减轻文化冲击所带来的紧张感).,1、答案：had an advantage over the rest of us,解析：,1)词组：have an advantage over(比有利),2)时态：根据前半句的knew，此处应使用一般过去时,2、答案：make sure the books should be returned in time,解析：,1)从句：主语从句it is important that,2)虚拟语气：此处主语从句应使用should+动词原形，should可以省略,3)语态：此处“按时归还”应使用被动语态be returned,4)词组：make sure(确认),3、答案：come/go into effect,解析：词组：come/go into effect(生效),4、答案：go in for teaching,解析：词组：go in for(从事),5、答案：reducing the strain of cultural shock,解析：,1)动名词：assist somebody in doing something,2)词组：cultural shock(文化冲击),选词技巧,1.根据上下文辨词义,2.论褒贬，即要注意同义词之间有不同的语体色彩、使用范围及程度。,3.,看搭配,选词-1.,根据上下文辨词义,(1)词义有轻重的不同,如表示“闪光”的词,shine照耀;指光的稳定发射。,glitter闪光;指光的不稳定发射。,glare耀眼;表示光的最强度。,sparkle闪烁;指发射微细的光度。,选词-,1.根据上下文辨词义,(2)词义有范围大小和侧重面的不同,如在empty，vacant，hollow这组同义词中，它们各自有不同的形容对象和强调的内容：,empty可以用来形容house，room，cup，box，stomach，head，words等词，表示“空的，一无所有。”,vacant可以用来形容position，room，house，seat等词表示“没有人占用的，空缺的。”,hollow可以和tree，voice，sound，cheeks等词连用，表示“空洞的，虚的，不实的，下陷的,选词-,2.论褒贬，即要注意同义词之间有不同的语体色彩、使用范围及程度。,任何语言都有语体之分，有高雅的、通俗的、粗野 的，还有俚语、公文用语及术语等。文学作品中，作家通过不同的语体来刻画人物的性格特征，更是常用的方法。翻译时，必须审其雅俗，量其轻重，这样，才能恰如其分地表达原文的精神。,词义有感情色彩(如憎恶、蔑视、讽刺、诅咒、尊敬、亲昵等等)和语体色彩(如庄严、高雅、古朴、俚语、方言词语、公文用语、委婉词等等)的不同。,如“死”就有许多委婉的说法：,to expire 逝世 to pass away 与世长辞to close(end)ones day 寿终 to breathe ones last 断气to go west 归西天 to pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘to depart to the world of shadows 命归黄泉 to give up the ghost 见阎王to kick the bucket 翘辫子 to kick up ones heels 蹬腿,又如“警察”：policeman 正式用语 cop 美国口语bobby 英国口语 nab 美国俚语,选词-3.,看搭配。,任何一种语言，在长期使用的过程中，会形成一种固定的词组或常见的搭配。这些比较固定的说法，有时可以译成另一种语言，有时则不行。翻译时，必须注意英汉两种语言中词的不同搭配。以kill为例：,1).He killed the man.他杀死了那个人。,2).He killed his chances of success.他断送了成功的机会。,3).He killed the motion when it came from the committee.他否决了委员会提出来的动议。,4).He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.他一周内喝光了三瓶威士忌。,5).kill the peace 扼杀和平,6).kill the promise 取消诺言,7).kill a marriage 解除婚约,还要注意英汉定语与名词的搭配不同：heavy crops 丰收heavy news 令人悲痛的消息heavy road 泥泞的路 heavy sea 波涛汹涌的海洋heavy heart 忧伤的心 heavy reader 沉闷冗长的读物,又如：a broken man 一个绝望的人 a broken soldier 一个残废军人a broken promise 背弃的诺言 a broken spirit 消沉的意志broken money 零钱,句子翻译技巧,一、正反、反正表达法,二、分句、合句法,I.汉语从反面表达，译文从正面表达,我们确信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。,We are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.,一、正反、反正表达法,II.汉语从正面表达，译文从反面表达,调查结果清清楚楚地显示病人死于心脏病。,The investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease.,一、正反、反正表达法,III.特殊的否定句式,There is not any advantage without disadvantage.,有利必有弊。,(双重否定),In that city,we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews.,我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。,(否定转移),一、正反、反正表达法,I.分句法,汉译英时，需要分译的句子多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句，就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚，也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译，则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。,二、分句、合句法,按内容层次分译,少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰竭时，要做学问也来不及了。