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,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Company Logo,高考英语题型,命题标准 及应试技巧,1/119,听力测试,命题标准及应试技巧,2/119,一、,.,听力测试命题要旨,1.,测试目标,高考听力测试以语篇（对话或独白）为测试载体，在语言使用场景中测试学生使用语言，语法，词汇知识能力，主要是考查考生对所听信息正确了解能力和快速反应能力。,2.,听力测试关键点包含,1,）了解主旨和大意。,2,）获取详细信息，如时间，地点，人物等。,3,）简单推断谈话背景，人物关系等。,4,）理讲解话人意图，观点或态度。,3/119,3.,高考英语听力测试约需,20,分钟左右，共,20,个小题，计分,30,分、用时约,20,分钟,。,设问全部是特殊疑问句，几乎涵盖了全部疑问句型,.,如,what,who,when,where,why,how,what,在,time,how many,how much,how long,how old,how soon,how often,等，选项为,“,3,选,1,”,。听力测试共分两节：第一节是听五段简短对话，每段对话后仅有一个选择题，每段对话仅读一遍。主要考查考生对语音，数字（时间，日期，号码，价格等），字母，句子结构及句意快速反应能力和了解能力。第二节包含,5,段对话或独白，共,15,小题，每段材料播放两遍。主要考查考生对较长对话或短文整体了解和把握能力，即对细节归纳综合能力和判断能力等,4/119,4.,高考听力材料选择非常重视语言真实性标准。,语言材料普通起源于英美国家实际生活，话题包括到方方面面，如日常生活，文化教育，传说，时事，任务，科普等。对话普通围绕一个日常生活话题展开。如：购物，买票，道别，感激，打电话，约会，偏爱，祝福和祝贺，提供帮助，请求，问路，看病，求救等。,5/119,二、听力测试应试技巧,培养良好心态,充分利用试听时间,不要阅读汉语试题要求,听前必须抢读，预测话题,学会边听边记，捕捉关键词,拓宽背景知识，熟悉交际用语,科学判断推理,6/119,单项选择,命题分析及解题方法,7/119,一、命题标准,在特定语言环境中考查考生综合利用语言能力。分值占整个卷面,10%,。,普通不考查,“,纯语法,”,或,“,纯词汇,”,年纯语法：,22.Try,she might,Sue couldn,t get the door open.,A.if B.when C.since D.as,8/119,1.,关于题干设计标准,1,）尽可能不在题干句首设空；,2,）题干设计应力争语言简练、,意思清楚、长度适宜。,3,）题干中语言难易成度应该,与考生水平相适宜。,4,）题干应有一定，完整语境。,9/119,2.,关于选项命制规则,1,）选项不宜过长。,2,）词汇测试题各选项形式、长度、,难度应基于一致，其目标是不让正确选,项在任何首先不一样于干扰项。,3,）干扰项应该有干扰性。,4,）要确保答案没有争议,.,每个选项放到,题干里时必须合乎语法及语用习惯。,5,）选项本身在语法和形式上应该是正确。,10/119,7.,）怎样设置单项选择干扰项,插入语干扰,John plays football _,if not better than,David.A.as well B.as well as C.so well D.so well as,化简法,11/119,标点符号干扰,Tom,_sure to come tomorrow.A.is B.be C.was D.would be,抓提醒法,12/119,疑问句干扰,命题人利用普通疑问句和特殊疑问句特殊结构,到达干扰目标。解题时,只要把句子还原为陈说句,就能够看清它庐山真面目了。如,:,6.Who would you rather_with you tomorrow,Tom,or Smith?A.have to go B.have go C.have gone D.had go,还原法,13/119,倒装句干扰,On the grass _ two sheep.A.lies B.lie C.lying D.laid,还原法,14/119,从句和先行词分离干扰,The question,came up at the meeting _,we had enough money for our research,.A.that B.which C.whether D.if,化简法,15/119,省略句干扰,The girl is very shy,and never speaks until _ to.A.spoken B.speaking C.speak D.be spoken,填补法,16/119,被动句干扰,Every minute is,made full use of,_at our lessons.A.to work B.working,C.having worked D.being worked,划分句子成份法、逆向思维法、,还原法,17/119,搭配干扰,The country life,he was used to,_ greatly since the opening policy.A.change B.has changed,C.changing D.having changed,化简法,18/119,定语从句干扰,Mrs.Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had_went wrong again.A.it B.it repaired C.repaired D.to be repaired,析,:,这道题考查了两个知识点,一是考查了,have sth.done,结构,二是定语从句。