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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 6,【译论专题】省略技巧在英译汉中应用,1/69,What is Omission?,2/69,一,、从语法角度分析,（一）省代词,1省略作主语人称代词,为使指代关系明确，普通每个句子都有主语和谓语，或有时要有宾语，这是英语句法所要求，而汉语表示习惯往往在指代关系明确情况下，几个谓语借用上下文提到一个共同主语，无须一个一个地重复。所以，做主语人称代词汉译时往往省略，作宾语人称代词也是如此。,3/69,1)As I lay awake,I realized that I was in trouble.,我醒来，躺在地上，明白自己处境不妙。,2）I am 78 years old;I have been confined to my room with a paralytic stroke for the past 14 months.,我78岁了；因为患了瘫痪性中风，14个月来一直出不了门。,4/69,Like his friend he had many wonderful ideas,but he only put a few into practice.,他像他朋友一样，即使头脑里有很多美妙想法，却只有少数付之实践。,We can measure the water in a pot,but we cant measure its heat.We havent an instrument for that.,我们能测量罐内水量，但不能测量水热度，我们还没有这种仪器。,5/69,They had ground him beneath their heel,they had taken the best of him,they had murdered his father,they had broken and wrecked his wife,they had crushed his whole family.,他们把他踩在脚下，压得粉碎，他们榨干了他精华，害死了他父亲，摧残了他妻子，毁灭了他全家。,6/69,有时候，当泛指英语人称代词作主语,时，即使是作第一个主语，译文中往往也能够省略。比如：,He who has never reached the Great Wall is not a true man.,不到长城非好汉。,You can never tell.,极难说。,7/69,Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in the city.,这座城市处处可见到新人新事。,One can never get real rest without a peaceful mind.,假如心情不平静，是休息不好。,8/69,2,省略作宾语人称代词,英语中有些作宾语代词，不论前面是否提到过，翻译时往往都能够省略。比如：,Ive received your letter and read it with delight.,我收到了你来信，愉快地读了。,If you have read these stories,tell them in your own words.,假如你已读过这些故事，用你自己话讲出来。,9/69,You must excuse me,I shall not speak of the matter again.,请你原谅，我以后不再提这件事了。,In fact he showed quite clearly that the Copernican ideas were correct.But he did not say openly that he accepted them.,实际上，他相当清楚地表明，哥白尼学说是正确；只是他,没有公开宣告接收,。,10/69,3省略物主代词,英语中物主代词，汉译时往往能够省略，比如 I wash my hands before having my lunch,汉语只需说“我吃午餐前洗手”，而无须说“我吃我午餐前洗我手”。,11/69,In my childhood I learned a great deal about Russia.,在儿童时代，我就听到许多关于俄国事情。,He sat,cursing himself,till his tea was stewed.,他坐着咒骂自己，直到把茶煮浓了。,12/69,Her dark hair waved untidy across her broad forehead,her face was short,her upper lip short,showing a glint of teeth,her brows were straight and dark,her lashes long and dark,her nose straight.,她黑发蓬蓬松松地飘拂在前额上，脸是短短，上唇也是短短，露出一排闪亮牙齿，眉毛又直又黑，睫毛又长又黑，鼻子笔直。,13/69,He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.,他把双手插进口袋，然后耸了耸肩膀。,She covered her face with her hand as if to protect her eyes.,她用手蒙着脸，好象去保护眼睛。,14/69,（二）省略代词it,it 也是一个代词，但这里主要是讲它两种特殊使用方法，即非人称用和强调用。上述两种情况下，汉译时往往能够省略不译。,1非人称用it,1）It was a cold,dark day,the sky overcast.,严寒阴沉一天，乌云密布。,15/69,She glanced at the clock on the wall,it was 8:30.,她一看墙上钟，已是八点半了。,It was just growing dark,as she shut the garden gate.,她关上园门时，已是暮色沧茫了。