,Youth will soon be gone，never to return.And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.,二、分句、合句法,从主语变换处分译,她隔窗望去，突然发现有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。,Looking through the window,she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank.In it there was a boatman fast asleep.,二、分句、合句法,从关联词处分译,声速随温度的升降会有轻微的增减，但不受气压的影响。,The speed of sound increases slightly with a rise in temperature and falls with decrease in temperature.It is not affected by the pressure of the air.,二、分句、合句法,原文出现总说或分述时要分译,我们的政策是实行“一个国家，两种制度”，具体说，就是在中华人民共和国内，有着十多亿人口的大陆实行社会主义制度，香港、台湾地区实行资本主义制度。,We are pursuing a policy of one country,two systems.More specifically,this means that within the Peoples Republic of China,the mainland with its one billion people will maintain the socialist system,while Hong Kong and Taiwan continue under the capitalist system.,China,s,one,country,two,systems,policy,二、分句、合句法,为了强调语气而采用分译,我们主张对我国神圣领土台湾实行和平统一，有关的政策，也是众所周知和不会改变的，并且正在深入人心。,We want peaceful reunification with Taiwan which is part of our sacred territory.Our policy in this regard is also known to all and will not change.The desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking hold in the hearts of the entire Chinese nation.,二、分句、合句法,II.,合句法,英汉两种语言的句子结构不完全相同，尽管英语句子日趋简洁，但是从句套从句，短语含短语的句型也是频频出现。一般而言，一个英语句子的信息包含量要大于一个汉语句子，因此，我们在做汉译英的时候，常常把汉语的两个句子，甚至更多句子，合译成英语的一句。使用合句法还可以使译文紧凑、简练。,二、分句、合句法,在关联词处合译,一代人与一代人之间的冲突，也就是年轻人与老年人的冲突，似乎是最可笑的。因为这就是现在的自己与将来的自己，或者说过去的自己与现在的自己的冲突。,A conflict between the generations between youth and age seems the most stupid,for it is one between oneself as one is and oneself as one will be,or between oneself as one was and oneself as one is.,二、分句、合句法,从主语变换处合译,对我来说，我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。,To me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom where I am king.,二、分句、合句法,按内容连贯合译,第二天，我又接到一个电报。这个电报有34个字，比前一个电报说得更详细。,The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers,giving more details.,二、分句、合句法,语法结构,动名词,虚拟语气,倒装,状语从句（最常考）,定语从句,动名词,Having spent some time in the city,he had no trouble,finding the way to the history museum,.(找到去历史博物馆的路)(2006.6),例句：After having spent whole mornings on the river,I always go home with an empty bag.,虚拟语气The victim,might have survived,(本来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time.(2006.12),Must have done,Shouldnt have done,Might/may have done,Ought(not)to have done,Need(not)have done,例句：,If,at the time,the British had not feared invasion,it would have been completed.,倒装,样题：,Not only did he overcharge me,(他向我收费过高),but he didnt do a good repair job either.考点：Not only 引起的部分倒装(助动词提前),Hardlywhen;No soonerthan;barely;seldom;scarcely;rarely;,Nor;so正常结构：He not only overcharged me,but he didnt do a good repair job either.强化例句：Only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened.,状语从句,1)目的状语,In order to make money to support my schooling,Mother often takes on more work than is good for her.（2006.6）,例句：,This time he was barking so that someone would let him out.,2)让步状语,Though(he was)a skilled worker,he was fired by the company last week because of the economic crisis.