,she had had repaired(had,宾语,which,在定语从句中提前,且省略了,),是定语从句,修饰,the washing machine,。此句可译为,:,“,布朗夫人很失望地发觉她刚才请人修理好洗衣机又出了毛病。,”,还原法、,化简法,19/119,非正常语序干扰,The home improvements have taken what little there is_my spare time.A.from B.in C.of D.at,析,:,为了保持句子平衡,该句采取了非正常语序。该句正常语序是,:The home improvements have taken what little of my spare time there is.,本句意为,“,改进家庭居住条件占去了我仅有一点业余时间。,”,there is,是定语从句,用来修饰前面名词短语,what little of my spare time,。,还原法、划分句子成份法,20/119,强调句干扰,It is the protection for the trees_really matters,rather than how many trees are planted.A.what B.that C./D.which,还原法,21/119,主谓一致干扰,-I like football.,-_my,sister and me.,A.So do B.So are C.So did,D.So it is with,语境法,1,）整体了解法,2,）,寻找隐含信息法,22/119,多义词干扰,试比较以下两个例句,:,1.He is a strange character,_is very hard to,get along with.,A.who,B.which C.that D.where 2.He has a strange character,_makes him,difficult to get along with.A.who,B.which,C.that D.where,析,:,多义词,character,在两个例句中有不一样含义。在例,1,中,character,表示,“,人物,”,例,2,中,character,表示,“,性格,”,。,逆向思维法,23/119,三、关于考点规则,1.,充分考虑到语言知识覆盖面，涵盖了,词法、句法、交际和语篇层面基本知识，,包括课程标准和考试纲领语法项目表中,绝大部分内容。考查学生语言知识利用能,力最为普遍方式。,2.,科学、合理设计考点，一题考查一个点。,3.,目标明确，不应考查语言知识以外内容。,4.,要考查学生依据情景判断推理能力。,24/119,四、,单项填空解题方法和技巧,1.,了解意群法（适于长难句）,2.,还原法,3.,化简法,4.,添补法,5.,抓提醒法（提醒词，关联词、标点符号等）,6.,逆向思维法,what,he,could,(do)to,save,the,boy,7.,生题法,“,熟题,”,“,生题,”,消除,“,熟题效应,”,：,can,t,help,doing,sth.,意为,“,禁不住做某事,”,can,t,help,to,do,sth.,意为,“,不能帮忙做某事,”,8.,语境法,1,）整体了解法,2,）,寻找隐含信息法,注意：高考英语单项题、书面表示题各卷之间互借性！,25/119,完形填空命题分析及解题方法,26/119,一、完形填空命题标准,较为全方面地考查了考生综合了解、灵活利用语言知识能力，突出考查考生在语篇情景中依据上下文 灵活利用词汇能力,27/119,二、试题概述,1,、考查目标：,障碍性,阅读能力。测试读者预测,和了解不完整语言信息能力及方法,2,、试题特点：,完形填空首句普通不设空；布,空基本均匀分开；目标主要为实词，尤其,是动词；选项为同一词性和同一词形，避,免纯语法选项,3,、选材特点：,普通是,300,字以内短文常以记,叙文为主，多是夹叙夹议文章，故事性,强，内容健康向上，通常给人以教益和启,迪，难度低于阅读了解短文。,28/119,三、设空特点,1.,设空密度稳定。在,300,词以内短文中，设,空,20,个，平均设空，密度为,10-15,个单词设,1,个空。,稳定设空密度决定完形填空题稳定命题难度；,保留提醒句。,2.,设空以实词为主，虚词为辅；单词为主，短语为,辅。近五年高考试题,80%,以上设空为实词。,3.,设空重视在语境中考查词义。完形填空题,4,个备,选答案，普通都属于同一词类，同一语义范围，,而且往往都和设空前后单词形成某种搭配，这么,便形成了很强迷惑性和干扰性。,29/119,4.,重视在语篇语境中考查词义这一特点，,很好地反应了从重点测试语言形式转向重,点测试语言意义改革方向，反应了,“,强,调应用，重视交际,”,命题标准。,5.,设空分类。设空答案有由一个句子,决定，有由相邻不远一组句子决定，,还有由语篇内容综合决定。所以，设空,分为：,句子层次；句组层次；语篇层次。,30/119,6.,设空难度，从句子层次到句组层次，再到语篇,层次。普通说来，三个层次设空百分比各占三分,之一。不过，从近年来高考试题看，语篇层次,设空百分比有所增加，超出了三分之一，反应出,“,突出语篇,”,命题思绪设空答案有由读过,上文决定，有由未读过下文决定，还有,要综合上下文而定。,所以设空分为三类：,（,1,）前制性设空；易,（,2,）后制性设空；中,（,3,）语篇性设空，难。,31/119,四、命题要素,1,、依据词汇复现设空,2,、依据空间描述设空,3,、依据心理情感设空,4,、依据语境暗示设空,5,、依据情理逻辑设空,6,、依据句型结构设空,7,、依据词义辨析设空,32/119,五、命题时易犯错误,(1),词汇衔接不妥,第一和第二点,(2),语篇连贯性缺失,也是解该题入口,(3),单纯考查语法知识。,(4),选项缺乏排他性。,(5),干扰项缺乏干扰性，有些甚至形同虚设。,干扰项放入题干后，题干在语法或句法上是错。,(6),忽略对推理判断题设计。