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单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 3 Central Processing Unit,1/26,A processor is a functional unit that interprets and carries out instructions.,What Is a Processor?,A processor is a functional unit that interprets and,carries out,instructions.,处理器是一个解释和执行指令功效单元。,Every processor comes with a unique set of operations such as ADD,STORE,or LOAD that represent the processors instruction set.,A processor is a functional unit that interprets and,carries out,instructions.,处理器是一个解释和执行指令功效单元。,Every processor comes with a unique set of operations such as ADD,STORE,or LOAD that represent the processors,instruction set,.,每一个处理器都有一个诸如ADD、STORE或LOAD之类独立操作集,这个操作集即该处理器指令系统。,2/26,Computer designers are fond of calling their computers machines,so the instruction set is sometimes referred to as machine instructions and the binary language in which they are written is called machine language.,Computer designers,are fond of,calling their computers machines,so the instruction set,is sometimes referred to as,machine instructions and the binary language in which they are written is called machine language.,be fond of:乐于，喜欢,be referred to as:被称为,Computer designers,are fond of,calling their computers machines,so the instruction set,is sometimes referred to as,machine instructions and the,binary,language in which they are written is called,machine language,.,be fond of:乐于，喜欢,be referred to as:被称为,计算机设计者习惯将计算机称为机器，所以指令集也常被称为机器指令；编写指令所使用二进制语言则被称为机器语言。,3/26,You should confuse the processors instruction set with the instructions found in high-level programming languages,such as BASIC or C.,You should confuse the processors instruction set with the instructions found in,high-level programming languages,such as BASIC or C.,你可能会将处理器指令系统和高级程序语言（如BASIC或C）中指令相混同。,An instruction is made up of operations that specify the function to be performed and operands that represent the data to be operated on.,You should confuse the processors instruction set with the instructions found in,high-level programming languages,such as BASIC or C.,你可能会将处理器指令系统和高级程序语言（如BASIC或C）中指令相混同。,An instruction is made up of operations,that specify the function to be performed,and operands,that represent the data to be operated on.,操作码用于指明,要执行功效；操作数则表示要操作数据。,指令是由操作码和操作数组成，,4/26,For example,if an instruction is to perform the operation of adding two numbers,it must know what the two numbers are and where the two numbers are.,比如，指令要执行两个数相加操作，它必须知道是哪两个数字以及这两个数存放在哪里。,When the numbers are stored in the computers memory,they have addresses to indicate where they are,so if an operand refers to data in the computers memory it is called an address.,当数据存在计算机存放器中时，会有对应地址表明这些数据存放位置。,所以假如一个操作数指,是计算机存放器中数据，那么这个操作数被,称为地址。,5/26,The processors job is to retrieve instructions and operands from memory and to perform each operation.Having done that,it signals memory to send it the next instruction.,having done that：指“完成以上操作之后”,处理器工作是从存放器中取出指令和操作数以执行每个操作。,This step-by-step operation is repeated over and over again at awesome speed.,这种按部就班操作以惊人速度周而复始地重复着。,取回；挽回；检索,The processors job is to retrieve instructions and operands from memory and to perform each operation.,Having done that,it signals memory to send it the next instruction.,向发信号,完成以上操作后，处理器会通知,存放器发送下一个指令。,按部就班；逐步,让人惊叹；使人敬畏,6/26,A timer called a clock releases precisely timed electrical signals that provide a regular pulse for the processors work.,一个被称为时钟计时器定时地准确地发出电信号，,准确地；严格地,；,确切地,同时，定时，时控,A timer called a clock releases precisely timed,electrical signals,that provide a regular pulse for the processors work.,一个被称为时钟计时器定时地准确地发出电信号，这些电信号为处理器工作提供规律脉冲。,The term that is used to measure the computers speed is borrowed from the domain of electrical engineering and is called a megahertz(MHz),which means million cycles per second.,A timer called a clock releases precisely timed,electrical signals,that provide a regular pulse for the processors work.,一个被称为时钟计时器定时地准确地发出电信号，这些电信号为处理器工作提供规律脉冲。,The term that is used to measure the computers speed is borrowed from the domain of,electrical engineering,and is called a megahertz(MHz),which means million cycles per second.,电气工程,用于衡量计算机速度术语是从电气工程领域借用,来，称作兆赫(MHz)，,即每秒百万个周期。,MB,兆赫兹,7/26,For example,in an 8-MHz processor,the computers clock ticks 8 million times to every 1 second tick of an ordinary clock.,比如，对于一个8MHz处理器来说，普通时钟每秒滴答一次，而该计算机时钟则滴答了800万次。,A processor is composed of two functional units-a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit-and a set of special workspaces called registers.,For example,in an 8-MHz processor,the computers clock ticks 8 million times to every 1 second tick of an ordinary clock.,比如，对于一个8MHz处理器来说，普通时钟每秒滴答一次，而该计算机时钟则滴答了800万次。,A processor is composed of two functional units,-a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit-,and a set of special workspaces called registers.,处理器是由两个功效部件和一组称为存放器特殊工作空间组成。