（2006.6）,As,although,even if;even though,例句：No matter how busy you are,he always insists on coming with you.,3)时间状语 Some psychologists claim that people may feel lonely,when theyre away from home,.（出门在外时可能会感到孤独）(2006.12),As soon as;while;as;after;before,例句：They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open.,4)条件状语,Please come here at ten tomorrow morning,if its convenient for you,.(如果你方便的话)(2007.6.),Given;provided;,例句：If you receive a request like this,you cannot fail to obey it!,5)比较状语(结构),Since my childhood I have found that to me,nothing is more interesting than reading,.(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力)（2006.12）,The more you explain,the more confused I am,(我愈糊涂).（2006.6）,N times as adj/adv as=n-1 times more than,例句：The older I get,the happier I am.,例句：Nothing could have been more annoying.,定语从句,The prevention and treatment of AIDS is,the field(where/in which)we can cooperate,.(我们可以合作的领域)(2007.6),例句：It has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground,练习,Section I,1._（随着工商业的发展）,the number of trees in many big cities has dramatically reduced.,2.Travel can widen our knowledge,_（扩大我们的眼界）,and make one open-minded as well.,3.Cars are responsible for most of the smog in cities,_（这已经对环境造成了严重的污染）.,4.Modernization will be entirely possible in the first half of the 21st century,as long as we _（坚持认为）that economic development is the center of all our work.,5.He was convinced on the basis of _（当时已出现的情况）that there would be a long and difficult struggle.,答案与解析：,1.With industries and business developing quickly 解析：本句意为：随着工商业的发展，许多大城市的树木数量正急剧减少。“随着”要用介词with或along with。“工商业”既包括工业也包括商业，翻译时要注意译文的完整性。本句也可译成：With the quick development of industries and business.2.broaden our horizon 解析：句中的短语widen our knowledge意思是“扩大我们的眼界”，make one open-minded是同义复指，它们表示相同的意思却在英语里使用不同的表达，以避免用词重复。这是英语行文的一个技巧，考生在翻译时应尽量避免wordiness（用词累赘），这个技巧在写六级作文时也值得借鉴。本句还可以译成：expand our vision或extend our sight.3.which has seriously polluted the environment 解析：“这已经对环境造成了严重的污染”中的“这”显然是指前半句提到的the smog in cities，这里需要的是一个非限制性定语从句，补充说明城市烟雾对环境的影响。本句还可以译成：which has brought serious pollution to the environment。4.hold an idea/insist on the idea/stick to the idea 解析：本句意为：只要我们坚持以经济建设为中心，那么在21世纪上半叶实现现代化是完全可能的。本题考查固定短语“坚持认为”的说法。除了答案提供的说法外还有以下说法大家可以参考：persist in the idea/persevere in the idea/adhere to the idea等。5.what had appeared by then 解析：“情况”在这里没必要直译成situation或case，本句含义是指基于当时的情况使他确信，因而可以用what引导作basis后置定语。还有一点需要注意的是，“当时已出现”要求我们在翻译时准确选择时态。by then与过去完成时态想一致，也可以用at that time。）,Section II,1._(我们确定搞两个开放)：namely,to open up both externally and internally.,2._(不用说)that hes been there before.,3._(真想不到)that he had done a thing like that.,4.Premier Zhou _(一心想着人民的利益).,5._(她非常不情愿地)that she agreed to help.,答案与解析:1.We have decided on an open policy in two respects本题考查了语序的调整。“两个开放”在原句中充当宾语，但是英语却不能说two opens，只能理解成“在两个方面实行开放政策”。因此，“搞两个开放”应处理成“动词宾语状语”的结构。