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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,高频考点一不定冠词基本使用方法,1.以下三种名词转化惯用不定冠词。,抽象名词详细化。,Music is really a great pleasure.,音乐确实是一个让人高兴事物。,物质名词详细化。,I would like a coffee and two beers.,考点清单,我想喝一杯咖啡和两瓶啤酒。,专有名词普通化。,A Mr.Brown telephoned while you were out.,你不在时,一位布朗先生来过电话。,1/58,2.表示世界上独一无二事物名词前有形容词修饰时,可加a或an。,3.a/an+修饰语+季节/月份/日期/三餐等。,4.a most+,n,.=a very+,n,.。,5.a/an+比较级+单数名词,表示“一个更/比较,”。,6.a/an+序数词,表示“又一,再一”。,典例1,(重庆,3)I just heard,bank where Dora works was robbed by,gunman wearing a mask.,答案the;a,解析句意:我刚听说Dora工作那家银行遭到了一名戴面具持枪人抢,劫。考查冠词。第一个空后名词后有定语从句修饰,特指Dora工作那家,银行,应该用定冠词the;第二个空后名词gunman在本句中表示泛指,故用不,定冠词a。,2/58,高频考点二定冠词基本使用方法,高考中对定冠词考查主要集中在:1.定冠词表示特指。2.定冠词固定搭,配。做题时依据语境判断是泛指还是特指,特指是什么。往往考查冠词,试题设两个空,需要分别做出判断。,典例2,(重庆,6)I can,t tell you,way to the Wilsons,because we,dont have,Wilson here in the village.,答案the;a,解析句意:我不能告诉你去威尔逊家路,因为我们村里没有姓威尔逊,。本题考查冠词。第一个空表示特指,故用the;第二个空表示泛指,表示“一,个”,故用不定冠词a。,3/58,高频考点三名词,要求学生掌握复数名词组成,不可数名词、名词全部格及常见名词后缀。,未来几年对于名词主要考查复数名词组成、名词全部格及名词构词法。,在语法填空词类转换考查中,要依据语境和设空前修饰词去判断空格处,是不是需要所给单词名词形式,然后判断名词单复数,做出正确回答。,典例3,(浙江,15)One of the most effective ways to reduce,(stressful),is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.,答案stress,解析句意:减轻压力最有效方法之一就是与你信任人谈谈感受。设空,处作动词reduce宾语,故用名词形式。reduce stress减压。,4/58,高频考点四不定代词,1.either,neither,both,all,any,none区分,典例4,(四川,10)Niki is always full of ideas,but,is useful to my,knowledge.,答案none,解析句意:Niki总是会有很多想法,不过就我所知没有一个想法是有用。,本题考查代词。none(三者或三者以上)都不,都没。,都,任何一个,都不,二者,both,either,neither,三者或三者以上,all,any,none,5/58,2.none,no one,nobody,nothing区分,典例5,(重庆,2)The meeting will be held in September,but,knows,the date for sure.,none,既可指人,也可指物,侧重数量,通常指三者或三者以上人或物,后可接of短语,作主语时谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数,惯用往返答由how many/much引导疑问句,no one/nobody,只能指人,是泛指概念,惯用往返答由who引导疑问句,不与of短语连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单数,nothing,只能指物,且表泛指概念。惯用往返答由what引导疑问句,答案nobody,解析句意:会议将在9月份召开,不过没有些人知道确切日期。依据题干中,but可知此处应该用表示否定意义nobody。,6/58,3.everything,something,anything,nothing及其习惯搭配区分,典例6,(重庆,1)A smile costs,but gives much.,答案nothing/little,everything,something,anything,nothing,强调“每件事,一切”。,and everything“一切事物;以及其它”,强调“某件事,某物”,也可指“主要事物”。or some-thing“诸如这类”,强调“不论什么,任何东西”。,anything but“根本不”,意为“没有东西,没有,一点”。,nothing but“只不过,只有”,解析句意:微笑不会损失什么,不过却能给予很多。依据题干中but可推,知设空处应为表示否定代词,故答案为nothing或little。,7/58,4.one,another,the other,some,others,the others区分,典例7,(陕西,13)To warm himself,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing,one bare foot against the,.,答案other,一个/一些,另外一个/一些,剩下一个/一些,单数,one,another,the other,复数,some,others,the others,解析句意:为了使自己暖和,那个水手坐在炉火前面赤着脚相互摩擦。