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*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,第二部分 专题语法 高效突破,第1页,专题,11,动词时态和语态,第2页,高频考点,精讲,考点,1,动词时态,时态类别,时态名称,谓语动词结构,现在时态,普通现在时,do/does/be,现在进行时,is/am/are,doing,现在完成时,have/has,done,过去时,普经过去时,did/was/were,过去进行时,was/were,doing,过去未来时,would/was/were,going to,do,过去完成时,had,done,未来时,普通未来时,will/shall/be going to,do,第3页,常见六种时态组成及使用方法：,一、普通现在时,1,.,普通现在时组成,普通现在时主要用动词原形表示，假如主语是第三人称单数，普通在动词原形后加s或es。如：Tom often helps his parents do housework at home.汤姆在家经常帮助父母做家务。Sometimes I make meal by myself.我有时候自己做饭。,2.,动词第三人称单数改变规则：,在动词原形后加,s,runruns,；,likelikes,以ch，sh，s，o，x结尾动词，在词尾加es,teachteaches,；,washwashes,，,gogoes,；,passpasses,以辅音字母加y结尾动词，先将y变为i再加es,studystudies,；,trytries,；,crycries,；,carrycarries,以元音字母加y结尾动词，在词尾加s,staystays,；,playplays,第4页,3.普通现在时使用方法,(1)表示经常性或习惯性动作或存在状态。如：I often go to school by bus.我经常乘公共汽车去上学。,(2)表示客观事实或普遍真理。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。,(3)在时间、条件等状语从句中，用普通现在时表示普通未来时。如：If it rains tomorrow，we will not go for a picnic.假如明天下雨，我们就不去野炊了。,(4)在一些以here，there开头句子中用普通现在时表示正在发生动作。如：Here comes a bus.公交车来了。,4.与普通现在时连用时间状语,(1)on Sundays，on Monday afternoons，every day，every morning，every week/year等。,(2)once a week，twice a month，three times a week等表示频率词组。,第5页,二、普通过去时,1,.普通过去时组成,普通过去时用动词过去式表示。如：,Last week Tom made a model plane with his friend Jack.,上周汤姆和他朋友杰抑制作了一个飞机模型。,2,.动词过去式规则改变,在动词原形后加,ed,workworked,以辅音字母加y结尾动词，先将y变为i再加ed,carrycarried,；,studystudied,以e结尾动词，在词尾加d,livelived,以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾动词，双写该辅音字母后再加ed,stopstopped,；,planplanned,第6页,3.,巧记不规则动词改变规律,(1)ABB,型,(A,代表原形，,BB,代表过去式和过去分词,),原形,特征,过去式,过去分词,例词,eep,ept,ept,keep,，,sweep,，,sleep,ell,old,old,sell,，,tell,end,ent,ent,lend,，,spend,，,send,ay,aid,aid,say,，,pay,n,nt,nt,burn,，,learn,，,mean,第7页,(2)ABC,型,(A,代表原形，,B,代表过去式，,C,代表过去分词,),原形,特征,过去式,过去分词,例词,eak,oke,oken,break,，,speak,eal,ole,olen,steal,ear,ore,orn,wear,，,bear,，,tear,ow,ew,own,grow,，,blow,，,know,，,throw,i,a,u,sink,，,swim,，,drink,，,ring,，,sing,，,begin,i,o,n,drive,，,rise,第8页,(3)AAA,型,(A,代表原形、过去式、过去分词,),击中,受伤,让,吐痰,去掉,花费,读,放,切,hit,hurt,let,spit,rid,cost,read,put,cut,4.,普通过去时使用方法,(1),表示过去某一时间发生动作或存在状态。如：,What did you do yesterday,？昨天你做什么了？,I went to the park.,我去公园了。,(2),表示过去习惯与经常性动作。如：,When I was in the country,，,I often swam in the river.,当我在乡下时，我经常在河里游泳。,5.和普通过去时连用时间状语,last week/night/month，yesterday，this morning，some years ago，in 1995，in the past，the other day，at that time，just now等。,第9页,三、普通未来时,1.普通未来时组成,(1)will动词原形；,(2)be going to动词原形；,(3)be doing；,(4)be about to动词原形，be to动词原形。,2.普通未来时使用方法,(1)表示未来发生动作或存在状态，其组成是will动词原形。如：They will leave for New York next week.下周他们将要去纽约。,(2)“be going to动词原形”表示计划、打算做某事，表示已决定、可能发生事，或有某种迹象表明发生事。如：Look at the dark clouds.There is going to to be a storm.