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,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,*,第二部分 专题语法 高效突破,1/106,专题,1,名 词,2/106,高频考点,精讲,考点,1,名词数,一、可数名词,可数名词所表示人或事物能够用数来计算，有单数、复数两种形式。,1,名词复数改变,情况,组成方法,读音,例词,普通情况,在词尾加,s,在清辅音后读作,/s/,，在元音及浊辅音后读作,/z/,，以,/s/,，,/z/,，,/d/,结尾时读作,/iz/,deskdesks,；,milemiles,以s，x，sh，ch结尾词,加,es,普通读作/iz/,brushbrushes,；,watchwatches,3/106,以“辅音字母y”结尾词,把,y,变为,i,，再加,es,普通读作/iz/,factoryfactories,；,familyfamilies,以f或fe结尾词,普通把f或fe变为v，再加es,普通读作/vz/,wolfwolves,；,wifewives,以o结尾可数名词,有生命加es；无生命加s,读作,/z/,tomatotomatoes,；,potatopotatoes,；,pianopianos,；,photophotos,不规则改变,改变单数名词中元音字母,读音改变,manmen,；,womanwomen,；,footfeet,单复数形式相同,读音不变,sheepsheep,；,deerdeer,；,ChineseChinese,在单词后加,ren,/rn/,childchildren,4/106,2.,某国人变复数,Chinese,，,Japanese,，,Swiss,单复数同形；,Englishman,，,Frenchman,中,man,变为,men,；其余各国人，如：,German,，,American,，,Indian,等均在后面直接加,s,。可用口诀记忆这一点，即中日不变英法变，其余,s,加后面。,3,复合名词前面名词是,man,或,woman,，变复数时，组成复合名词两个名词全都要变成复数形式；假如是其它词，变复数时，只需把后面名词变成复数形式。,如：,man teachermen teachers,；,boy studentboy students,。,4,有些名词只用于复数形式,如：,trousers,，,socks,，,shoes,，,gloves,，,glasses,等。,5,有些名词既是不可数名词，又是可数名词，但意义有所不一样,如：,work(,工作,)a work(,一部著作,),glass(,玻璃,)a glass(,一个玻璃杯,),paper(,纸,)a paper(,一份试卷,),room(,空间,)a room(,一个房间,),6,有些名词虽以,s,结尾，但他们不是复数,如：,physics(,物理,),，,news(,新闻,),。,5/106,2,不可数名词计量形式,基数词,/,不定冠词量词,of,不可数名词，但数词决定量词单复数形式。如：,a glass of water,一杯水；,a piece of news,一则新闻；,two pairs of glasses,两副眼镜；,three pieces of advice,三条提议。,二、不可数名词,1,不可数名词通常没有复数形式，没有词形改变，主要包含物质名词和抽象名词两种。,惯用不可数名词主要以下表：,类别,例词,饮食,water,，,milk,，,tea,，,coffee,，,oil,，,juice,，,wine,，,rice,，,bread,，,corn,，,wheat,，,meat,，,beef,，,pork,自然,rain,，,wind,，,snow,，,ice,，,weather,，,fire,材料,metal,，,wood,，,gold,，,plastic,，,silk,，,cotton,，,wool,其它,time,，,money,，,news,，,homework,，,knowledge,，,information,，,trouble,，,advice,，,work,【,注意,】,不可数名词不能用,a,或,an,修饰,。,6/106,考点,2,名词全部格,名词全部格是表示名词之间所相关系。,1,普通名词全部格，直接在词尾加,s,。如：,Mr.Motts boot,莫特先生靴子；,childrens clothes,孩子们衣服。,2,以,s,结尾名词全部格只在词尾加。如：,teachers books,老师们书。,3,若是两人共有物体，则在第二个名词后加,s,；若是两人分别全部，则在每个名词后面分别加,s,。如：,Lucy and Lilys room,露西和莉莉房间,(,指两人共住一个房间,),；,Mrs.Greens and Mrs.Browns sons,格林夫人和布朗夫人儿子,(,指两人各自儿子,),。,4,表示某个详细场所时，全部格后面名词可省略。如：,the doctors(office),医生办公室；,Mr.Whites(house),怀特先生家。,7/106,5,不规则名词复数全部格，先将其变成名词复数，然后加,s,。如：,Womens Day,妇女节；,Childrens Day,儿童节。,6,有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命东西名词，也能够加,s,来组成全部格。如：,todays newspaper,今天报纸。,【,拓展,】,1,of,全部格,没有生命事物普通用,of,全部格来表示所属关系。如：,the wall of the classroom,教室墙；,a picture of the bedroom,卧室图片。,2,双重全部格,将,of,结构与,s,结构或名词性物主代词一起使用，则组成双重全部格。如：,a friend of his,他一个朋友；,the big nose of Toms,汤姆大鼻子。