,文章内在联络和逻辑关系考查被勿略。,(7),空与空之间间隔设计不合理、不均衡。,完形填空设空间距应控制在,6,至,8,个词之间，过短或过长空格间距都是不合理。,33/119,词汇衔接,词汇衔接是语篇中两个或多个成份之间所存在逻辑语义关系,这些词汇常以复现和搭配等形式出现,组成一个衔接语义整体,从而促成语篇连贯。,英语语篇是一个句子之间相互衔接、语义相互关联多个衔接链组成统一连贯整体。作为语篇建构一个主要机制,词汇衔接对于语篇组织、语篇连贯含有主要作用。,34/119,完形填空解题过程就是对语篇缺失进行推测过程。它迫使受测者阅读全文，迫使他们利用语言中多出信息猜测意思，了解句子，搞清句子和句子之间关系，弄懂全文。这么你答案才含有,衔接性、语境性、信息性和互文性，直至可接收性、,35/119,年完型,It was a busy,morning,，,about,8:30,when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to the,hospital,.I heard him saying to,the nurse,that he was in a hurry for all,appointment,at 9:30.,The nurse had him take a,36,in the,waiting area,37,him it would be at,least 40 minutes,38,someone would be able to see him.I saw him,39,his watch and decided,，,since I was,40,busymy patient didnt,41,at the appointed hour,I would,examine his,wound,.While,taking care,of his wound,，,I asked him if he had another,doctors,appointment.,36/119,A:What on earth has happened to the,baked salmon?,B:The cat is looking very happy.,37/119,六、完形填空解题步骤与方法,1,.,解题步骤,1,）读文盲填,2,）带项对照,3,）前后照应,4,）复文核查,2.,解题方法,1,）览首尾句,2,）推测语境,3,）常识推断,4,）语篇标志,5),习语搭配,6),同义转换,7),结构对比,8),重复暗示,9),语法分析,10),先易后难,38/119,七、解题误区,1.,单纯求快，忽略语篇了解，只看局部,词义辨析、搭配和语法结构，试图用语,言知识处理全部问题。,2.,时间安排不妥，,3.,改来改去。,例子：长春,年二模完形填空,说明怎样解完型,39/119,Company Logo,-,年全国,卷完形填空,完形填空,40/119,Company Logo,年高考,完形填空,It was a busy morning,，,about 8:30,when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to the hospital.I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for all appointment at 9:30.,The nurse had him take a,36,in the waiting area,37,him it would be at least 40 minutes,38,someone would be able to see him.I saw him,39,his watch and decided,，,since I was,40,busymy patient didnt,41,at the appointed hour,I would examine his wound.While taking care of his wound,，,I asked him if he had another doctors appointment.,The gentleman said no and told me that he,42,to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his,43,.He told me that she had been,44,for a while and that she had a special disease.I asked if she would be,45,if he was a bit late.He replied that she,46,knew who he was,，,that she had not been able to,47,him for five years now.I was,48,and asked him,，“,And you,49,go every morning,，,even though she doesnt know who you are?”,He smiled and said,“,She doesnt know me but I know who she is”I had to hold back,50,as he left.,Now I,51,that in marriages,，,true love is,52,of all that is.The happiest people dont,53,have the best of everything,；,they just,54,the best of everything they have.,55,isnt about how to live through