the,other二者中另一个。,8/58,替换,one,a/an+单数名词,ones,零冠词+复数名词,the one,the+单数名词,有时可用that代替(尤其在有后置定语情况下),the ones,the+复数名词,有时可用those代替(尤其在有后置定语情况下),that,the+单数/不可数名词,those,the+复数名词,it,上文提到同一事物,高频考点五one,ones,the one,the ones,that,those,it区分,9/58,Mr.Zhang gave me a very valuable present,one(=a present)that I had never seen.,张先生给了我一个非常宝贵礼品,一个我从来没见过(礼品)。,Mr.Zhang gave me many valuable presents,ones(=many presents)that I had never,seen.,张先生给了我很多宝贵礼品,这些(礼品)是我从来没见过。,The books on the desk are better than those/the ones(=the books)under the desk.,桌子上那些书比桌子底下那些书好。,典例8(天津,2)The quality of education in this small school is better than,in some larger schools.,答案that,解析句意:这所小学校教育质量比一些更大学校(教育质量)好。本,句需用that替换前面the quality of education,以防止重复。,10/58,知识清单一冠词使用方法概述,一、冠词泛指、特指、类指、专指,泛指是指首次提到,不限定人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到人或事,物,或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定人或事物,也能够是指说话双方,心目中所默认特定人或事物。类指是指含有共同性质或经典特征事物,一个类别。专指是指类别中一员或一部分详细事物。冠词泛指、特,指、类指和专指使用方法归纳以下:,知识清单,单数名词,11/58,不可数名词,二、普通名词前使用冠词类指使用方法,1.在“the+单数名词”、“a/an+单数名词”、“零冠词+复数名词/不可数名,词”中,所用冠词都可表类指,但也有细微区分:,(1)“the+单数名词”指是整个类别,这个类别是能够区分于另一个类别,。如:,复数名词和,12/58,The car goes faster than the bike.,汽车比自行车跑得快。,(2)“a/an+单数名词”侧重于指类别中任何一个特点。如:,A tiger is a type of very large fierce wild cat that has yellow fur with black bands,across.,老虎是一个毛皮为黄色,全身长满黑色条纹,形体很大凶猛野生猫科动,物。,(3)“零冠词+复数名词/不可数名词”侧重指类别中许多个体。如:,Farmers are busy in autumn.,农民们在秋天很忙。,(4)在使用冠词时要依据所要表示内容详细情况而定。如:,13/58,The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.,老虎正面临着灭绝危险。,(不能说:A tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.因为濒临灭绝指是整个虎类,而不是任何一只虎面临灭绝危险。),2.the+形容词或分词有时也可表类指。如:,the wounded 伤员 the dying垂死人,the unknown未知事物 the deaf聋子,the young青年人 the old老人,the living 生者 the dead死者,3.民族词汇前冠词类指使用方法是在复数民族词汇前加the。如:,The Chinese are hard-working.中国人民是勤劳。,14/58,有些民族词汇有两种复数形式,如:English,Englishmen;French,Frenchmen等。,在这种情况下,the English表类指,the Englishmen既可表类指,又可表专指。如:,The French/Frenchmen are romantic.,法国人很浪漫。(类指),The Frenchmen are playing tennis now.,那些法国人现在正在打网球。(专指),知识清单二冠词基本使用方法,一、不定冠词使用方法,1.不定冠词有a,an两种形式,当紧挨着冠词第一个音素为,辅音音素,(注意:不,是,辅音字母,)时用a;当紧挨着冠词第一个音素为,元音音素,(注意:不是,元音字,母,)时用an。如:,15/58,a university,a useful animal,a one-eyed dog,a European car,an hour,an honest boy,an X-ray,an ugly man,an honor等。,2.表示one,the same,a certain或every意思。如:,They are of an age.(=the same),他们年纪相同。,I will return in a day or two.(=one),我将在一两天内回来。,Hi!John.A Mr.Smith is waiting for you outside.(=a certain),嗨!约翰。有位史密斯先生在外面等你呢。,3.有些不可数名词,如knowledge,understanding 等是由其动词转化而来,它们,后面加of.时,前面需用不定冠词a/an。如:,16/58,He has a wide knowledge of painting and music.,他在绘画和音乐方面知识渊博。