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非谓语动词,1/92,性 质,非谓语动词含有动词特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语，即：,除谓语以外一切成份。,2/92,形式,1.,不定式,相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。,2.,动名词,相当于名词。充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。,分词,3.,相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语。包含现在分词和过去分词。,3/92,语态,必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词关系，从而来确定非谓语动词语态。,逻辑主语能发出该动作 （发）,逻辑主语不能发出该动作 （收）,不发不收用结构：,动词不定式：用独立结构,动名词：用复合结构,分词：用独立主格结构,4/92,非谓语动词时态,&,语态对照表,及物与不及物,语态,类别 时 态,vt.,vi.,主动语态,被动语态,主动语态,ing,普通式:(与谓语动词同时发生),making,being made,going,完成式,:,(,先于谓语动词发生,),having made,(,不作定语）,having been made,(,不作定语）,having gone,(,不作定语）,ed,只有普通式:不强调时间先后，只说明原因、条件等,made(,表被动,）,gone(,表完成）,inf,普通式:与谓语动词(几乎)同时发生,to make,to be made,to go,完成式,:,先于谓语动词发生,to have made,to have been made,to have gone,进行式,:,在谓语动词动作发生时正在进行,to be making,to be going,5/92,非谓语动词可作语法成份,成份,类别,主,语,宾语,表语,定语,宾补,状 语,时间,条件,原因,目标,结果,方式,让步,伴,随,不定式,现在分词,过去分词,动名词,6/92,不定式,1.,不定式作主语：,To master,a foreign language is very important.,注意：,(1),假如要说明不定式表示动作是谁做，,能够在不定式前加一个由,for,引发短语。,It is easy,for the students,to read.,7/92,(2),以下形容词作表语时，不定式前常加一个,of,引发短语，这些形容词是：,(,表评价性，来说明逻辑主语性质、特征、属性）,kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,stupid,foolish,wrong,right,careless,rude,polite,naughty,等,Its kind of you to think so much of us.,8/92,2.,不定式作表语,Her work is,to look,after the children.,注意：,不定式作,be,动词表语时，能够和主语部分调换，说明主语内容。,9/92,3.,不定式作宾语：,有些及物动词惯用不定式作宾语。常见这类动词有：,want,demand,hope,wish,expect,like,hate,，,start,begin,fail,help,offer,try,manage,pretend,forget,remember,promise,prepare,learn,agree,plan,determine,prefer,intend,等,10/92,注意：,假如作宾语不定式有自己补语，须用先行词,it,作间接宾语，而将真正宾语不定式后置。这类动词有：,think,find,feel,consider,make,等。,比如：,The computer,makes it possible to,calculate faster.,不定式普通不能作介词宾语，只有在极少数介词（如：,but,except,等）后才行，此时不定式可带,to,或不带,to,。,比如：,He seldom comes,except to,look at my pictures.,11/92,4.,不定式作宾语补足语,The teacher advised us to have a rest first.,注意：,see,hear,watch,notice,have,make,let,等动词后作宾补动词不定式不带,to,但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带,to,其中,let sb.do sth.,变为被动式为,sb.is let to do sth.,。,help,后作宾补动词不定式可带,to,，也可不带,to.,即,help sb.(to)do sth.,。,12/92,5.,不定式作定语,位于所修饰名词、代词之后,He is the man to depend on/to believe in.,注意：,作定语不定式假如是不及物动词，不定式后面须有对应介词。,13/92,6.,不定式作状语,状语形式很多，有目标、结果、原因、条件、让步、比较、方式、伴随等，其中目标、结果要用不定式。,目标状语还可用,in order to,或,so as to,来表示。,结果状语还可用,soas to,suchas to,enough to,tooto,only to,等结构来表示。,14/92,注意：,不定式在作表语,/,补语形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。比如：,This question is difficult to answer.,一些形容词在,tooto,结构中表示必定，这类词是：,anxious,eager,glad,ready,surprised,willing,等。,比如：,She was too surprised to see how angry her father was.,在,not,never,only,all,but,tooto,结构中，,too,含义为,very,，不定式没有否定含义。比如：,Im only too glad to stay at home.,15/92,7.,疑问词不定式：可作主语、表语或宾语。,How to finish the work in time is a problem.,（主语）,We don,t know when and where to go.,（宾语）,注：,动词不定式否定式（,not to do sth.,），语法功效同不定式必定式。,16/92,8.,不定式时态与语态,普通式：,不定式表示动作常与谓语动作同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。,I saw him,go,out.,I plan,to attend,the meeting,to be held,tomorrow.,17/92,进行式：,不定式表示动作正在进行。,Im very glad,to be working,with you.,完成式：,不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前。