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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Selected Readings inEnglish Literature,-英国文学复习,第1页,1.Pre-Chaucerian Age,1.Pre-Chaucerian Age,Anglo-Saxon period,(450-1066),-(Anglo-Saxon)Teutonic conquest:,formation of English as a nation,language,and people,-Poetry:,Beowulf,Anglo-Norman period,-Norman Conquest,-,Romance,:Sir Gawin and the Green Knight,第2页,Romance,Romance,alliterative and metrical,refers to some verse narrative that sings of,knightly adventures or other heroic deeds,and usually emphasizes,the chivalric love,of the Middle Ages in Europe.,The hero,is usually the knight,who sets out on a journey to,accomplish some goal-,-to protect the church,to rescue a maiden,to meet a challenge,and etc.,Characterization,is standardized.,The language and style,are simple and straightforward.,第3页,2.The Age of Chaucer(1340-1400),Geoffrey Chaucer,-“father of English poetry”,-the first to write about common people in a realistic way instead of in an allegorical way,-,The Canterbury Tales,in,rhyming coupletheroic couplet,第4页,15,th,-16,th,century,After Chaucer,English literature began to decline.Except the“The Death of Arthur”by Thomas Marlory,there was no written literature in its real sense.However,ballads,became an important feature in this age.,-,Sir Patrick Spens,-,Robinhood,All are in ballad.,第5页,.The English Renaissance,Historical backgroun,-Renaissance in Europe,-Humanism:the,most outstanding intellectual movement-The,ideal,/,core,of Renaissance is,humanism,2.Literary Achievement(Age of drama),-,William Shakespeare,-,Francis Bacon,-the first English essayist,-,Thomas Moore,(“,Utopia,”),-,Drama/blank verse,-Sonnet and sonnet sequence,第6页,The,ideal,/,core,of Renaissance is,humanism,.,Renaissance humanists found in the classics a,justification to exalt human nature,and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures,capable of individual development,in the direction of perfection,and inhabited in a world it was theirs not to despise but to interrogate,explore and enjoy.,Thus,by emphasizing the,dignity of human beings,and the,importance of the present life,they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have,the right to enjoy the beauty of this life,but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders,.They also expressed their,rebellious spirit against the tyranny of feudal rule and ecclesiastical domination,.,第7页,Shakespeare,His 4 great comedies are,The Merchant of Venice;Much Ado About Nothing;As You Like It;Twelfth Night.,His 4 great tragedies are,Hamlet;Othello;King Lear;Macbeth,.,第8页,Sonnet 18,the permanence or immortality of poetry.Poetry will bring eternity to the one the poet loves and eulogizes.,Figurative devices,Metaphor,:summers day-the beloved person.,Personification,:summers day-hold a lease.,Symbol,:bud,the eye of heaven-beautiful things,第9页,.17,th,century(Puritan Age),-Bourgeois revolution:for church but against despotic rulers,-Metaphysical poets,-,John Milton,:,The Paradise Lost,第10页,Metaphysical poets,Donne was the founder of the metaphysical school and a poet of genius,known by his contemporaries as“,the great writer of conceited verse,”.,conceits,第11页,-,logical reasoning,(to express the emotion),-,psychological analysis,of the emotions and religion,-their,fondness of the novel and the shocking,-the use of,bold and ingenious conceits,and,incongruous imagery,-their statement of,complex ideas or thought,-frequent,use of paradox,-their ignoring of the conventional metric devices,All resulted frequently in,obscurity,rough verse,and strained imagery.,第12页,John Milton:,“Paradise”in blank verse,Fighting the God-fighting the despotism,第13页,.18th century(Age of Novel),-,Enlightenment,(emphasis on reason),-Poets:,John Dryden,;,Alexandra Pope,-Essayists:,Joseph Addison,Richard Steele,-Novelists:,Daniel Defoe,Henry Fielding,-Sentimentalism:,Thomas Gray(the,representative),-Pre-Romanticism:,William Blake,Robert Burns,第14页,William Blake,-Songs of Innocence;,Songs of Experience,The symbolic meaning of Tyger,第15页,R.Burns,-in scottish dialect,-A Red,Red Rose:,Symbolic language,第16页,.Romanticism,(1798-1832),The French Revolution;the Industrial Revolution,From emphasis on reason to instinct and emotion,Wordsworth;Coleridge;Southey;,Shelley;Byron;Keats,Post-Romanticism,:the Browings;Tennysons,第17页,Principles for Romanticism,“all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”,-Subjectivism,-Spontaneity,-Nature,-Simplicity/plainness,-Life of the common people,-Imagination,-Rebellious spirit,第18页,W.Wordsworth,(1770-1850),In 1798,in collaboration with Coleridge,he published us first major volume of poetry,“The Lyrical Ballads”,an epoch-making book in English poetry.,第19页,I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud：,the happy recollections tend to enable the poet to understand,the harmony between things in nature,and harmony between the poet himself and the nature,thus realizing the happiness of oneness of the soul and creatures,第20页,Shelley,(1792-1822,）,Ode to the