看那些乌云。暴风雨就要降临了。,第10页,【,注意,】,在下面几个情况下只可用shall(或will)表示未来，而不可用be going to结构。,表示意愿。如：We will help him if he asks us.假如他问我们，我们愿意帮助他。,表示单纯未来，与人主观愿望和判断无关时。如：The sun will rise at 6：30 tomorrow morning.明天早上太阳将在6：30升起。,(3)be doing表示未来。惯用这种结构动词有go，come，leave，stay，start，begin等，表示即将发生或安排好要做事情。如：She is leaving for London.她就要出发去伦敦了。,(4)“be about to动词原形”和“be to动词原形”结构表示即将发生动作。如：The train is about to start.火车就要开了。She is to be married next month.她将下个月结婚。,(5)用普通现在时表示未来情况。,表示按要求或时间预计将要发生动作。如：Were going to Sanya.Our plane takes off at 8：10.我们打算去三亚。我们飞机8：10起,飞。,第11页,当主句为普通未来时，在if，as soon as，until，when等引导状语从句中用普通现在时代替普通未来时。如：If it doesnt snow tomorrow，well have a football match.假如明天不下雪，我们将进行一场足球比赛。,3.和普通未来时连用时间状语,tomorrow，from now on，soon，in the future，next year/week/month/term.等。,第12页,四、现在进行时,1,.现在进行时组成,主语,am/is/are,动词现在分词,2,.动词现在分词改变规则,在动词原形后加,ing,readreading,以不发音字母e结尾动词，去e再加ing,liveliving,；,writewriting,以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词，双写该辅音字母后加ing,sitsitting,；,beginbeginning,少数几个以ie结尾动词要变ie为y，再加ing,diedying,；,lielying,第13页,3.现在进行时使用方法,(1)表示此时此刻正在进行动作。如：,What are you doing now？你现在做什么呢？,Im reading a book.我正在读一本书。,(2)表示现阶段进行动作或连续状态。如：Mr.Green is writing another novel these days.这些日子格林先生正在写另一篇小说。,(3)go，leave，arrive，start等动词用现在进行时表示未来。如：I am going to Beijing this Sunday.本周日我打算去北京。,(4)当初间状语为now，these days等或当句子中含有look，listen，can you see，cant you see之类暗示词时，要使用现在进行时。不过注意以下这些词普通不用现在进行时，如：see，hear，like，love，hate，want，would like，remain，have，belong，know，forget等。,4.与现在进行时连用时间状语,now，at present，at the moment，look，listen等。,第14页,五、过去进行时,1.过去进行时组成,主语was/were动词现在分词,2.过去进行时使用方法,(1)表示过去某一时刻或过去一段时间内正在进行动作。常和表示过去时间状语then，at that time，this time yesterday，at ten yesterday等连用，或用另一动作来表示过去时间。如：What were you doing at eight last night？昨晚八点你在干什么？I was cleaning my room at eight last night.昨天晚上八点钟我正在清扫我房间。I was reading when he came in.当他进来时候，我正在读书。I was doing my homework while my parents were watching TV.当我父母看电视时候，我正在做作业。,(2)过去进行时常和always等表示频率副词连用，表示过去频繁发生习惯性动作，此时过去进行时带有一定感情色彩。如：He was always complaining about something.他总是埋怨一些事情。,第15页,(3)注意在含有when或while引导时间状语从句主从复合句中过去进行时利用：,主句中动作先于从句中动作发生，且进行时间较长时，主句用过去进行时(从句惯用普通过去时)。,从句中动作先于主句中动作发生，且进行时间较长时，从句用过去进行时(主句惯用普通过去时)。,若主、从句动作开始时间不存在先后关系(即同时发生)或无所谓先后时，主、从句可同时使用过去进行时，此时时间状语从句普通由while来引导。,第16页,六、现在完成时,1.现在完成时组成,主语have/has动词过去分词,2.现在进行时使用方法,(1)表示过去发生或已经完成某一动作对现在造成影响或结果。如：I have already watched the TV play.我已经看过这部电视剧了。,【,注意,】,already，yet常和现在完成时连用，already用于必定句，可放在助动词之后、过去分词之前，也可放在句末。yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中表示“还”，常放在句末。,(2)表示动作或状态在过去已经开始，连续到现在，可能还要连续下去，常和“for时间段，since时间点”连用，谓语动词多为延续性动词。如：We have lived in Beijing since.自从我们一直住在北京。,第17页,3.延续性动词与非延续性动词使用方法,(1)现在完成时表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直连续到现在，与一段时间连用时应注意必定句中谓语动词应是延续性动词，非延续性动词不可和一段时间连用。