,Im sorry,to have kept,you waiting.,The article is said,to have been read,by many people.,18/92,9.,不定式作独立成份,To tell(you)the truth,he doesnt agree with you.,To begin with,Beijing is a very beautiful city.,10.,不定式与疑问词,who,which,when,where,how,what,等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。,He didnt know,what to say.,How to solve the problem,is important.,19/92,11.,不定式被动式：名词、代词为不定式逻辑宾语时，普通用不定式被动式。,What is to be done is unknown.,The bridge to be built there is very long.,20/92,动名词,1,动名词作主语,Seeing is believing.,注意：,it,作形式主语时，可用动词不定式，但以下句型惯用动名词：,It is+no good(no use,fun,a waste of time),+doing,21/92,2,动名词作表语,His job is washing and cooking.,注意：,动名词作表语与主语是对等关系，表示主语内容，主语常是无生命名词或,what,引导名词性从句。,3,动名词作定语,This is her father,s walking stick.,22/92,4,动名词作宾语,When he came in,we all stopped talking.,注意：,mind,miss,excuse,enjoy,escape consider,admit(,认可,),，,advise,appreciate,enjoy,avoid,finish,face,practise,suggest,stop,delay,imagine,include,keep,quit,resist,risk,understand,be used to,look forward to,object to,pay attention to,等动词以及介词后接动名词作宾语。,23/92,5,动名词完成式,动名词普通式所表示动作为一个时间要领不强或泛指动作，或是与句中谓语同时发生，或在谓语之后发生动作。假如动名词动作发生在谓语动作之前，则要用完成式。比如：,We were praised for having completed our task ahead of time.,24/92,6,动名词复合结构普通规则：,(1),逻辑主语是有生命名词：作主语时，须用名词全部格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。比如：,Toms(His),coming is what we have expected.,(2),逻辑主语是无生命名词：只用名词普通格。比如：,Is there any hope of,our team,winning the match?,25/92,(3),逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词,this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone,时，只有普通格。比如：,She was disturbed by,somebody,shouting outside.,26/92,7,动名词时态：普通式和完成式,（,1,）假如动作没明确表示出时间是与谓语同时发生或在谓语之前发生，用普通式。,We are interested in _ chess.,（,2,）假如动作发生在谓语动词所表示动作之前，通惯用完成式。,Im sorry for not _ my promise.,（,3,）但在一些词后，惯用普通式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示动作之前发生。,On hearing,the bad news,she cried.,Ill never,forget seeing,that film for the first time.,playing,having kept,27/92,8,动名词语态,doing,being done,having done having been done,（,1,）,He was afraid of _ at home.,（,2,）,The house showed no sign of _.,注意：,但有些动名词在句中虽是主动形式，却有被动含义。,The house,requires/needs/wants,repairing,.,The book,is worth,reading,.,being left,having been,damaged,28/92,9.,不定式和动名词作主语,（,1,）动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作，而不定式作主语表示详细动作，如：,Smoking,is prohibited(,禁止,)here.,（,2,）动名词和不定式完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生，如：,Having studied computer is an important qualification for the job.,29/92,（,3,）动名词独立主格结构：当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词全部格，如：,Jacks suddenly disappearing,made them worried.,（,4,）不定式及动名词短语作主语时，可转换成,it,作形式主语形式，如：,I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.,。,30/92,10.,不定式和动名词作宾语,规则,1,：,动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语既能够是物主代词或名词全部格，也能够是人称代词宾格和名词普通格，如：,Do you mind my/me reading your paper?,规则,2,：,作宾语动名词和不定式，完成式表示该动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，如：,I regretted,not having taken,her advice.,。