,16/69,2.强调句型用it,1）It is only shallow people who judge by appearances.,只有浅薄人才会以貌取人。,2)It is in the plant that we work together with the workers.,就是在这个工厂内我们同工人们一起劳动。,17/69,3)Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge;it is thinking that makes what we read ours.,读书只能给智能提供知识材料，思想才能把我们所读东西变成自己。,18/69,（三）省略连接词,汉语词语之间连接词用得不多，其上下逻辑关系经常是暗含，由词语次序来表示。,英语则不然，连接词用得比较多。所以，英译汉时在很多情况下可无须把连词译出来。,1省略并列连接词,The door was opened,and they came in.,门开了，他们走了进来。,19/69,I can do it,and so can you.,我能做，你也能做。,His telescope and his experiments were always bringing him new surprises,and he made notes of his work every day.,他望远镜和试验总是给他带来惊喜发觉，他天天都把这种工作情况统计下来。,20/69,He studied in the college for two years,and then he went to join the army.,他在大学念过两年书，以后就去从军了。,21/69,2省略隶属连接词,（1）省略表示原因连接词英语因果句中普通用连接词表示原因，而汉语则往往经过词序先以后表示因果关系，“因”在前，“果”在后。所以，英译汉时往往能够把原文中这种连接词省掉不译。,22/69,I knew the train was coming as I had seen the passengers swarm into the platform.,我看到乘客们涌上站台，知道火车就要进站了。,23/69,Because the price of gasoline was fantastically high,we seldom used our car.,汽油贵得惊人，我们就极少用车。,She declined his proposal since she did not love him at all.,她压根就不爱他，不愿接收他求婚。,24/69,（2）省略表示条件连接词表示条件连接词if，普通译为“假如”“假如”等，但在日常口语体系结构中，往往能够省略不译。,If it should rain tomorrow,I shall stay at home.,明天下雨我就呆在家里不出去。,25/69,Now,if we put this sofa against the wall and move everything out of the room except the chairs,dont you think it all right?,你看，把这个沙发贴墙放，把屋子里东西都搬出去，只留下椅子，怎么样？,If winter comes,can spring be far behind?,冬天来了，春天还会,远吗？,26/69,（,3）省略表示时间连接词 表示时间关系when和as 等连接词，汉译时普通用“当时”，或仅用“时”。但假如汉语时间先后次序显著，为了简略起见，“当时”或“时”往往能够省略。,When the board was spinning slowly,you could see all the different colors.,纸板慢慢旋转，你就能看出各种不一样颜色。,27/69,2)As the temperature increases,the volume of water becomes greater.,温度增高，水体积就增大。,3)When at last he stood upon the bluff,he turned to his little sister and looked upon her sorrowfully.,最终他站在了悬崖上，转过身来，忧郁地看着他妹妹。,28/69,（四）省略冠词,冠词是汉语所没有词类。汉译时往往要斟酌，是否把冠词意思译出来。普通说来，,除了带有显著指示意义定冠词和含有显著“一个”或“每一个”意思不定冠词不能省略外，其它情况普通能够不译。比如：,29/69,1）A soldier should be loyal to his country.,当兵应该效忠祖国。（省略表示类别不定冠词a）,30/69,2)The crocodile is a dangerous animal.,鳄鱼是危险动物。（省略表示类别定冠词the）,The sun is slowly rising above the horizon.,太阳慢慢从地平线上升起。（省略表示独一无二事物定冠词the）,31/69,The boy sitting at the table is my brother.,坐在桌旁（那个）男孩是我弟弟。（这里The boy 后有定语从句作修饰，the可省可不省）,以上是普通情况，但在一些情况下，冠词却不能省略。比如：,32/69,She stared at me without saying a word.,她一句话不说地瞪着我。（不定冠词a或an 指“一”时，不能省略）,The taxi driver said that he was getting a pound a mile.,出租汽车司机说他（开车）每开一英里可赚一英镑。（不定冠词a或 an 指“每一”时不能省略）,33/69,The two boys are of an age.,这两个男孩同岁。（不定冠词a 或an 指“同一”时，不能省略）,The traveler saw the bird fly away.,旅行者看到那只鸟飞走了。