,8/106,考点,3,名词词义辨析,1.,语境辨析,从菏泽近几年中考单项填空和完形填空能够看出，名词辨析侧重于对语境辨析考查，同时降低对单复数和固定搭配考查。学生在做题时，首先要读懂句意，抓住题干中关键信息，并分析各个选项意思，结合日常生活常识及语境，即可选出正确答案。如：我们口渴了就需要水,(water),，饮料,(tea,，,coffee,，,juice,等,),；饿了就需要食物,(bread,，,rice,，,meat,，,noodles,等,),；我们邮寄东西就要去,post office,等。,9/106,2近义词辨析,(1)house，family与home,house指供一家人住房子，侧重于详细建筑物。,family指由父母、儿女所组成家庭，是集体名词，既可把它看成单数名词(指整体概念)，也可视为复数名词(指家庭组员)。,home指一个人出生或居住地方，是抽象意义上“家”。,(2)job与work,job是可数名词，指一项详细工作，多指“零工”或“短工”；,work是不可数名词，指“工作，劳动，努力，用功”。,(3)problem与question,两个词都表示“问题”。problem总是与“困难”相联络，它能够指社会问题、教学问题，这种“问题”是“有待处理”，与其搭配动词是solve；question总是与“疑问，责问，问询”相联络，这种“问题”是“有待回答”。,10/106,八年真题,全练,名词作为菏泽中考必考点，近几年侧重考查名词词义在语境中辨析，句子语境设置贴近学生实际生活。多以单项填空和完形填空形式考查名词词义辨析。,年对名词辨析考查仍会是重点之一。对名词基础知识考查主要集中在名词数、名词全部格上。名词数在近几年中考中有少许包括，名词全部格在近几年中考中未曾包括，但仍是重点。,考点,名词词义辨析,1,菏泽，,22,We believe One Belt,，,One Road(,一带一路,)will help China improve the,_,A,_,with lots of countries.,A,relationship,B,situation,C,environment,2,菏泽，23,I am new here.I often get lost and cant find my,_B_,A,ticket,B,way,C,wallet,11/106,3,菏泽，,3My teacher gave me much,_,A,_,on how to study English well when I had some trouble.,A,advice B,question C,suggestion D,problem,4,菏泽，,2If you want to get more information about English learning,，,please visit our,_D_,.,A,company B,store C,office D,website,5,菏泽，,2What do you call your fathers sisters?,_C_,A,Uncles B,Cousins C,Aunts D,Parents,6,菏泽，,21As young adults,，,it is our,_C_,to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teacher.,A,work B,job C,duty D,task,7,菏泽，,21Please pick up the,_B_,Dont keep it on the floor.,A,water B,paper C,books D,bottles,12/106,猜押预测,1,Micky Mouse is one of the most famous,_,in America,_,A,symbol,；,culture B,symbol,；,cultures,C,symbols,；,culture,2,There are a lot of,_,down there but hardly any _,A,sheeps,；,people B,sheep,；,people C,sheep,；,peoples,3,Theres little,_,left at home.Go and buy some,，,dear.,A,dictionaries,B,oranges,C,rice,4,Here are some,_,Do you like _,？,A,oranges,；,them B,orange,；,it C,oranges,；,they,C,B,C,A,13/106,5,I paid,￥,10 for,_,this morning.,A,4 bottle milks B,4 bottles of milk,C,4 bottles of milks,6,In our school there are fifty,five,A,women teachers B,woman teachers,C,women teacher,7,_,is coming.What can I get for my mother?,What about a scarf?,A,Womens Day B,Womans Day C,Womens Day,8,Jim,，,how far is it from your house to the school?,Oh,，,its not far,，,only about,_,walk.,A,ten minutes B,ten minute C,ten minutes,B,A,A,C,14/106,9,Are you sure this is a photo_,，,the famous comedy actress?,It surprised you,，,didnt it,？