West Wind：,“If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?”illustrated Shelleys,optimistic belief in the future of mankind.,The image of west wind,第21页,Keats,-,Keats odes have generally been considered as his most important works,Ode to Nightingale,-synaethesia,-his ideal garden of Eden,第22页,Robert Browning(1812-1889),My Last Duchess:,Dramatic monologue,Characterization,第23页,.,19th.Century(The Victorian Age 1832-1901),-Age of Novels:critical realism,-,Dickens;Thackery,-Women novelists:,Bronte sisters;Jane Austin,-Thomas Hardy,第24页,Jane Austin,Pride and Prejudice,-Theme,-Character analysis,第25页,Thomas Hardy,Tess,-Stonehenge scene and its significance,-causes for Tesss tragedy,第26页,.20th Century,Modernist literature,-,T.S.Eliot,:the desolation in the western country after the war,and their spirit,-,D.H.,lawrence,:concerns with the sex,the defect in western civilization,-,V.Wolf,(,Mrs.Dalloway;To the light House,)and,James Joyce,(,Ulysses,):a search into the soul of modern westerners by adopting the Stream of Consciousness,Doris lessing,:,a female writer about the repression suffered by women and the awakening of their self-consciousness,Ted Hughes,:a poet of Animal writes into the human nature.,第27页,T.S.Eliot,:the desolation in the western country after the war,and their spirit,A Love Song:,Style,第28页,Style analysis,-Monologue,-imagery,-allusion,-irony,-fragmentation,第29页,Fragmentation,fragmentation is the accumulation of numerous and varied-often to chaotic effect-signs(words,images,sounds).,第30页,1.Fragmentation in stanza form:,-fragmented stanzas represented not in sequential fashion.,i.e.Street womens room fog,womens room,-elliptical structure,-absence of bridge,第31页,2.The rhythm of the lines is deliberately irregular,.,Eliot occasionally rhymes for long stretches(LL 4-12)and then not at all;his rhyme scheme itself seems like he confusing Streets that follow like a tedious argument(8).,第32页,The concluding two three-line stanzas,act as a sestet(six lines).Although the rhyme scheme differs(here it is abbcdd),Petrarchan sonnets complement the opening octet(first eight lines)with a sestet(,cdecde,).This is Eliots final mock-allusion to yet another Renaissance artist(after Dante and Michelangelo).,Petrarch unrequitedly mooned after his love,Laura,but Prufrock,whose name sounds much like Petrarchs,does not even have an unattainable ideal love.He has unattainable,frustrated,paralyzed desire for all women who reject him,.,第33页,3.Prufrocks fragmented voice,It is difficult to decide who is the speaker because it is a combination of so many historic poetic voices.,The poem comes in the form of a dramatic monologue,a form that is usually fit for,a resonant speaking voice,(and one that extinguishes the personality of the poet,too).But Prufrock has,a chorus of fragmented voices-the epigraph to Dante,the frequent allusions to the Bible,Shakespeare,and many poetic predecessors-which deny the existence of a solo voice.,This,then,is Prufrocks voice:a fragmentation of voices past and present that somehow harmonize.,第34页,Fragmentation is also embodied in the rhetorical devices used,such as image,allusion.,第35页,Imagery,City image,sunlit sky as looking like a patient etherised upon a table(Eliot 3).,This is an unusual imagery that would be out of place in a traditional love poem,and this etherised outside world is the key to understanding all of Prufrocks views.He is afraid of the increasingly industrialized and impersonal city surrounding him,and he is unsure of what to do and afraid to commit to any particular choice of action,第36页,2.fog image,rubs its back upon the window-panes;,rubs its muzzle on the window panes.,Later on in the poem,Prufrock refers to smoke again while describing the streets he is walking on.,All this imagery,1)leaves the reader feeling that the place Prufrock is at is dark and hazy and not at all welcoming,and it conveys Prufrocks discontentment with his surroundings.,2)subliminal feeling of the speaker-desire and inaction,第37页,3.Insect image,-his overall boredom with life.,-his paralysis/impotence,第38页,4.Crab image:,self-reproach and self-comfort,第39页,5.Mermaid image,By the end of the poem,Prufrock is imaging mermaids,or,mans ideal vision of women,sitting on the beach,but even in his imagination they do not sing to him.When he is awakened from his daydream by a human voice,it is apparent that,even in his fantasies Prufrock is paralyzed and non-active.,第40页,The fragmentation of the images in the poem also shed some light on Prufrocks fears.,He rarely says what he means,if he is even sure of it himself.,Instead,like the magic lantern throwing patterns on a screen,The poem is like a set of slides,showing us Prufrocks failures and experiences hes collected.Prufrock moves from streets to woman talking to images of woman and mythological creatures.,There is no congruity in the poem.,第41页,Allusion,1.Epigraph,-Prufrocks plight,2.Michelangelo,-ideal man,-hypocrisy of the noble,第42页,3.There will be time,works and days,-Ps hesitation and