（定冠词the强调“这”、“那”时，也不能省略）,34/69,（,五）省略介词,介词译法比较复杂，有要译成汉语动词词组、介词词组、定语或状语词组，有要译成否定式或汉语成语等，还有能够省略。普通来说，假如译文中将表示时间或地点介词短语所充当状语置于句首，此时介词往往能够省略。,35/69,比如“The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921.”,这句话按英语语序能够译成：中国共产党成立于1921年。但若将时间状语前置，则可将介词in 省略，即：1921年中国共产党成立。,36/69,省略引导时间介词,1)The mother sub was cruising near Wake Island on December 2 when we heard hostilities were to begin on December 7.,12月2日我们母舰正在威克岛附近巡航，这时我们听说战争要在12月7日打起来。,37/69,And on June 15,well celebrate our victory.,年6月15日，我们将庆贺胜利。,3)On the thirtieth of December,I became a civilian again.,年12月30日，我又是一个老百姓了。,38/69,2.省略引导地点状语介词,1）Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.,仓库重地，不准吸烟。,Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country.,该国各地,怨声载道。,39/69,2)Many new factories have been set up since the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in their home town.,解放以来，他们故乡建立了许多新工厂。,40/69,经过上述讨论，我们不难看出：把原句每一部分加在一起，并不等于原句全部意义。,所以，有时省略原句中一些次要部分，使所译文字简练明了，文笔流畅自然，从而愈加突出原句主要部分，这正是省略法精华所在。,41/69,应该注意是，即使引导地点状语英语介词在译文句首往往能够省略，但放在动词后却普通不省略，如：,She stood by the table.,她站在桌旁。,He sat behind the door.,他坐在门后。,42/69,二、从修辞角度分析,1）With a part of the proceeds of his plan of piracy,he carried on a subtle system of corruption.,他利用一部分不义之财，实施一套巧妙行贿方法。,43/69,上例删去了his plan of不译，而把proceeds of piracy 译作“不义之财”，不但没有走失原意，反而使上文提到这个“他”用不正当伎俩去贿赂他人意思愈加突出，愈加明确。假如不删词，直译为“利用他掠夺计划一部分钱”，就显得意思含混，文字欠通了。,44/69,2）He hopes that he may once again repeat,upon a greater scale than ever before,that process of destroying his enemies one by one by which he has so long thrived and prospered.,他希望能在比以往更大规模上再次逐一毁灭敌人，他过去一直得心应手地利用这一战略。,45/69,该例中，thrive和prosper 概念含义都是“旺盛、成功”，若将这两个词都译出来，则显得重复、累赘，所以只译出prosper 意思而保持了译文简练。另外，hope 后宾语从句主语he也应省略，这是因为该词所指意义已由主句主语he界定。,46/69,Mr.Jarndyce was turning to speak to us,when his attention was attracted by the abrupt entrance into the room of Mr.Gridley who had been mentioned,and whom we had seen on our way up.,贾迪斯先生转过身来，正要跟我们说话，他眼光却被一个突然闯进来人吸引了过去，原来那是我们刚才上楼时碰到格里德里先生。,47/69,上例把who had been mentioned 整个定语从句删去。这主要是减轻Gridley中译负荷，也就防止了the abrupt entrance into the room 和后面两个定语从句同时修饰Gridley拙劣译法：“他眼光却被突然闯进来那个刚才我们已经提到而且在上楼时碰到格里德里先生吸引过去。”删去第一个从句另一原因是前一段显然已经介绍过Gridley这个人，所以即使不译“刚才我们已经提到”这一定语，意思也是很清楚。,48/69,4)He was arrested,convicted and sentenced to prison.,他已被捕判刑，监禁在狱。,这里把convicted 一词略去不译。convict 本意是定罪。法律程序普通是：arrestconvict,sentence。但翻译时无需过分强调法律程序，而是采取了两个类似四字词组句子，读起来比较爽朗，如译作“他被捕、定罪、判刑并被投进监狱”，反而显得拖泥带水。,49/69,William Sidney Porter,who is known under his pen name,O.Henry,is one of the best known writer of America.,威廉悉尼波特尔，笔名欧亨利，为美国最著名作家之一。,50/69,将who is known as 删去不译，并不影响原意，如译作“以笔名欧亨利见知于人”，当然很不错，但和下句“最著名”文字重迭，甚至意思也有重复之嫌，还是删去为佳。