如：I have been away from this school for three years.我离开这所学校已经三年了。,(2)非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采取以下三种方法：,将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词,arrive/reachbe；begin/startbe on；,borrowkeep；buyhave；,catch a coldhave a cold；closebe closed；,comebe here；diebe dead；,fall asleepbe asleep；finishbe over；,gobe there；joinbe in；,leavebe away；losenot have；,openbe open；put onwear；,wake upbe awake,第18页,将时间状语改为过去时间，并用普通过去时代替现在完成时。如：She left Beijing 2 years ago.她离开北京两年了。,用句型“It is一段时间since从句(从句中谓语动词用非延续性动词过去式)”表示。如：It is two years since the old man died.这个老人死了两年了。,4.与现在完成时连用时间状语,yet，just，recently，before，once，lately，already，ever，never，since 1996，for ten years等。,5.have been to，have gone to与have been in三种结构区分,have been to，have gone to和have been in是现在完成时三个非经常见结构。它们使用方法有很大差异。have been to表示“过去曾去过某地”，说话时已从该地回来或已从该地去了其它地方，总之现在已不在该地。have gone to则表示“已去了某地”，说话时不在说话地点，或在去该地途中，或已到了该地，总之现在还未回来。have been in表示“已在某地(待了多久)”，若该地为小地方，则in需用at代替，当后面跟副词时只用have been，其后不可用任何介词。,第19页,如：Jim has gone to London with his family.吉姆已经和他家人去了伦敦。Have you been to Beijing before？你以前往过北京吗？The Greens have been in China for two years.格林一家在中国已经两年了。Li Leis aunt has been at this school for ten years.李雷婶婶已在这个学校十年了。The Greens are in China now.They have been here for half a year.格林一家现在在中国，他们在这儿已经六个月了。,第20页,考点,2,动词被动语态,一、被动语态组成与使用方法,1,.被动语态基本组成为：,be,动词过去分词,2,.常考被动语态组成,语态,结构,例句,普通现在时被动语态,is/am/are,过去分词,English is spoken by most people in the world.,世界上大多数人说英语。,普经过去时被动语态,was/were,过去分词,I was told to come early.我被通知要早来。,普通未来时被动语态,will/shall,be,过去分词,The bridge will be finished in two weeks.这座桥两周后完工。,现在完成时被动语态,have/has,been,过去分词,My car has been repaired for a week.我小汽车已经修一个星期了。,带有情态动词被动语态,情态动词,be,过去分词,Lots of stars can be seen in the sky at night.,晚上在天空会看到很多星星。,第21页,2.被动语态使用方法,在被动语态中，主语是动作承受者，主要用于以下几个情况：,(1)不知道动作执行者是谁。如：This watch was made in China.这块手表是在中国制造。,(2)没有必要指出动作执行者是谁。如：Many trees must be planted every year.每年都必须种很多树。,(3)需要强调或突出动作承受者时。如：Paper was invented by Cai Lun.纸是被蔡伦创造。,(4)动作发出者不是人。如：Many houses were washed away by the flood.许多房屋被洪水冲走了。,二、主动语态和被动语态转换,(一)主动语态变为被动语态,1.要将主动句里宾语变为被动句中主语，若主动句中宾语是人称代词，要将宾格变成主格。,2.把主动句中主语变为被动句中宾语，主格代词变成宾格代词，作by宾语。,第22页,3.谓语动词变成对应被动形式。如：We asked him to sing an English song.(变为被动语态)He was asked to sing an English song by us.他被我们要求唱首英文歌。,(二)带双宾语谓语动词变为被动语态,谓语动词带双宾语时，既能够将间接宾语转化成主语，也能够将直接宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化成主语，则保留间接宾语，且在被保留间接宾语前加上介词to或for。如：She gave me a book.(变为被动语态)I was given a book by her.(间接宾语me变为主语)她给了我一本书。A book was given to me by her.(直接宾语a book变为主语)一本书被她给我了。,(三)动词短语变为被动语态,许多由不及物动词和介词、副词组成动词短语相当于及物动词，能够有宾语，也能够有被动语态。不过动词短语是一个不可分割整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉组成动词短语介词或副词。