the storm,，,but how to dance in the rain.,36.A.breath B.test C.seat D.break,37.A.persuading B.promising C.understanding D.telling,38.A.if B.before C.since D.after,39.A.taking off B.fixing C.looking at D.winding,40.A.very B.also C.seldom D.not,41.A.turn up B.show off C.come on D.go away,42.A.needed B.forgot C.agreed D.happened,43.A.daughter B.wife C.mother D.sister,44.A.late B.well C.around D.there,45.A.lonely B.worried C.doubtful D.hungry,难度预测,0.50,形式,一篇缺乏,20,个单词或词组障碍性阅读文章，要求学生依据篇章结构及上下文内容等，选出符合文意、逻辑正确选项。,能力目标,7,级,分值,30,分,41/119,Company Logo,新课标及考试纲领对阅读基本要求：,能了解文中详细信息,2,能依据上下文推断生词词义,3,能经过文章线索进行判断和推理,4,能了解文章基本结构,5,能了解作者意图、观点和态度,6,能够了解文章主旨和要义,1,命题意图：,从语篇角度综合考查学生阅读了解能力、对词汇和习惯用语掌握程度、语法规则灵活利用能力，以及对语篇了解连贯性思维能力与分析判断能力。,42/119,Company Logo,年高考英语试题 全国,卷,完形填空,It was a busy morning,，,about 8:30,when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to the hospital.I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for all appointment at 9:30.,The nurse had him take a,36,in the waiting area,37,him it would be at least 40 minutes,38,someone would be able to see him.I saw him,39,his watch and decided,，,since I was,40,busymy patient didnt,41,at the appointed hour,I would examine his wound.While taking care of his wound,，,I asked him if he had another doctors appointment.,The gentleman said no and told me that he,42,to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his,43,.He told me that she had been,44,for a while and that she had a special disease.I asked if she would be,45,if he was a bit late.He replied that she,46,knew who he was,，,that she had not been able to,47,him for five years now.I was,48,and asked him,，“,And you,49,go every morning,，,even though she doesnt know who you are?”,He smiled and said,“,She doesnt know me but I know who she is”I had to hold back,50,as he left.,Now I,51,that in marriages,，,true love is,52,of all that is.The happiest people dont,53,have the best of everything,；,they just,54,the best of everything they have.,55,isnt about how to live through the storm,，,but how to dance in the rain.,36.A.breath B.test C.seat D.break,37.A.persuading B.promising C.understanding D.telling,38.A.if B.before C.since D.after,39.A.taking off B.fixing C.looking at D.winding,40.A.very B.also C.seldom D.not,41.A.turn up B.show off C.come on D.go away,42.A.needed B.forgot C.agreed D.happened,43.A.daughter B.wife C.mother D.sister,44.A.late B.well C.around D.there,45.A.lonely B.worried C.doubtful D.hungry,体裁：,记叙文,题材：,作者接诊一位八旬老人时得知这位老人一直在默默地关心着,5,年以来一直痴呆妻子，作者由此发出感叹，在婚姻生活中真正爱是夫妻能够一起经历风雨。