,31/92,规则,3,：,介词以及少数动词和词组后只能用动名词作宾语，如：,admit,dislike,appreciate,avoid,enjoy,bear(,忍受,),envy,cant help(,不禁,),delay,escape,cant stand(,受不了,),deny,excuse(,借口,),consider(,考虑,),fancy,mind,miss(,错过,),mention,finish,pardon,resist,forgive,imagine,risk,practice,suggest(,提议,),keep,quit,put off,give up,32/92,feel like,be worth,set about,burst out,be/get/become used to(,习惯于,),look forward to,pay attention to,devoteto,lead to,stick to,get close to,object to,contribute to,get down to,be equal to(,能胜任,),turn to(,求援于,),等，如：,I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.,33/92,规则,4,：,动词,advise/allow/permit/forbid,后既可跟,doing sth.,作宾语，又可跟,to do(,不定式作宾补,),，如：,You would be well advised,to stay,indoors.,规则,5,：,need,require,want,deserve,动名词主动形式表被动意义，相当于,to be done,，如：,The road is covered with some fallen trees,and they need removing/to be removed immediately.,34/92,规则,6,：,有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差异，如：,Dont you remember seeing the man before?,惯用还有：,(1)forget to do,忘记要去做某事,(,此事未做,),forget doing,忘记做过某事,(,此事已做过或已发生,),(2)stop to do,停顿、中止,(,某件事,),，目标是去做另一件事,stop doing,停顿正在做事,35/92,(3)remember to do,记得去做某事,(,未做,),remember doing,记得做过某事,(,已做,),(4)regret to do,对要做事遗憾,(,后常跟动词,say,tell,inform,等,),regret doing,对做过事后悔,(5)try to do,努力、企图做某事,try doing,试验、试一试某种方法,36/92,(6)mean to do,打算，有意要,mean doing,意味着,(7)go on to do,继而,(,去做另外一件事情,),go on doing,继续,(,原先没有做完事情,),(8)propose to do,打算,(,要做某事,),proposing doing,提议,(,做某事,),37/92,(9)like/love/hate/prefer,to do,表示详细行为；,doing sth.,表示抽象、倾向概念。,【,注意,】,假如,like/love/hate/prefer,这几个动词前有,should/would,，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词，如：,I should like to see him tomorrow.,38/92,规则,7,：,常见带不定式作宾语动词,(,口诀助记,),以下：,想要干：,want,wish,hope,expect,seek,attempt,aim,claim,，,would like/love,desire,swear,早打算：,plan,prepare,mean,arrange,同意否：,agree,promise,undertake,offer,choose,refuse,afford,问问看：,ask(ask to do,要求做,),beg,39/92,决定了：,decide,determine,make up ones mind,be determined,尽力干：,try,manage(,反义词,fail),struggle,strive,attempt,不愿意：,care,别装蒜：,pretend,【,注意,】,口诀内动词后跟动词不定式，几乎都有未来意味。,40/92,规则,8,：,固定句型,(1)There is no good/point/sense/harm,doing sth.,做某事没用,(,不好,/,没意义,/,没有坏处,),(2)have difficulty/trouble/problems/a hard time/a good time/fun,(in),doing,(3)spend/waste/lose time(in)doing sth.,(4)There is no,doing sth.(there is no,表“不可能”,),41/92,(5)come/become/grow/get,to,like/love/realize/understand/know,等表示心理活动过程，意为“渐渐地喜欢上,/,意识到,/,懂了,/,知道了,”,。,(6)do/did/does,nothing/anything/everything,but(except),动词原形；假如谓语动词不是,do/did/does,but(except),所跟不定式须带,to,。,(7)can not(help/choose)but do,can do nothing but do,have no choice/alternative to do,表示“不得不”。,42/92,(8)“Why not,动词原形”表示向某人提出提议，意为“为何不,？”，“干嘛不,？”,(9)“would rather/had better,(not),动词原形”意为“宁愿,/,最好,(,不,),做某事”。,(10)there be,非谓语形式,作动词,expect,，,like,，,mean,，,intend,，,want,，,prefer,，,hate,宾语时，通惯用,there to be,结构，在,mind,object to,等后面用,there being,。,作状语多用,there being,结构。,43/92,(11),为防止重复，在,hope,expect,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,need,mean,forget,refuse,tell,know,have to,be going to,used to,ought to,等动词后面再次出现相同不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用,to,，而把曾出现过动词省略掉。不过，假如在省略不定式结构中含有,be,have,have been,时，要保留这些词。,44/92,分 词,分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。,普通式 完成式,现在分词,doing having done,being done having been done,过去分词,done,45/92,1.,现在分词和过去分词区分,语态不一样：现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词过去分词表示被动概念。比如：,the moving film,感人电影，,the moved girl,受感动姑娘。,注：,关于心理状态动词,-ing,形式表主动意，,-ed,形式表被动意，详见该讲后专题。,时间关系上不一样：现在分词表正在进行动作，过去分词往往表已经完成动作。