,4.与不定冠词连用习语。如:,have a cold;have a good/happy time;have a gift for;have a word with;keep a diary;,in a hurry;once in a while;at a loss;for a while;once upon a time;all of a sudden;,tell a lie;do sb.a favor;get an education;with a score of;at a distance;have a popula-,tion of;a waste of;a collection of;a matter of;have/take a rest;have a holiday;get a,lift/ride;go on a diet等。,This picture looks beautiful at a distance.,这幅画从远处看上去很漂亮。,Tom,I want to have a word with you.,17/58,汤姆,我想和你谈谈。,5.不定冠词特殊位置,quite/rather+a/an(+,adj,.)+单数名词;what/such/half+a/an+单数名词;rather/so/as/,too/how/however+,adj,.+a/an+单数名词;many a/an+单数名词:许多;not a/an+单,数名词:不止一个。如:,He is quite a kind guy.,他是一个相当好人。,He is as great a man as ever lived.,他和从前任何一个伟人一样伟大。,However clever a student he is,he should follow the teacher,s instructions now.,不论这位学生多聪明,他现在都要服从老师命令。,18/58,二、定冠词使用方法,1.用在姓氏复数前,表一家人或夫妻二人。如:,The Greens are at table.格林一家在吃饭。,2.用在年代、朝代名词及逢十数词(表某个年代)前。如:,the Tang Dynasty唐朝,the Spring and Autumn Period春秋时期,in the 1990,s在2,0世纪90年代,3.用在表度量单位名词前,表示“每一”。如:,I have hired the car by the hour.,我已按小时租了这辆车。,Eggs are sold by the dozen.,鸡蛋论打卖。,19/58,4.句型“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中the不可用人称代词代替。,如:,take sb.by the arm抓某人手臂,hit sb.in the face打某人脸,另外,在be red in the face(脸红),be lame in the right leg(右腿瘸),be blind in the,eye(眼瞎)等结构中,名词前要用the。,5.用在一些固定词组中。如:,make the most of(,充分利用,);in the daytime;in the end;in the habit of;not in the,least(=not at all);in the distance;in the way(,挡路,);on the whole(,总之,);on the right/left;on the other hand;at the same time;at the moment;go to the cinema/theatre;go,20/58,to the doctor,s;the other day(=a few days ago);for the time being(暂时);on the ra-,dio/phone(经过无线电/电话);on the spot;to tell(you)the truth;by the way等。,6.定冠词特殊位置:在名词词组中,定冠词普通放在最前面,但名词词组中如,果有exactly,just,half,double,all,both,off 等修饰时,定冠词要放在这些词后,面。如:,exactly the same color相同颜色,just the right place就是这个地方,half the story故事二分之一,doutwiceble the amount双倍数量,21/58,三、零冠词使用方法,1.不可数名词、复数名词表泛指,用零冠词。如:,Father went to his doctor for advice about his heart trouble.,父亲去了医生那里寻求关于他心脏病提议。,Horses are useful animals.,马是有用动物。,2.请切记以下用零冠词口诀:,月、季、星期、节假、洲,呼语、头衔、职务前;三餐、球类、惯用语,学科、,棋类名词前。如:,A year can be divided into four seasonsspring,summer,autumn and winter.,22/58,一年能够分为四季春、夏、秋、冬。,He has no lessons on Sundays.他周日没有课。,Mr.Li is chairman of the meeting.李先生是此次会议主席。,(表示呼语、头衔名词作表语、同位语、补足语时用零冠词),3.系动词turn(变成)后单数名词作表语,用零冠词。如:,Has he turned scientist?他成为科学家了吗?,4.“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语,主句”,意为“即使/尽管,但,是,”。如:,Hero as he is,he has some shortcomings.,即使他是英雄,但他也有缺点。