,43/119,Company Logo,知识考查点分布：,考点,逻辑,连词,动词,名词,形容词,副词,固定,搭配,题数,4,6,5,2,2,1,44/119,Company Logo,“点”考点：,在句子范围内、对最基本语言现象规律、词语基本搭配使用方法考查。,能力目标为,6,级。,文章中共有,6,处：,36,、,38,、,45,、,47,、,53,、,54,。,45/119,Company Logo,考查点分类：,线,点,面,易,中,难,46/119,Company Logo,it would be at least 40 minutes,38,some would be able to see him.,A.if B.before,C.since D.after,“,点,”,考点：,it would be+,一段时间,+before,要过多久才,47/119,Company Logo,“点”考点：,The happiest people dont,53,have the best of everything,；,they just,54,the best of everything they have.,53.A.necessarily B.completely,C.naturally D.frequently,necessarily,用于否定句，表示“不一定,”,54.A.learn B.make,C.favor D.try,“make the best of”,表示“尽可能利用,”,48/119,Company Logo,“线”考点：,需要联络上下文，经过某个词或者某句话来判断答案。考查学生经过文章线索进行判断和推理逻辑思维能力。,能力目标为,7,级。,文章中共有,12,处：,37,、,39,、,40,、,41,、,42,、,43,、,44,、,46,、,48,、,49,、,50,、,51,、,53,。,49/119,Company Logo,“线”考点：,It was a busy morning,，,about 8:30,when an elderly gentleman in his 80s came to the,hospital.I heard him saying to the nurse that he was in a hurry for all appointment at 9:30.,The nurse had him take a,36,in the waiting area,37,him it would be at least 40 minutes,38,someone would be able to see him.I saw him,39,his watch and decided,，,since I was,40,busymy patient didnt,41,at the appointed hour,I would examine his wound.While taking care of his wound,，,I asked him if he had another doctors appointment.,The gentleman said no and told me that he,42,to go to the nursing home to eat breakfast with his,43,.He told me that she had been,44,for a while and that she,had a special disease.I asked if she would be,45,if he was a bit late.He replied that,she,46,knew who he was,，,that she had not been able to,47,him for five years,now.I was,48,and asked him,，“,And you,49,go every morning,even though,she doesnt know who you are?”,He smiled and said,“,She doesnt know me but I know who she is”I had to hold,back,50,as he left.,Now I,51,that in marriages,，,true love is,52,of all that is.The happiest people,dont,53,have the best of everything,；,they just,54,the best of everything they,have.,55,isnt about how to live through the storm,，,but how to dance in the rain.,wife,there,surprised,tears,still,no longer,突破句子束缚，捕捉篇章思绪,思维路径图,50/119,阅读了解命题分析及解题方法,51/119,一、命题标准,阅读了解题考查不但是考生对整篇文章把握能力，还考查了他们快速捕捉信息、准确了解特定细节以及复杂句子能力。考生不但要了解文章表层意义，更主要是要经过文章表层去合理判断、挖掘文章隐含意义、延伸意义。这是对考生能力、智力、心理一个综合检验。,52/119,考纲对阅读要求：,要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于普通性话题简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：,（,1,）了解主旨和要义；,（,2,）了解文中详细信息；,（,3,）依据上下文推断生词词义；,（,4,）作出判断和推理；,（,5,）了解文章基本结构；,（,6,）了解作者意图、观点和态度,53/119,着重测试内容,：,1,）信息识别能力,2,）信息转述能力,3,）含义了解能力,4,）语篇逻辑了解能力,5,）推理能力,6,）主旨了解能力,7,）词义猜测能力,8,）阅读策略使用,9,）情感态度,10,）文化意识,11,）问题处理能力。