,But she was once really thin.,A,Jia Ling B,Jia Lings C,of Jia Ling,10,Peter regards Chengdu as his second _,because he has lived here for ten years.,A,family,B,house,C,home,11,Im going to the supermarket.Let me get you some fruit.,OK.Thanks for your_,A,offer B,information C,message,12,Why not buy a second,hand flat first if you dont have enough money?,Thats a good_,A,question B,suggestion C,decision,C,C,A,B,15/106,专题,2,冠 词,16/106,高频考点,精讲,考点,1,不定冠词使用方法,不定冠词有,a,和,an,两种形式。,a,用在以辅音音素开头单词前，,an,用在以元音音素开头单词前。其基本使用方法为：,1不定冠词a/an 基本使用方法,使用方法,例句,用在可数名词单数形式前，指某一类人、事或物,I want to buy an English book.,我想买一本英语书。,泛指某人或某物,A man is waiting for you at the school gate.,一个男人正在学校门口等你。,表示数量，有“一”意思，但数概念没有one强烈,a girl,一个女孩；,an hour,一个小时,17/106,用在序数词前，表示“又一，再一”,a third time,再一次，又一次,用在重量、长度、时间或单位名词前，表示“每一”,once a week每七天一次,用于叙述第一次出现人或物前,This is a dictionary.,这是一本词典。,用于一些固定短语中,a few,一些；,have a good time,玩得高兴；,have a rest,休息一会；,take a look,看一看；,leave a message,留口信,18/106,2.,不定冠词,a/an,区分,a用在以辅音音素开头单词前,a teacher,一位教师；,a good student,一个好学生,an用在以元音音素开头单词前,an apple一个苹果；,an interesting story一个有趣故事,【,注意,】判断一个词前用,a,还是,an,时依据其读音，而不是依据其字母。能够这么记忆：不见元音不加,an,；不看字母看发音。,19/106,考点,2,定冠词使用方法,使用方法,例句,用在双方都知道人或事物前,Give me the pen,，,please.,请把那支钢笔给我。,特指上文已提过人或事物,On the right there was a bed.And on the bed there was a toy.,在右边有张床，床上有个玩具。,用在表示乐器名词之前,She plays the piano well.,她弹钢琴弹得很好。,用于形容词前，表一类人或事物,The young should be polite to the old.,年轻人应该对老年人有礼貌。,用于姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妇,The Smiths are going to travel tomorrow.,史密斯夫妇,(,一家人,),明天要去旅行。,20/106,用在序数词及形容词或副词最高级之前；副词最高级前能够省略,the first floor第一层；the tallest tree最高树,用于世界上独一无二东西前，用在江河、海洋、湖泊、山脉等名称前,the Yangtze River,长江；,the Pacific,太平洋；,the sun,太阳；,the world,世界,用于表示方位名词前,Shandong lies in the east of China.,山东位于中国东部。,用于一些固定搭配中,all the year round整年；in the end最终；on the whole整个；by the way顺便说一下；in the train在火车上；in the sun在阳光下；at the age of 在岁时,21/106,22/106,考点,3,零冠词使用方法,零冠词是指名词前面没有不定冠词,(a,，,an),、定冠词,(the),，也没有其它限定词现象。详细使用方法以下：,使用方法,例句,在一日三餐、球类运动、语言、学科、棋类、游戏名词前,have breakfast/supper,吃早,/,晚饭；,play basketball,打篮球,在节日、假期、星期、月份、季节等名词前,I have been working for this company since October.自从10月以来我一直在这家企业工作。,在一些专有名词前不用冠词，如国家、省份名、城市名、街道名、公园名、学校名等,London is the capital of England.伦敦是英国首都。,23/106,当名词前已经有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词全部格等修饰时,this dictionary这本字典；my son我儿子,在与by连用交通名称前,by train,乘火车；,by bus,乘汽车,在一些短语中,at work,在工作；,go to bed,睡觉；,on duty,值日；,on foot,步行,在称呼语和表示头衔名词前,professor Wang,王教授；,president Lincoln,林肯总统,24/106,八年真题,全练,分析近几年菏泽中考单项填空对冠词考查能够看出，冠词是菏泽中考必考点。其主要考查定冠词和不定冠词在详细语境中活用以及习语和固定搭配使用上。,年对定冠词和不定冠词活用以及固定搭配中零冠词使用仍是考查重点。