比如：,a developing country,发展中国家。,46/92,2.,现在分词基本使用方法,(1),普通主动式使用方法：,作定语：,The sleeping child is only five years old.(,The child who is sleeping is),作表语：,The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting.,作宾补：惯用于,see,watch,hear,feel,find,have,keep,等动词之后。比如：,We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.,47/92,注：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作过程，而不是正在进行中动作，而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中动作。,作状语：,时间状语：,Reading the letter,I couldn,t help thinking of my school life.,原因状语：,Being ill,I didn,t go to school yesterday.,方式或伴随状语：,Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.,48/92,(2),完成主动式使用方法：,这种分词所表示动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示动作之前，普通在句中作时间或原因状语用，不能作定语用。比如：,Having finished her homework,she went to bed.,Not having received his letter,she wrote to him again.,49/92,(3),普通被动式使用方法：,表示正在发生被动动作，在句中作定语或状语。比如：,The car being repaired is mine.(,The car which is being repaired is mine.),(4),完成被动式使用方法：,表示发生在谓语动作之前被动动作，在句中多作状语，不能作定语。比如：,Having been praised a second time,I decided to make still greater progress.,50/92,3.,过去分词基本使用方法,(1),作定语：,The stolen car was found by the police last week.,(2),作表语：,The glass is broken./When I got to the classroom,the door was locked.,(3),作宾补：,You must get/have your hair cut.,(4),作状语：,Given more time,we can do the work much better.,51/92,4.,独立主格结构,当分词有它自己独立主语（不一样于句子主语名词或代词）时，则是一个独立主格结构形式，在句中作状语、定语等。比如：,The bell ringing,we all stopped talking.(,When the bell rang,we all stopped talking.),52/92,5.,使用现在分词几个注意点,(1),作状语用现在分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，比如：,Standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.,（正）,(Standing,When we stood),Standing on top of the tall building,the whole city could be seen.,（误）,53/92,(2),短暂动词（即瞬间动词）现在分词被动式不可作宾补或定语。比如：,He saw the old man knocked down by the car.(knocked down,不可改为,being knocked down,或,having been knocked down),54/92,6.,现在分词被动式与过去分词使用方法区分,(1),作宾语时，现在分词普通被动式表示一个正在发生被动动作，过去分词则表示一个已发生过被动动作或没有时间性状态。比如：,Do you see the hospital built(,建好,)/being,built,(,正在建造,)there?,(2),作原因状语，现在分词被动式与过去分词能够交换。比如：,Being led(,Led)by the Party,the Chinese people have won great victories.,55/92,(3),作方式或伴随状语，不用现在分词被动式，而用过去分词。比如：,The soldiers lay on the ground,covered with nothing.,56/92,(4),作时间状语，若动作先于句子谓语动作，且有详细过去时间，不可用现在分词普通被动式或完成被动式。比如：,Built in 1192,the bridge was very useful.,假如没有详细过去时间状语，可用过去分词或现在分词完成被动式。比如：,Discussed(,Having been discussed)many times,the problem was settled at last.,假如要强调分词状语动作发生时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用现在分词完成被动式，而不用过去分词。比如：,Not having been invited,she had to stay at home.,57/92,(5),在,have,get,之后宜用过去分词作宾补，不用现在分词被动式或不定式被动式作宾补。比如：,I,ll have my hair cut.(cut,不能改为,being cut,或,be cut)He got his watch repaired.(repaired,不能改为,being repaired,或,to be repaired),(6),在,make,order,want,like,wish,等动词后，多用过去分词作宾补，少用现在分词被动式作宾补。比如：,The speaker couldn,t make himself heard.(,普通不说,being heard),58/92,7.,心理状态动词,-ing,形式与,-ed,形式,所谓心理状态动词是指含有使动意，使人产生某种情感、心理改变动词。如：,surprise,使诧异；,interest,使感兴趣。它们,-ing,形式含主动意义，,-ed,形式含被动意义。皆可视为形容词。比如：,surprising,令人诧异，,interesting,令人感兴趣；,surprised,（因,）感到诧异，,interested,（因,）感兴趣。