,23/58,The teacher came in,book in hand(=with a book in his hand/holding a book in his,hand/a book held in his hand).,老师进来了,手里拿着一本书。,6.与零冠词连用短语。如:,pen and ink(笔墨);master and servant(主仆);at noon/dawn/daybreak/dusk/night/,midnight;on second thoughts;come to light;come to power(=take office);give birth,to;in case of;come/rank first;out of work/order/control/date/patience/mind/money,/question/reach/breath/danger;in use/danger/public;ahead of time;in debt;under,repair;day and night;husband and wife;father and son;sun and moon;side by side;,shoulder to shoulder;from morning till night;hand in hand;by weight;by mistake;in,place of;by law;on board;at war;every few days;catch fire;face to face;for certain,5.在独立主格结构某一形式中。如:,24/58,知识清单三名词,一、名词数,1.单数名词变为复数名词常考点:,(1)以-o结尾名词变为复数时,常在词尾加-s,不过以下名词要加-es,它们是:,黑,人英雄,爱在,火山,上吃,土豆西红柿,即:Negroes,heroes,volcanoes,potatoes,toma-,toes。(注:volcanos也正确。),(2)以-f或-fe结尾名词变为复数时,普通直接加-s,但以下以-f或-fe结尾名词,需把f或fe去掉,加-ves,它们是:为了,自己,活,命,小偷,和他,妻子,手里拿着,刀子,和,一片树叶,站在,架子,上,把,狼,劈成两,半,即:selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,loaves,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。,25/58,(3)合成名词组成复数时,通常只将里面所含主体名词变为复数,假如没有主,体名词,则将最终一部分变为复数。如:,sons,-in-law女婿;,passers,-by过路人;sto-,ry,tellers,讲故事人;break,fasts,早餐;house,wives,家庭主妇。,2.以下名词通惯用作不可数名词:,fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equip-,ment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,production,permis-,sion,practice,rubber,rice,soup,wealth,word(=news)等。,26/58,papers文件,试卷,报纸,论文;goods货物,商品;ashes骨灰,遗骸;glasses眼镜;sands,沙滩;woods树林;greens青菜;times时代;drinks饮料;arms武器;looks外表;man-,ners礼貌;damages赔偿金;lines台词;works工厂,著作;brains 头脑;customs海关,关税;irons镣铐;regards问候;pains 努力;conditions条件;airs 傲气;contents目录;,spirits酒精;waters水域;expectations前途。,4.单复数同形名词。如:,Chinese中国人;Japanese日本人;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列;means方式;works,工厂;fish鱼;fruit水果;crossroads十字路口;horsepower马力;,jin,斤等,其中fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits。,5.“集体名词数”见本书“特殊句式”语法专练中“主谓一致”部分。,3.有些名词复数形式能够表示尤其意义。如:,27/58,1.全部格含义:,(1)表示所属。如:Tom,s car汤姆汽车,(2)表示类别。如:a women,s college一所女子学院,(3)表示动作执行者或承受者。如:,the teacher,s praise老师表彰,children,s education儿童教育,2.全部格有两种不一样形式:,在名词末尾加,s组成,多用来表示有生命东西;由介词of加名词组成,多用来,表示无生命东西。但在以下几个情况下,由,s组成全部格也可表示无生,命东西:,(1)表时间。如:,二、名词格,28/58,a day,s meeting一天会,five weeks,holiday五周假期,today,s newspapers今天报纸,(2)表自然现象。如:,the moon,s rays月光,the tree,s branches树枝,the earth,s atmosphere地球大气层,(3)表国家、城市等地方。如:,the country,s plans国家计划,the world,s population世界人口,China,s industries中国工业,29/58,(4)表工作群体。如:,the majority,s view多数人意见,the team,s victory 全队胜利,the ship,s crew 船上工作人员,(5)表度量衡及价值。