如：We should speak to old men politely.(变为被动语态)Old men should be spoken to politely.(to不可省略)老人应被礼貌交谈。,第23页,(四)带复合宾语动词变为被动语态,宾语加上宾语补足语一起组成复合宾语，变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足语。如：I heard Jane playing the piano in her room.(变为被动语态)Jane was heard playing the piano in her room.我听见简在她房间弹钢琴。,(五)变被动语态后动词形式选择,主动句中在感官动词see，hear，watch，feel，notice等及使役动词let，make，have等后跟省略to不定式，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号to。如：The great news made her feel happy.(变为被动语态)She was made to feel happy by the great news.这个好消息让她感到高兴。,第24页,三、主动结构表被动意义,1.open，lock，write，read，sell，clean，wash，cut，burn，drive等词作不及物动词且它们主语为物时，可用主动语态表被动意义。如：This kind of pen writes very smoothly.这种钢笔写起来很流畅。This kind of shirt sells well here.这种衬衫在这里卖得好。,2.look，sound，taste，smell等系动词用主动结构表被动意义。如：School uniforms look ugly on us.我们穿着校服极难看。,3.be worth doing用主动形式表被动意义。如：This book is worth reading.这本书值得读一读。,4.“want/need/requiredoing”相当于“want/need/requireto be done”。to be done表示不定式被动结构。如：My bike needs repairing.My bike needs to be repaired.我自行车需要修理。,第25页,四、不用被动语态情况,1.当主动句宾语是each other或反身代词时，不能用作被动语态主语。如：The man introduced himself as Mr.White.(主动语态)那个人自我介绍说他是怀特先生。Himself was introduced as Mr.White.(误)They help each other to study English.(主动语态)他们相互帮助学习英语。Each other is helped to study English.(误),2.当主动句谓语动词是表状态及物动词时，不能用于被动语态。如：We will have a meeting.(主动语态)我们将要开一个会。A meeting will be had by us.(误),3.当主动句宾语是不定式或动名词时，不能用作被动语态中主语。如：My brother enjoys playing football.(主动语态)我弟弟喜欢踢足球。Playing football is enjoyed by my brother.(误)He asked to have a try.(主动语态)他请求试一试。To have a try was asked.(误),第26页,五、被动语态和系表结构区分,1.被动语态表示以主语为动作承受者，而系表结构则表示主语特点或所处状态。如：,The shop is closed at 9：00 p.m.(动作)这家商店晚上9点钟关门。The shop is closed today.(状态)这家商店今天不开门。,2.系表结构中过去分词常有固定介词搭配，被动语态结构中则没有。如：Miss Wang is satisfied with us.(系表结构)王老师对我们很满意。,3.系表结构中过去分词能够被副词修饰。如：Shes so worried about her exams.(系表结构)她非常担心她考试。,4.系表结构通常只有普通现在时和普通过去时，而被动语态结构则可用于各种时态。,第27页,十年真题,全练,分析近十年青岛中考题可知，时态和语态是必考点，尤其是在综合填空A和单项选择中考查，通常是时态辨析以及时态与语态结合命题。所以，在平时学习当中，同学们应该掌握各种时态基本含义、普通使用方法以及被动语态基本结构，也要掌握依据关键词或语境了解判断时态和语态方法。,中考中时态和语态也是一大考点，也是难点，所以同学们也要做好充分准备。,第28页,考点,1,动词时态,1.青岛，9题Teenagers have to be 18 years old before they,_A_,to drive a car.,A.are allowed B.allowed,C.will be allowed D.allow,2.青岛，14题William Shakespeare,D,for 400 years，but his works still have great influence today.,A.died B.was dying,C.has died D.has been dead,3.青岛，12题How many times,_D_,Carl _to the Great Wall?,Only once.,A.does；go B.did；go,C.has；gone D.has；been,4.青岛，17题My parents are always worried about what will happen if I,D,.,A.succeeded B.wont succeed,C.will fail D.fail,第29页,5.青岛，16题Robert turned on the computer and,A,an email to his friend.,A.sent B.send C.sends D.will send,6.