,考点,1,不定冠词a/a,n,1.,菏泽，,21Have you seen,_,B,_,TV play called In the name of people?,Yes,，,its quite _excellent play!,A,a,；,the,B,the,；,an,C,/,；,an,2,菏泽，,21Jane is,_,A,_,16,year,old high school student in _ United States.,A,a,；,the,B,the,；,a,C,a,；,/,3,菏泽，,1Does Heze have,A,airport?,No,，,but we can take _ bus to Jinan or Zhengzhou.,A,an,；,the B,an,；,a C,the,；,a D,a,；,a,25/106,4,菏泽，,1My host family is taking me to,_,A,_,English film festival next weekend.,A,an B,a C,the D,不填,考点,2,定冠词,the,5.菏泽，1Doing lots of listening practice is one of,_B_,best ways of becoming_ good language learner.,Athe；the Bthe；a,C不填；a Dthe；不填,6菏泽，22May I have a look at,_C_,book tonight?,Of course，you can.I have _ old one at home.,Athe；a Ba；the Cthe；an Dthe；the,26/106,考点,3,零冠词使用方法,7.菏泽，21Did you have,A,good time yesterday?,Yeah，I really had _ fun at the party!,Aa；/Ba；theC/；the,8菏泽，22On April 12，1961，,_C_,27yearold Yuri Gagarin(尤里加加林)became the first human to go into_ space.,Athe；不填 Bthe；the,Ca；不填 Da；the,27/106,猜押预测,1,Does your father go to work by,_,car every day?,No,，,he sometimes takes,_,bus.A,a,；,the,B,the,；,a,C,不填；,a,2,Some small shops in Britain usually close for,_,hour at,_,lunchtime.A,an,；,the B,a,；,/C,an,；,/,3,My cousin went abroad at,_,age of eighteen.A,a B,an C,the,4,Uncle is coming by,_,train tomorrow.,Lets go to,_,railway station to meet him.A,a,；,the B,/,；,a C,/,；,the,C,C,C,C,28/106,5,We usually have three meals,day.We have,_,breakfast at eight in the morning every day.,A,a,；,the B,a,；,a C,a,；,/,6,Will you stay for,_,supper with us?,Sure,，,Id love to.Home cooking is just what I like.,A,an B,the C,/,7,Whats your dream job,，,Lucy?,I want to be,_,doctor.,A,a B,an C,the,8,David is,_,eight,year,old boy with short black hair.,A,/B,a C,an,C,C,A,C,29/106,9,David is _ singer.He thinks it is _interesting job.,A,a,；,the B,the,；,an C,a,；,an,10,Peter is _ honest man so people in our village all believe him.,A,a B,an C,the,11,In my opinion,，,who you are is more important than _way you look.,A,a B,/C,the,12,Did you solve _ problem you were discussing at the meeting?,No,，,we didnt.It was _ difficult problem we had ever met.,A,the,；,the B,a,；,a C,the,；,a,C,B,C,C,30/106,专题,3,代 词,31/106,高频考点,精讲,考点,1,人称代词、物主代词,各人称不一样代词形式,人称代词,物主代词,主格,宾格,形容词性,名词性,第一人称,单数,I,me,my,mine,复数,we,us,our,ours,第二人称,单数,you,you,your,yours,复数,you,you,your,yours,第三人称,单数,he,him,his,his,she,her,her,hers,it,it,its,its,复数,they,them,their,theirs,32/106,1.人称代词使用方法,类别,作用,例句,主格,作主语，用在动词之前，表示谁怎么了，干什么了,We have never been there.,我们从未去过那儿。,宾格,作宾语，用在动词或介词后，表示动作行为对象,Can you look after her while Im away,？我不在时，你能照看一下她吗？,(,介词之后,),Lets go and find him.,让我们去找他。,(,动词之后,),作表语，用在系动词之后,Who is the boy in the photo？