indecisiveness/inaction,第43页,4.Head on a platterJohn the Baptist,strong desire and extreme hesitation,5.Hamlet,hesitation,第44页,All these allusions,-add to the effect of fragmentation;,-enhances the historical and realistic meaning,第45页,Why fragmentation?,Modernists believe that,1)modern world presents an“immense panorama of futility and anarchy”esp.after WWI.So there is a,2)a keen need to“give shape and significance”to the meaningless,futile and chaotic experience of modern man,because,3)meaning could be made out of these fragments.From the ruins of fragments,some coherence can be established;only this gives the chaos of modern life hope.,第46页,So in this poem,Nothing is explained in logical manner.,Readers have to make leaps in reading and appreciation.,but careful readers can perceive the tone and understand the underlying meaning.,第47页,2.J.Joyces,Araby,Araby,-Setting,-Point of view,-Epiphany,第48页,Setting,Setting is usually a part of atmosphere and that atmosphere consists of the prevailing tone of the work and its resultant meaning or effect.The boy in the story is intensely subject to the citys dark,hopeless conformity,and his tragic yearning toward the exotic in the face of drab,ugly reality forms the center of the story.,Questions:,-Whats the setting like?Whats the function of the setting description?,第49页,Scenes described:,-the opening description of the boys street,-his house,-his relationship to his aunt and uncle,the information about the priest and his belongings,the boys two trips-his walks through Dublin shopping and his subsequent ride to Araby.,第50页,(1)North Richmond Street,North Richmond Street presents the reader with his first view of the boys world.,-The street is blind;a dead end,-its inhabitants are smugly complacent;,-the houses are imperturbable in the quiet,the cold,the dark muddy lanes and dark dripping gardens.,The total effect of such setting is an atmosphere permeated with stagnation and isolation.,第51页,(2)Priests(and the boys)house,The house description:,-the former tenant:a priest,-the possessions left behind,-the central apple tree;,(symbols of spiritual life in the past),-straggling bushes,The effect of the description is to deepen,through a sense of a dead past,the spiritual and intellectual stagnation of the present.,This may refer us to the understanding of what happened later at Araby bazzar.,第52页,(3)Shopping center,-ugly,drab reality“most hostile to romance”(where the boy accompanied his aunt to shopping),-imagining that he bears not parcels,but a chalice through a throng of foes.,-transforming in his mind a perfectly ordinary girl into an enchanted princess:untouchable,promising,saintly.,Setting in this scene depicts,the harsh,dirty reality of life,which the boy blindly ignores.The contrast between the real and the boys dreams is ironically drawn and clearly foreshadows the boys inability to keep the,dream,while remaining blind.,第53页,(4)Arabythe bazaar,Araby:the most important image,The tawdry superficiality of the bazaar,which in his mind had been an Oriental enchantment,strips away his blindness and leaves him alone with the realization that life and love differ from the dream.Araby,the symbolic temple of love,is now a hell to the boy.The bazaar is dark and empty,like other places;it thrives on the same profit motive as the market place(two men were counting money on a salver);love is represented as an empty,passing flirtation.,The boys final disappointment occurs as a result of his awakening to the world around him.,第54页,Summary:,Araby is a portrait of a,world that defies the ideal and the dream.Thus setting in this story becomes extremely important,embodying an atmosphere of spiritual paralysis against which a young boys idealistic dreams are no match.Realizing this,the boy takes his first step into adulthood.,第55页,Structure of the final Test,I.Multiple choice(30points),II.Matching(10points),III.Identification and comprehension(40points),IV.Essay writing(20 points),1.Fragmentation in,The Love Song of J.A.Prufrock.,2.Function of setting in James Joyces short story of,Araby,第56页,Ballad,A,ballad,is a story in a song,usually a narrative song or poem,with foreshortened alternating four-and three-stress lines(ballad meter)and simple repeating rhymes,and often with a refrain(,叠句).,It is a rhythmic saga of a past affair,which may be heroic,romantic or satirical,political,almost inevitably catastrophic,which is related in the third person.,Hardly an event of national interest escapes being made the subject of a so-called ballad.,第57页,Characteristics of a ballad,A ballad tells a story,A ballad focuses on actions and dialogue rather than characteristics and narration.,A ballad has a simple metrical structure and sentence structure.,A ballad is sung to a modal melody.,A ballad is of oral tradition,passed down by word of mouth.Therefore,it undergoes changes and is of anonymous authorship.,Repetition and refrains are usually used in many ballads,第58页,Example:,Sir Patrick Spens,The King sits in D
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