另外，“搞”字在英语中没有一个绝对的对等词，而且“搞”在汉语是一个动词，经常带一些宾语、状语、补语，这些成分和“搞”字一起传情达意。读者在英译的时候应注意对“搞”字的准确翻译。,2.Its needless to say应留意否定词译法，即在have，there be及情态动词后面加no或not，在实义动词前面加上do或does not，在某些省略句中加上no。本题考查的是派生词用法。和汉语不同，英语单词词根可以加上前缀或后缀以改变单词本义，如ab-，dis-，im-，ir-，il-，mal-，non-，un-，under-，less等都是表示否定意义的词缀。,3.It was unexpected应注意照顾前后时态一致，考查的是“形式主语it形容词that-从句”的结构。如果题干改为_(真想不到)his doing a thing like that，答案就要相应改为fancy。fancy ones doing带有更强烈的语气，惊讶程度也比its unexpected高。,4.has always had the interests of the people at heart英语里“一心想着”、“总是想着”可以用短语always think about、have sth.at heart、be preoccupied with sth.来表达。但是它们的感情色彩是截然不同的。第一个短语是一般性用语，感情色彩为中性；第二个短语感情色彩为褒义；第三个短语往往后接不好的事情，是贬义词。,5.It was very reluctantly考查的并不是形式主语句，二是一个强调句型。本句可以说成：She agreed to help very reluctantly.原句的需填补部分是对状语的强调，以突出“极不情愿”这一信息中心。强调句用途很广，我们可以根据上下文和语义意图分别强调句子的主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语等,1.The doctor _（建议用一种新药来治疗这种病）.,2.The two parties differ very sharply from each other _（在采取正确的补救办法的问题上）.,3.An average student with average intelligence can be a top student _（只要仔细安排他/她的时间）.,4._（让世界发展如此之快的）is the modern science and technology.,5.A student must treasure his time and _（吸收尽可能多的知识）to lay a solid foundation for his future career.,Section III,Section III,答案与解析:1.suggests treating the case with a new drug,2.over the correct remedies to apply,3.if he plans his/her time carefully,4.What makes the world develop so fast,5.absorb as much knowledge as he can,Section IV,1._(通过体育锻炼)，we can always stay healthy.,2.According to the scientific research,_(听音乐能使我们放松).Is this really true?,3._(我们绝对不能)ignore the value of knowledge.,4.As is known to all,_(假冒伪劣商品)harm the interests of consumers.,5.Faced with failure some people can stand up to it,_(从失败中汲取教训)and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do.,Section IV,答案与解析：1.By taking exercises通过锻炼，我们可以保持健康。其实这题答案不止一个。“锻炼”可以用名词也可以用动词短语。“通过”可以用by表示方式，through表示途径。By taking exercises/Through exercises。往往by用于“by+doing”，而through后接名词哦。,2.listening to music enables us to feel relaxed“听音乐”在句中作主语，“听”应当处理成动名词形式。“能使我们放松”很多同学会采用 can make us feel relaxed的结构。其实，enable就有“能够使某人”的含义，注意enable sb.to do 的表达。,3.On no account can we本题是强调语气，强调“决不能”，所以联想到on no account,by no means,at no time,in no case等。不管用哪一个，都要注意它们是含有否定的意味的，因此在置于句首时应使用倒装语序。,4.fake and inferior commodities“假冒伪劣商品”包含两层含义：一是假货，二是次品，在翻译成英文的时候应该注意两层含义的正确译法。“假冒”不能用false而应选择fake，“次品”可以说inferior表示质量差，也可以用commodity of low quality。,5.draw useful lessons from it面对失败，有的人能够顽强抵抗，从中吸取教训，努力实现他们的目标。本句由三个并列的谓语成分构成，谓语动词分别是standup to“汲取”和try。“汲取教训”正确表达为draw a lesson from。然而我们又能从全句判断，从失败中吸取教训是为了将来能够更好地实现目标，因此加上修饰语useful，使内容更明确。,Section V,1.We wish to convey to you _(我们衷心的祝贺).,2._(无论从哪一方面考虑)，they ought to be given another chance.,3._(随着时间的流逝),.they forgot their bitter sufferings.,4.We must _(使自己适应)the demands of our times;otherwise well fall behind the other industrialized nations of theworld.,5.The number of the students in the city has _(增加了五倍)in comparison with 2001.,Section V,答案与解析：,1.our hearty congratulations全句意为：我们希望向你表达我们衷心的祝福。主要考查词是衷心的。