下面句子可显示二者区分：,The film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.,She was much surprised at the surprising news.,59/92,8.,不定式、动名词和分词作表语,规则,1,：,不定式作表语普通表示详细动作，尤其是表示未来动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象普通性行为。,规则,2,：,表心理状态,interesting,exciting,delighting,disappointing,encouraging,worrying,puzzling,satisfying,surprising,pleasing,等形容词作表语时，表示客观“令人,”；,interested,excited,delighted,disappointed,encouraged,pleased,puzzled,worried,surprised,等表示主观“感到,”。,60/92,规则,3,：,get,become,look,seem,appear,remain,等系动词后都可跟,done,表示被动或主语状态。如,remain seated/hidden,get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt,等。,注：惯用,be done,介词短语表示所处状态，以下：,be addicted to,沉迷于,be absorbed in,全神贯注于,be aimed at,意在,/,意图,be armed with,有,装备,be buried in,埋葬在,61/92,be based on/upon,以,为基础,be burdened with,担负着,be crowded with,挤满了,be covered with/by,覆盖着,be coated with,涂抹了,be combined with,与,联合,62/92,be compared with,与,相比较,be caught in,陷入,be lost in,沉迷于,be concerned about,关心,be dressed in,穿着,be devoted to,专心致志于,be divided into,分成,(,几份,/,几组,),be designed/meant/intended for,专为,而设计,be engaged in,忙于,63/92,be engaged to sb.,与某人订婚,be fixed on,专注于,be faced with,面临着,be filled with,装满了,be greeted with,受到了,问候,be grown up,已经长大了,be hidden in,躲在,be linked to,与,相关,64/92,be connected with,与,相连,/,相关,be made of/from/up of,由,制成,/,由,组成,be known as/for/to,以,著称,/,因,著名,be recovered from,从,中康复,be loaded with,载有,65/92,be located in/on/at,位于,be married(to sb.),与某人结婚,be paved with,铺着,be replaced with,更换为,be related to/with,与,相关,be separated from,与,隔开,be shouldered with,担负着,be stationed in,驻扎在,be surrounded with/by,四面围绕着,66/92,9.,不定式、动名词和分词作定语,规则,1,：,单个非谓语动词作定语普通在名词前；但修饰不定代词时在不定代词后；非谓语动词短语作定语普通要跟在名词后。,规则,2,：,不定式、动名词和分词作定语区分：,67/92,to do sth.,表示：与被修饰名词有：动宾关系,主谓关系,不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词。,to be done,表示将要被做。,done,表示已经完成或表被动动作,(having been done,不可作定语,),。,being done,表示被修饰词正在做。,doing sth.,表示：正在进行动作，经常性动作或现在,(,或当初,),状态，即将发生动作。,68/92,【,注意,】,不及物动词组成不定式作定语，要加上适当介词且介词不能省。,69/92,规则,3,：,一些形容词化过去分词表示已完成动作或所处状态，意为“已经,”。比如：,a fallen leaf,落叶,(,已经落在地上,)a falling leaf,飘零落叶（尚在空中）,70/92,【,注意,】,有些表示“使,”,动词，其,ing,形式，意为“令人,”，表示事物性质、特征，强调给他人印象；其,ed,形式，意为“感到,”，表示人心理、状态，强调主语内心感受，也可修饰,look,expression,tears,smile,voice,等名词。,drink,learn,sink,light,都有两种形式过去分词，但作定语时，只能用拼写较长过去分词。比如：,a drunken driver,喝醉酒司机,71/92,10.,不定式和分词作状语,规则,1,：,不定式和分词作状语，有普通式和完成式，也有主动和被动。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。当前后主语一致时，能够按照以下形式选择使用：,72/92,to do,表示目标或结果,(to do,in order to do/so as to do,其中,so as to do,不能放在句首,),。,only,to do,表示意想不到结果。,to do,doing sth.,表示与谓语动词同时发生动作,(,主动关系,),。,being,adj,./,n,.,常表示原因。,being,p.p,.,强调与谓语动词同时发生被动 动作,(“,因为正在被,”),。,done,已经发生被动动作。,having done,先于谓语动词发生动作,(,主动关系,),。,having been done,先于谓语动词发生动作,(,被动关系,),。,(not),73/92,规则,2,：,不定式“,to do sth.”,作目标和结果状语时，总是在谓语动词后发生。而分词普通式“,doing sth.”,作状语时，总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生。,规则,3,：,so,adj,./,adv,.,as to do,或,such,(a/an),adj,.,n,.,as to do,，能够转化为,sothat,或,suchthat,引导结果状语从句。,74/92,【,注意,】,(1)tooto do,表示必定情况,当,only too,和,all too,与动词不定式连用时，表示必定意义。,too ready/apt/anxious/eager/glad/willing(,表示心情或情绪,),to do,，其后动词不定式含有必定意义，这时,too,相当于,very,。,never(not),tooto,句型为“不会太,所以能,”,之意。,75/92,(2)devote,absorb,lose,seat,dress,hide,等动词非谓语形式作状语和定语时，能够用它们,ed,形式,(devoted,absorbed,lost,seated,dressed,hidden),或,ing,形式,on
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