照片中男孩是谁？,Its me.是我。,33/106,2.,物主代词使用方法,类别,作用,例句,形容词性物主代词,作定语,Its my best friend.这是我最好朋友。,名词性物主代词,作主语,This isnt your pen.Yours is on the table.这不是你钢笔。你在桌子上。,作宾语,I cant find my pen.Can I use yours？我找不到我钢笔了。我能用你吗？,作表语,This computer is hers.这个电脑是她。,与,of,连用作定语,The red skirt of hers is very beautiful.她那条红色裙子非常漂亮。,34/106,【,注意,】,形容词性物主代词不能单独使用，用于名词前作定语，相当于形容词。名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词。含有名词特征，后面不带名词，须单独使用。如：,This new watch is hers.,This is her new watch.,这个新手表是她。,物主代词前后不能有,this,，,that,，,some,，,a,，,an,，,the,等词修饰。,当表示强调时，形容词性物主代词可与,own,连用，意为“某人自己”。如：,my own room,我自己房间。,35/106,考点,2,反身代词,单数,复数,第一人称,myself,ourselves,第二人称,yourself,yourselves,第三人称,himself,themselves,herself,itself,36/106,反身代词使用方法：,使用方法,位置,例句,作宾语,动词或介词之后,He can take care of himself.他能照料他自己。,作表语,系动词之后,The poor boy in the story was myself.故事中那个可怜男孩是我自己。,作同位语,名词或代词之后或句末,I myself did it.I did it myself.我自己做。,【,注意,】反身代词常见固定搭配。如：,help oneself,随便吃,；,enjoy oneself,玩得愉快；,teach oneself,自学；,by oneself,单独地，独自地；,dress oneself,自己穿衣服。,37/106,考点,3,不定代词,1.,普通不定代词,普通不定代词有：,some,，,any,，,no,，,few,，,little,，,none,，,many,，,much,，,either,，,neither,，,one,，,each,，,another,，,both,，,all,，,other,。,【,辨析,】,both/either/neither/none/no one,与,all,代词,意义及使用方法,例句,both,“二者都”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数,Toms parents are both teachers.汤姆父母都是老师。,either,“(二者中)任何一个”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数,Either of the books is interesting.两本书中任何一本都有趣。,38/106,neither,“(二者)都不”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数,Neither of his friends has come yet.他两个朋友都还没到。,none,“(,三个或三个以上中,),没有一个”，常接,of,短语,None of them has/have been to American.,他们都没有去过美国。,no one,只指人，普通不与of连用，作主语时，谓语动词普通用单数形式,No one is here.没有些人在这儿。,all,“(,三者或三者以上,),都”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数,All of us are students.,我们都是学生。,39/106,不定代词中指代数量：,词义,指二者,指三者或以上,每一个,each,every,任何一个,either,any,另一个,the other,another,都,both,all,都不,neither,none,40/106,2.,复合不定代词,表人,somebody,anybody,everybody,nobody,someone,anyone,everyone,no one,表物,something,anything,everything,nothing,复合不定代词使用方法：,(1),复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语和表语，不能作定语。作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。,(2),复合不定代词被形容词或,else,修饰时，形容词或,else,需后置。,(3),由,some,组成不定代词往往用于必定句中；而由,any,组成不定代词则往往用于否定句或疑问句中。由,some,组成不定代词有时也可用于疑问句中，用来表明特殊用意。,41/106,考点,4,指示代词,代词,使用方法,例句,it,特指上下文提到对象是同一事物,The book is mine.Its very interesting.这本书是我，它很有意思。,one,泛指上下文提及同类事物中一个，同类而不一样一,Who has a novel named Tiny Times？谁有本名叫小时代小说？I have one.我有一本。,that,惯用于比较结构中，代替前面提到名词，以防止重复,The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai.北京天气比上海冷。,this,惯用来指代离自己较近人或物,This is my friend.,这是我朋友。,42/106,考点,5,疑问代词,疑问代词是用来组成特殊疑问句代词,，,普通放在句首,，,并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。,代词,意义,基本使用方法,例句,who,谁,对人称代词主格进行提问,Who are you waiting for？你正在等谁？My friends.我朋友们。,whom,谁,对人称代词宾格进行提问,With whom did you go swimming？你和谁去游泳？I went swimming with my brother.我和哥哥去游泳。,whose,谁,对物主代词进行提问,Whose pen is this？这是谁钢笔？This is Lucys.这是露西。,43/106,what,什么,对“物”提问,What vegetable do you like best,？你最喜欢什么蔬菜？,I like tomatoes best.,我最喜欢西红柿。,which,哪一个,对指定范围内“哪个”进行提问,Which movie do you like best,？你最喜欢哪部电影？,【,注意,】,which“,哪一个”，指在一定范围内特指人或物，而,what,没有一定范围限制。如：,Which do you like,，,spring or summer,？春天和夏天，你喜欢哪一个？,What would you like,？你喜欢什么？,44/106,八年真题,全练,代词是菏泽中考必考点。常以单项填空或完形填空形式考查物主代词、人称代词、不定代词辨析。反身代词在近几年中考中并未包括，但仍是考查重点。预计,年中考单项填空和完形填空中会考查一道代词辨析题。,考点,1,人称代词、物主代词,1,菏泽，,23After talking happily with my new friend,，,I gave her my WeChat number and she gave me,_,B,_,A,her,B,hers,C,herself,45/106,考点,3,不定代词,2,菏泽，,29Who taught Zhu Zhiwen to sing?,_C_,！,He learned singing by himself.,A,Everybody,B,Somebody,C,Nobody,3,菏泽，,9Which of the two pairs of shoes will you take?,Ill take,_D_,They are too small for me.,A,both B,all C,either D,neither,4,菏泽，,7Dont be angry with your kid when he makes a mistake again,，,will you?,No,，,I wont.I know that,_A_,of us are perfect after all.,A,none B,neither C,each D,all,5,菏泽，,26,_D_,of the two storybooks are very interesting,，,so I cant decide which one to choose.,A,All B,Any C,Either D,Both,46/106,考点,4,指示代词,6,菏泽，,22When we got to the park yesterday,，,_B_,started raining.,A,that,B,it,C,this,7,菏泽，,2We decide to make,_C_,a rule for us room,mates to turn off the lights at 10,：,30 p,m.,A,that B,this C,it D,one,8,菏泽，,5Do you need a new dictionary,，,Susan?,No,，,Mum.My uncle bought me,_A_,yesterday.,A,one,B,it,C,the one,D,another,考点,5,疑问代词,9,菏泽，23,_B_,teachers will you miss the most after junior high school，Lisa?,Ms.Lee and Mr.Hunt.,AWhose BWhich CWhat,47/106,猜押预测,1,Dave,，,where is Mr.Black?,I saw _in the classroom ten minutes ago.,A,he B,him C,she,2,Is your iPad black,，,Jenny?,No,，,it isnt._ is white.,A,Yours B,Mine C,Hers,3,If we just think about _,，,the boat of friendship will be overturned anytime.,A,myself B,himself C,ourselves,4,Huang Wei rides a bike very well.Who taught him?,No one.He taught _,A,him B,his C,himself,5,Therere four bedrooms in the house,，,_with its own shower.,Thats what I want.Ive got a few kids.,A,either B,neither C,each,B,B,C,C,C,48/106,6,Is there _beef in the fridge?,No,，,there isnt.There is
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