,8/26,For example,in an 8-MHz processor,the computers clock ticks 8 million times to every 1 second tick of an ordinary clock.,比如，对于一个8MHz处理器来说，普通时钟每秒滴答一次，而该计算机时钟则滴答了800万次。,A processor is composed of two functional units,-a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit-,and a set of special workspaces called registers.,处理器是由两个功效部件,（控制器和算术逻辑运器）,和一组称为存放器特殊工作空间组成,9/26,1.The Control Unit,The control unit is the functional unit that is responsible for supervising the operations of the entire computer system.,控制器是负责监控整个计算机系统操作功效部件。,监督；管理；指导,10/26,In some ways,it is analogous to a telephone switch-board with intelligence because it makes the connections between various functional units of the computer system and calls into operation each unit that is required by the program currently in operation.,be analogous to：类似于，与相同,adj.相同，可比拟；,In some ways,it is analogous to a,telephone switch-board,with intelligence because it makes the connections between various functional units of the computer system and calls into operation each unit that is required by the program currently in operation.,be analogous to：类似于，与相同,它在某种程度上类似于智能电话交换机，,电话交换机,In some ways,it is analogous to a,telephone switch-board,with intelligence,because it makes the connections between various functional units of the computer system,and calls into operation each unit that is required by the program currently in operation.,be analogous to：类似于，与相同,它在某种程度上类似于智能电话交换机，,因为它能,在计算机系统各个功效部件之间进行连接，,In some ways,it is analogous to a,telephone switch-board,with intelligence,because it makes the connections between various functional units of the computer system,and,calls into operation,each unit that is required by the program currently in operation.,be analogous to：类似于，与相同,它在某种程度上类似于智能电话交换机，,analog,11/26,analog,因为它能,在计算机系统各个功效部件之间进行连接，,In some ways,it is analogous to a,telephone switch-board,with intelligence,because it makes the connections between various functional units of the computer system,and,calls into operation each unit,that is required by the program currently in operation.,be analogous to：类似于，与相同,它在某种程度上类似于智能电话交换机，,此处相当于“calls each unit into operation”，因为后面定语从句是用于修饰“each unit”，所以将“each unit”放置到后面，变成“,calls into operation each unit,”,并,依据当前正在运行程序要求，调动各部件进,行操作。,12/26,The control unit fetches instructions from memory and determines their type or decodes them.,The control unit fetches instructions from memory and determines their type or,decodes,them.,控制器从内存取出指令，确定指令类型或对其进行译码。,It then breaks each instruction into a series of simple small steps or actions.,然后将每个指令分解成一系列简单小步骤或动作。,By doing this,it controls the step-by-step operation of the entire computer system.,经过这么，它控制了整个计算机系统每一步操作。,经过这么做,13/26,2.The Arithmetic/Logic Unit,The arithmetic/logic unit(ALU)is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities.,算术逻辑运算器（即ALU）是为计算机提供逻辑和计算功效部件。,Data are brought into the ALU by the control unit,and the ALU performs whatever arithmetic or logic operations are required to help carry out the instruction(See Fig.3-1).,控制器将数据送到ALU中，,然后由ALU执行完成指令,所需算术或逻辑操作（见图3-1）。,2.The Arithmetic/Logic Unit,The arithmetic/logic unit(ALU)is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities.,算术逻辑运算器（即ALU）是为计算机提供逻辑和计算功效部件。,Data are brought into the ALU by the control unit,and,the ALU performs whatever arithmetic or logic operations are required to help carry out the instruction,(See Fig.3-1).,控制器将数据送到ALU中，,14/26,Arithmetic operations include adding,subtracting,multiplying,and dividing.Logic operations make a comparison and take action based on the results.,Arithmetic operations include adding,subtracting,multiplying,and dividing.Logic operations make a comparison and,take action,based on the results.,算术操作包含加、减、乘、除。逻辑操作则执行比较运算，并依据运算结果进行操作。,For example,two numbers might be compared to determine if they are equal.If they are equal,processing will continues;if they are not equal,processing will stop.,比如，比较两个数是否相等。假如相等，则继续处理；若不相等，则停顿处理。,采取行动,15/26,3.Registers,A register is a storage location inside the processor.Registers in the control unit are used to keep track of the overall status of the program that is running.,控制器中,存放器用于统计运行中程序总体状态。,3.Registers,A register is a storage location inside the processor.Registers in the control unit are used to,keep track of,the overall status of the program that is running.,存放器是处理器内部一个存放单元。,Control unit registers store information such as the current instruction,the location of the next instruction to be executed,and the operands of the instruction.,它存放信息包含当前运行指令、下一条要运行指令地址，以及指令操作数等。,与保持联络；统计；跟踪,全部；综合,16/26,In the ALU,registers store data items that are added,subtracted,multiplied,divided,and compared.Other registers store the results of arithmetic and logic operations.,在ALU中，存放器存放用于加、减、乘、除以及比较运算数据项。其它存放器则存放算术和逻辑运算结果。