,51/69,三.语义学角度,值得注意是，近年来国内翻译界又提出了一个从语义学角度来利用省略翻译法新理论。依据结构语义学，词汇之间语义关系普通表现为上下义关系、反义关系和相对关系。上下义关系是指上义词种概念和下义词属概念之间关系，比如animal和stationery可表示种概念，而dog,cat和pen,eraser 可表示与animal和stationery 相对应属概念，也就是说，二者是一个包容和被包容关系。所以，当原文中相互说明、修饰或限制两个词汇之间存在上下义关系时，为防止译文拖沓、重复，可将上义词省译，这么既可使译文简练顺畅，又不影响原意表示。比如：,52/69,Poison to a snake is merely a luxury;it enables it to get its food with very little effort,no more effort than one bite.,毒液对于毒蛇来讲，只不过好象是如虎添翼；蛇有了毒液就能够毫不费劲地咬上一口猎到食物。,53/69,该例中，no more effort than one bite 中effort是为呼应强调前面with very little,effort。effort显然是one bite上义词，译出下译词one bite含义可表示effort含义，故可将effort省略，这么既忠实原文，又可保持行文简练。,54/69,Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.,既然对智力方面评定是相比校而言，那么必须确保比较对象时所用尺度能够提供“有效”或“公正”比较。,55/69,译者将原文中matter省译，这是因为matter是其说明the assessment of intelligence上义词，将matter省译不影响原文大意表示。同时，原文中we和our含有泛指意义，所以也可省略不译。,56/69,以上各例，我们能够清楚地看出，省略了一些词以后，译文并没有走脱原意。这也正是我们在前面一再强调那个道理：牺牲了次要部分，主体部分反而愈加鲜明，文字也愈加顺畅。这么省略，自然表达了翻译技巧。,57/69,I.,Omission in E-C Translation,1.,Omitting the pronoun,He,put,his,hand into,his,pockets and then shrugged,his,shoulders.,他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。,58/69,2.,Omitting the Article,The,moon was slowly rising above,the,sea.,59/69,3.,Omitting the preposition,Smoking is prohibited,in,public places.,60/69,4.,Omitting the conjunction,He looked gloomy,and,troubled.,他看上去有些忧愁不安。,61/69,5,.,Omitting the verb,When the pressure,gets,low,the boiling point,becomes,low.,62/69,II.Omission in C-E Translation,1.,Omitting redundant words,质子带正电，电子带负电，而中子既不带正电，也不带负电。,A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge,but a neutron has neither.,63/69,匪军所至，杀戮人民，奸淫妇女，焚毁村庄，掠夺财务，无所不用其极。,Wherever they(the bandit troops)went,they massacred and raped,burned and looted,and stopped at nothing,64/69,2.,Omitting words of conceptual category,这些都是人民内部矛盾问题。,All these are contradictions among the people.,65/69,3.,Omitting meticulous description,花园里面是人间乐园，有是吃不了大米白面，穿不完绫罗绸缎，花不完金银财宝。,The garden was a paradise on the earth,with more food and clothes,than could be consumed and,more money,than could be spent.,66/69,2.Translation Ex.,1)我们必须培养分析问题处理问题能力。,We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.,2)他一开口总是三句话不离本行。,He can hardly open his mouth without talking shop.,67/69,3)每条河都有上游、中游、下游。,Every river has its upper,middle and lower reaches.,4)他把事情一五一十地都给父母讲了。,He told his parents the whole story exactly as it had happened.,68/69,5)我厂生产地毯图案新奇、色调雅致、漂亮大方、富丽堂皇。,The carpets produced in our factory are well known for their novel design,elegant colors,beautiful looks and magnificent aura.,69/69,
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