如:,a mile,s journey 1英里旅程,twenty pounds,weight 20磅重量,five dollars,worth of apples 5美元苹果,3.双重全部格:,(1)双重全部格组成,名词+of+名词全部格。如:a friend of my father,s,30/58,名词+of+名词性物主代词。如:some friends of mine,(2)双重全部格概念及使用方法,表示部分概念,of短语修饰名词前通常有表示数量限定词a,an,one,two,some,several,a few,many,any,no等。如:,Some friends of my brother,s will come to join us.,我哥哥一些朋友将加入到我们当中来。,表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩时,of所修饰名词前通常有指示代词this,that,these,those等。如:,This little cat of your sister,s is really a dear.,你妹妹这只小猫真惹人爱。(比用your sister,s little cat更带有赞美感情色,彩),31/58,That dog of Mike,s is always making troubles.,迈克那只狗总是惹祸。(比用Mike,s dog更含有厌恶情绪),三、名词作定语,1.当名词作定语时,普通用单数形式,即使在意义上是复数(如shoes)或总用作,复数名词(如trousers),也是如此。如:,shoe repairers修鞋人 pencil boxes铅笔盒,radio programs电台节目 book marks书签,tooth brushes牙刷 trouser pockets裤子上口袋,但也有例外,它们是:sports,customs,arms,clothes,sales和accounts。如:,a sports car一辆赛车,a customs officer一个海关官员,32/58,arms production武器生产,a clothes shop一家服装店,a salesgirl一个女售货员,an accounts department一个会计部门,2.“man/woman+,n,.”变复数时,作定语man/woman和中心词都要变复数。,如:,men teachers男老师 women engineers女工程师,四、几组常考名词辨析,1.cause,reason,excuse,cause是造成一个事实或现象“原因、起因”,后接介词of;reason是说明一,种看法或行为“理由”;excuse 意为“借口、辩解”。如:,33/58,Carelessness is the usual cause of fire.,粗心往往是造成火灾原因。,You must tell him the reason why you won,t accept his offer.,你必须告诉他你不愿意接收他提议原因。,Late again!What,s your excuse of this time?,又迟到了!这次你又是什么借口?,2.mistake,error,fault,三个词都有“错误、过失”意思,但mistake几乎等于error,只不过error更正,式,更惯用于书面语。另外,error强调“道德方面过失”,如:the error of his,youth他年轻时过失,而fault则强调“(性格上)小缺点”,如:Your only fault,is that you can,t concentrate.你唯一缺点就是注意力不集中。,34/58,但以上三个词在一些固定短语中却不能混用。如:an error of judgment(判断错,误);by mistake(错误地);find fault with.(找茬儿、挑剔);It is someone,s fault.,(,是某人过失)。,3.journey,trip,travel,voyage,journey适用范围很广,可指陆海空旅行,常指距离较远旅行。trip指短时,间、短距离旅行,与journey通常交换使用,常与其搭配动词或词组有make,take,go on等。travel泛指旅游,前面普通不用冠词,复数形式travels多指旅行经,历或到国外旅行,前面不能用many或数词修饰。通常journey和trip强调往返,性,而travel不侧重往返性,能够是单程旅行。voyage指海上旅行或航海。如:,Have a good journey/trip!旅行愉快!,This post involves a large number of foreign travels.,35/58,这一职务要求经常到国外出差。,Titanic sank on its maiden voyage.,“泰坦尼克号”在首航中就淹没了。,4.habit,custom,customs,habit指一个人在长时间内逐步养成、一时不易改变“行为”、“习,惯”;custom则强调社会、民族经过一个较长时间过程而形成“风俗”、,“习惯”;customs意思是“关税”、“进口税”,当首字母大写并与the连用,时,表示“海关”意思。如:,He has formed the habit of saving money.,他养成了存钱习惯。,Social customs vary greatly from country to country.,36/58,各国风俗习惯很不一样。,The officials in the Customs at Beijing Airport are very polite.,北京机场海关官员很有礼貌。,5.award,reward,二者既可作名词也可作动词。award用作名词时,意为“奖品”、“奖金”;用,作动词时,惯用于award sth.to sb.;reward作名词时,意为“酬劳”、“奖励”、,“报答”;用作动词时,惯用于reward sb.for sth.。