,An important factor that affects the speed and performance of a processor is the size of the registers.,In the ALU,registers store data items that are added,subtracted,multiplied,divided,and compared.Other registers store the results of arithmetic and logic operations.,在ALU中，存放器存放用于加、减、乘、除以及比较运算数据项，其它存放器则存放算术和逻辑运算结果。,An important factor that affects the speed and,performance,of a processor is the size of the registers.,影响处理器速度和性能一个主要原因就是存放器容量大小。,17/26,Technically,the term word size(also called word length)describes the size of an operand register,but it is also used more loosely to describe the size of the pathways to and from the processor.,Technically,the term word size(also called,word length,)describes the size of an operand register,but it is also used more loosely to describe the size of the pathways to and from the processor.,从技术上看，术语“字大小”（也被称为字长）描述了操作数存放器大小，,涣散地；粗略地；不严格地；,通道；路径,但从非严格意义上,来说，它也能够用于描述出入处理器通道大,小。,18/26,Currently,word sizes in general-purpose computers range from 8 to 64 bits.If the operand registers of a processor are 16 bits wide,the processor is said to be a 16-bit processor.,Currently,word sizes in,general-purpose computers,range from 8 to 64 bits.If the operand registers of a processor are 16 bits wide,the processor is said to be a 16-bit processor.,当前，通用计算机字长范围从8位到64位不等，,假如处理器操作数存放器是16位，则该处理器就被称为16位处理器。,Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger,sometimes one-of-a-kind,computer.,早期CPU都是专门为一台大型甚至是独一无二计算机设计。,专门设计；定做,每种只有一个；独一无二,19/26,However,this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of mass-produced processors that are made for one or many purposes.,昂贵；代价高,However,this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely,given way to,the development of mass-produced processors that are made for one or many purposes.,不过，这种为某个专门应用而设计定制CPU高代价方式，,让位于；给让路；被取代,很大程度上已经被为了某个或多个目,而大量生产CPU发展趋势所取代。,application,20/26,This standardization trend generally began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit(IC).,This standardization trend generally began in the era of,discrete transistor,mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit(IC).,这种标准化趋势始于分离式晶体管大型机和小型机时代，,分立式晶体管,加紧；增速,普及,并伴随集成电路(IC)普及加速发展。,This standardization trend generally began in the era of,discrete transistor,mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the,integrated circuit,(IC).,The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers.,制造；生产,并制造,至纳米级公差。,This standardization trend generally began in the era of,discrete transistor,mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the,integrated circuit,(IC).,The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances,on the order of,nanometers.,集成电路使得日益复杂CPU得以设计,属于一类,纳米,趋势,程度；公差；,21/26,Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines.,小型化，微型化,标准化,Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life,far beyond,the limited application of dedicated computing machines.,CPU微型化和标准化使其越来越多地出现在当代生活数码设备中，,Modern microprocessors appear in everything from automobiles to cell phones and childrens toys.,当代微处理器出现在从汽车到手机、儿童玩具每件事物中。,大量超出,专用,而不再仅仅局限于专业计,算机中应用。,22/26,Answer the following questions according to the text:,1.Why is the binary language called machine language?,2.What does an instruction consist of?,3.What is a processor composed of?,4.Whats the function of the control unit?,5.Whats the function of the arithmetic/logic unit?,23/26,1.Because computer designers are fond of calling their computers machines,so the instruction set is sometimes referred to as machine instructions and the binary language in which they are written is called machine language.,2.An instruction consists of operations and operands.,3.A processor is composed of two functional units-a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit-and a set of special workspaces called registers.,4.The control unit is the functional unit that is responsible for supervising the operation of the entire computer system.,5.The arithmetic/logic unit(ALU)is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities.,24/26,II.,Match the following terms to the appropriate definition:,1._ Processor2._ Instruction set,3._ Clock4._ Machine language,5._ Operation6._ Operand,7._ Megahertz(MHz)8._ Control unit,9._ Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU)10._ Register,11._ Word size,a.The part of an instruction that specifies the function that is to be performed.,b.The binary language in which a computers instruction set is written.,c.A timer in a processor that releases precisely timed signals that provide a pulse for the processors work.,d.A functional unit that interprets and carries out instructions.,e.A unique set of operations that comes with every processor.,f.The part of an instruction that tells where data that are operated on are located.,g.Million cycle
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