hearty表示发自内心的，衷心的，亲切的，热烈的意思。如：a hearty welcome(热烈的欢迎);a hearty invitation(真诚的邀请);a hearty support(全力的支持。另外，希望(做)某事可以说成：wish to do sth./wish+sth.,2.Taking everything into consideration本题考查的是反面表达法。无论从哪一方面考虑即：方方面面都考虑到。考虑的短语表达有：take sth.Into consideration/take sth.into account。因为此句主句已给出，所以take应用现在分词的形式，在句中作原因状语。本句采用反译法，使译文符合英文表达习惯。,3.With the passage of time本题是考查固定搭配，时间流逝应译为 the passing/passage of time，随着应选用介词with，请看例句：We grow older with the hours.(我们随着时光流逝而长大。),4.adapt ourselves to本句意为：我们必须使自己适应这个时代的要求，否则就会落后于世界其他工业国家。主要考查使.适应 的用法：adapt to/adapt sb.to，如：adapt themselves to city life(使他们适应城市生活);You should adapt yourself to the new environment.(你应该适应新环境)。adapt除了有使适应含义外，还有改编，改写之意。考生也常将adapt 和 adopt相混淆。adopt有采纳，接受，领养之意。,5.increased 6 times本题考查关于倍数的说法。增加了5倍即增加到6倍。用times与fold表示增加时，要注意英语要多说一倍。如Output of coal increased four times(或fourfold).(媒产量增加了3倍)。,Section VI,1.I replied to her that _(我将会接受她的邀请).,2.She was angry with her husband,so _(她不理不睬)when he spoke to her.,3.How could we get news in our own society or abroad _(没有报纸的话)?,4.The latest census shows that Chinas population _(已超过10亿),5.We have had ten recorders,but we still need _(需要这么多)as again.,Section VI,答案与解析:1.I would accept her invitation本题考点一是时态的一致。由于前半句时态是replied，因此将要应译为would。本题考点二是接受的英文表达。accept和 receive都有表示接受的意思。receive指客观已经发生的情况。它只表明事实上收到某物而不管接受者主观上是否愿意接受。如：My father received a letter this morning.而accept带有主动或赞许的意味，表示不但收下某物，而且内心也同意接受。如：Please accept my little present.下面这句话可以帮助大家分清两个词的使用域：He received an invitation yesterday but he did not accept it.(他昨天收到一份邀请，但却没有接受。),2.she ignored him由句意可知，她是对丈夫生气了，因而丈夫和她说话时她不予理睬。本题要注意ignore和neglect在含义上的差别。Ignore是故意不理睬别人，而neglect是表示疏忽(责任等)，并非故意，常和to连用，如：Dont neglect to lock the door.,3.without newspaper本句是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟语气句，虚拟语气句并不一定全部要用if条件句引导。很多情况下，一些介词或介词短语，副词短语的出现要求整个句子使用虚拟语气。without就是其中之一。如：I couldnt have passed this exam without your help.(没有你的帮助，我不可能通过这次考试。)这句话用if条件句来表达就是I couldnt have passed this exam if I hadnt had your help.除了without外，英语里还有很多这样的词或短语是虚拟语气标志词。如：as if，as though，lest，for fear that，in case，even if，even though，in order that，so that，大家在复习虚拟语气语法点的时候要注意总结。,4.has exceeded one billion本句意为：据最新的人口普查，中国人口已超过10亿。本题一是要正确写出数字10亿，二是要正确选词超过，三是要注意完成时态。,5.as many本题考查倍数对等的正确说法，可以用.as+adj.+as.的结构。本句意为：我们已经有10台录音机了，但是我们还需要10台,Test,1.I have had great deal of trouble_.(跟得上班上的其他同学),2.I dont mind your_(你延期做出决定)the decision as long as it is not too late.,3.In the Chinese household,grandparents and other relatives_(起着不可缺少的作用)in raising children.,4.Mark often_(试图逃脱罚款)whenever he breaks traffic regulations.,5.When I _(发现他骗我)I stopped buying thins there and started dealing with another shop.,答案及解析：,1.keeping up with the rest of the class.,【超级句型】trouble可以用在句型have trouble doing sth.做某事有困难中，这时，trouble可以用difficulty来代替。,【超级短语】keep up with意为“跟上”，指并肩前进，并驾齐驱，不至落后、掉队。catch up with意为“赶上”，指从后边追上或改变落后状。;,2.delaying making,【超级单词】mind作及物动词，后面通常接名词、代词、V-ing形式、复合结构、从句等。,Delay后接动词时，应该接动词的ing形式。,3.play indispensable roles,