青岛，20题I,_D_,my hometown for many years.I miss my friends there.,A.will leave B.have left,C.will be away from D.have been away from,7.青岛，21题If everyone,_A_,the traffic rules，there will be fewer accidents on the road.,A.follows B.follow C.breaks D.break,8.青岛，21题My car,B,.Could you please give me a ride tomorrow?,Im sorry I cant.Im_ London tomorrow morning.,A.is new；leaving,B.has broken down；leaving for,C.broke；leaving for,D.is expensive；leaving,第30页,9.青岛，22题Where is John?,He has gone to the library.He,_B_,there for an hour.,A.has gone B.has been,C.went D.goes,考点,2 动词被动语态,10.青岛，13题Children should,B,to be honest from a young age.,A.educate B.be educated,C.punish D.be punished,11.青岛，13题We,_C_,to start at once，or we will miss the train.,A.tell B.have told,C.are told D.told,12.青岛，18题The song reminds me of my old school days as soon as it,_ A _,.,A.is played B.plays,C.will be played D.will play,第31页,13.青岛，35题I,A,a fruit salad half an hour ago.Can it _ now?,One more minute，please.,A.ordered；be served B.have paid for；serve,C.have ordered；be served D.paid；serve,14.青岛，32题Each time tourists travel to Beijing，they,_B_,the Forbidden City.,A.will be shown up B.will be shown around,C.will show around D.will show to,15.青岛，23题I wonder if the talent show,_C_,next month.If they _ it，I must get ready for it.,A.will hold；hold B.will hold；will hold,C.will be held；hold D.is held；will hold,16.青岛，22题More and more people have realized we wont have cleaner water to drink unless something,_D_,soon.,A.was done B.will be done,C.to be done D.is done,第32页,猜押预测,1.Wow！You _ dinner！Lets eat now.,A.cook B.are cooking,C.will cook D.have cooked,2.Sue wasnt happy because she _ the concert given by her favorite singer.,A.misses B.missed,C.will miss D.is missing,3.Ill lend you the storybook as soon as I _ it.,A.will finish reading B.will finish to read,C.finish reading D.finish to read,4.Did you hear someone knock at the door just now?,Sorry.I _ to my friend on the phone.,A.was talking B.talked,C.am talking D.talk,D,B,C,A,第33页,5.You have a nice car.,Thank you.I _ it for less than one month.,A.bought B.have bought,C.had D.have had,6.What do you think of the latest TV play the Name of People?,Its very popular.Millions of families _ by it during that time.,A attracted B.are attracted,C.were attracted D.were attracting,7.Hangzhou _ as the City of Silk.Tourists like shopping for silk there.,A.knows B.is known,C.was known D.will be known,8.It is said that BRT(快速公交系统)_ in Yongzhou soon.,A.was used B.will be used,C.is used D.used,D,C,B,B,第34页,9.Can Mr.King spare some time for the meeting?,If he _，he will try his best to make it.,A.will be invited B.is invited,C.invites D.invited,B,第35页,
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