如:,The film awards are presented annually.,电影奖每年颁发一次。,A reward was offered for the return of the passport.,为找回护照(他)提供了一笔酬金。,37/58,How can I reward you for your help?,我怎样才能报答你帮助?,They awarded scholarship to the best students.,他们把奖学金授予最优异学生。,知识清单四人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、疑问代词和指示代词,一、人称代词,1.当说话者不清楚或没必要知道说话对象性别时,能够用it来表示。如:,It,s a lovely baby.Is it a boy or a girl?,这是个可爱宝宝。是男孩还是女孩?,2.人称代词有时也可用作名词。如:,It,s not a she;it,s a he.,38/58,那不是个女孩;是个男孩。,3.在没有谓语动词句子中,人称代词惯用宾格。如:,Glad to meet you.,Me,too.,见到你很高兴。,我也是。,4.代词they(不分性别)代表已提到过一些人或事物,在口语中还可代替he or,she,另外they还可泛指普通人。如:,The Browns phoned.They,re coming round this evening.,布朗夫妇打电话了。他们今天晚上过来。(代表已提到过一些人),If anyone arrives late,they,ll have to wait outside.,39/58,谁要是迟到,他就得在外面等着。(代替he or she),They say we,re going to have a hot summer.,听说今年夏天将会很热。(泛指普通人),二、物主代词,1.物主代词即人称代词全部格形式,它可分为形容词性物主代词(my,your,his,her,its,our,their)和名词性物主代词(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs)。形容,词性物主代词相当于形容词,只能作名词或动名词定语。如:,This is our classroom.这是我们教室。(作名词定语),Would you mind my opening the window?你介意我开窗户吗?(作动名词定语,或被称为动名词逻辑主语),40/58,2.名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,可单独作主语、宾,语、表语。另外,名词性物主代词还可与名词及of连用,组成双重全部格,即:a/,an/this/that/these/those/some/any/several/no/each/every/such/another/which+名词,+of+名词性物主代词。如:,This is her coat.Mine is over there.,这是她大衣。我(大衣)在那边。,Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.,我一些朋友将参加我生日聚会。,三、反身代词,1.反身代词基本使用方法,41/58,2.含有反身代词惯用语,(1)与介词连用,You,ll have to see if he has gone to the school for yourself.(亲自),你得亲自去看看他是否已经去了学校。,The computer can shut off of itself.(=naturally 自动地),42/58,计算机能够自动关机。,Jim is not bad in himself,but he likes playing jokes on others.(本质上),吉姆本身不坏,但他喜欢开他人玩笑。,One would rather have a bedroom to oneself.(=for one,s own private use,not to be,shared独自享用),每个人都愿意有间自己卧室。,I can,t finish the work by myself.(=alone;without help单独地、独自地),我自己完成不了这个工作。,He was beside himself with joy when he heard he had passed the exam.(=almost,mad with anger/excitement,etc.因为生气、激动等而近乎发狂、忘形),当听说经过了考试,他欣喜若狂。,43/58,(2)与动词连用,enjoy oneself(=have a good time)玩得开心,过得愉快,Behave yourself!(=Be polite!Show good manners!)规矩点!,absent oneself缺课/缺勤,devote oneself to专心于;献身于,apply oneself to专心致志于,adapt oneself to适应于,treat oneself to用,款待自己,make oneself at home舒适自在,seat oneself(=sit)坐,think for oneself(=form one,s own opinion)独立思索(形成看法、作出决定等),44/58,He is not himself today.(be oneself处于正常状态,显得自然),He is always boasting himself.(boast oneself自夸),A moment later,he came to himself.(come to oneself=regain self-con
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