,54/119,三、命题特点,关于文章,1.,所选材料均起源于英美国家实际生活，使用较正式书面语言。,2.,文章材料趋于,“,原汁原味,”,，其中包含各种时态混用，结构复杂长句，旧词新义，一词多义等现象，阅读材料文化含量加大。,3.,高考阅读了解连续保持较大阅读量，普通,4,5,篇阅读材料总词汇量在,1200,1400,词左右。,年,1357,词。,4.,语篇体材分布比较均匀，题材丰富多样。阅读语篇包含记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等文体（其中又以议论文和记叙文居多）。内容涵盖日常生活、人物、社会、文化、史地、科技、政治、环境保护、经济等很多领域热点、焦点问题。,55/119,四、命题特点,关于题目,1,）题干：,填空式题,干和,问题式,题干两种,2,）选项：防止设常识性试题、各选择项长度、结,构等应尽可能保持相同、尽可能不要在一题,选项中透露另一题答案,3,）答案：,ABCD,四个答案分布均衡，没有偏向某一答,案情况,4,）题类：,5,类：主旨大意题、细节了解题、推理判断,题、词义猜测题、文章结构,/,作者写作意图、,态度题。,56/119,五、命题趋势,4.1,命题总趋势,年考试阅读了解部分总体阅读量约为,1100,词、,年约为,1350,词，换算成阅读速度大约为,70-80,词,/,分钟。比较近五年数据，全国卷和课标卷阅读了解部分总体阅读量在整体稳定基础上，略有增大。不过，难度基本稳定。,另外，高考除了负担考查能力和水平及选拔人才之功效外，还含有文化价值导向作用。所以试题材料需要表达对,文化知识和情感价值,传递，阅读了解试题尤为如此。阅读了解素材选取尤其重视对人类先进文明、发达科技、主动情感和正面价值观传递。健康向上为其主要特证,57/119,4.2,高考阅读了解命题特点及发展趋势。,1,）词汇量略增，阅读速度提升,58/119,2,）,语篇结构由简到繁，,长难句数量有所增加,59/119,3,）体裁分布比较均匀，题材趋向多样化,这些都可从,试卷中表达出来。比如,课标卷阅读,B,篇为例：,60/119,While small may be beautiful,tall is just plain uncomfortable it seems,particularly when it comes to staying in hotels and eating in restaurants.,（长难、原汁原味、话题学生熟悉）,The Tall Persons Club Great Britain(TPCGB),which was formed six months ago to campaign for the needs of the tall,has turned its attention to hotels and restaurants.,A1,Beds that are too small,shower,heads that are too low,and restaurant tables with hardly any,leg-room,all,make,life difficult for those of above average height,it says.,But it is not just the extra-tall whose needs are not being met.The average night of the population has been increasing ye the standard size of beds,doorways,and chairs has remained unchanged.,A1,60,题答案,61/119,“,The bedding industry says a bed should be six inches larger than the person using it,so even a,king-size b,ed,at 66(6 feet and 6 inches)is falling short for 25%of men,while the standard 63 bed,caters for,less than half of the male population.,”,Said TPCGB president Phil Heinricy,“,seven-foot beds would work fine.,”,A2,Similarly,restaurant tables can cause no end of problems.Small tables,which mean the long-legged have to sit a foot or so away from them,are enough to make tall customers go elsewhere.,A3,Some have already,taken note,however.At Queens Moat HousesCaledoman Hotel in Edinburgh,66beds are now put in as standard after requests for longer beds from taller visitors,particularly Americans.,A4,A1,60,题答案,A2,61,题答案,
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