资源描述
,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,地震“12秒”自救逃生绝招,地震心理学上有一个“12秒自救机会”，即地震发生后，若能镇静自若地在12秒内快速躲避到安全处，就能给自己提供最终一次自救机会。不然，凶多吉少。,日本曾有统计，发生地震时被落下物砸死人，超出被压死人。可见，人在遭遇突发事件时，若能保持良好心理状态，及时采取自救行为或逃离现场，常能获救，或防止死亡，临场该怎样去做呢?,1/42,“12秒自救机会”后面没有上义词，它到底是“理论”、“标准”、“概念”、“说法”还是“经验准则”呢?,查阅了相关资料，选择了rule of thumb,“良好心理状态”,能够翻得简单一些，keep a good state of mind，不用psychology or psyche,2/42,“12 Seconds to Save Yourself”during an Earthquake,The rule of thumb called“12 seconds to save yourself”in earthquake psychology says that,if you retain your presence of mind to find a shelter within the first 12 seconds,you will seize the last chance to save yourself.If not,the odds are against you.,Statistics from Japan indicate that during an earthquake more people die from the strike of falling objects than from the crush of collapsed buildings.It is thus evident that in case of an emergency,if you can keep a good state of mind and take immediate safe-saving actions to flee,you will get a better opportunity to be saved or survive.However,the heart of matter lies in the measures taken then and there on the spot.,3/42,Unit 5,【译论专题】,Amplification,4/42,What,is“amplification”?,Amplification,also called addition,means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.,5/42,Take“wash”for example,Mary washes before meals.,Mary washes before going to bed.,Mary washes after getting up.,Mary washes for a living.,Mary washes in a restaurant.,6/42,英汉两种语言因为词法结构、语法结构和修辞伎俩差异，在翻译过程中，往往出现词添加和降低现象。初学译事者，普通都过于拘泥，既不敢变换词性和句型，更不敢增词减字。译者可能还认为保持原文和译文词量相等就是“忠实于”原文。然而那译文却意义含混，毫无生气。增词目标，或是为了补足语气，或是为了连接上下文，有时则是为了防止译文意义含混。这当然不是无中生有随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意一些词。试看下面一例：,7/42,The molecules of hydrogen get closer and closer,with the pressure.,伴随压力增加，氢分子越来越近。,译文中添加了“增加”二字，这么才符合原文逻辑意义。如不增词而译成“伴随压,力，氢分子越来越靠近”，其意思就不明确。这里，with pressure 就内含“压力增加”意思。所以，在译文中添加“增加”二字是忠实于原文。,由此可见，翻译时增词是出于,意义上、语法上、修辞上或逻辑上,需要，也是翻译中必不可少技巧之一。,8/42,语义增补、语法增补和修辞增补,9/42,一 增译名词，使译文清楚明了,1)He,ate,and,drank,for he was exhausted.,他吃点东西，喝点酒，因为他疲劳不堪了。,英语中有些动词作不及物动词时，宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面，译成汉语时往往要把它表示出来。比如，上句中ate and drank,是“吃点东西，喝点酒”意思，假如不译出隐含“东西”和“酒”，译文“他吃点，喝点”意思就不明确。,10/42,2),Oxidation,will make metals rusty.,氧化作用会使金属生锈。,含有动作意义抽象名词，翻译时可依据上下文在其后面增添适当名词，使译文更合乎规范。如上句中oxidation(氧化)译成化学中规范用语“氧化作用”就比较贴切。类似这么抽象名词在翻译时都能够这么处理。如：,11/42,transition(演变过程)，development(开发工程)，,processing(加工方法)，preparation(准备工作)，,tension(担心局势)，backwardness(落后状态),modesty(谦虚态度)brutality(残暴行为),assimilation(同化作用)contraception(避孕办法),anti-violence(防暴办法)sympathy(同情心理),12/42,3)“,According to Dr.John,”he said,the patients life is still in danger.The first aid must be rendered as soon as possible.”,“依据约翰大夫诊疗，”他说，“这位患者生命依然处于危险之中，必须尽快采取抢救办法。”,英语中引用一个人语录、文章、讲话、意见，惯用“according to+人名”，“from+人名”，“by+人名”，如“according to Dr.John”，是指约翰大夫对病情诊疗，但译成汉语时，必须加词，假如直译为“依据约翰大夫”，则不符合汉语习惯。再如：,13/42,4)This is a passage quoted,from Mark Twain,.,这是从马克吐温著作中引用一段话。,增译：加上了“著作”二字。,5)He was,wrinkled,and,black,with scant gray hair.,他满脸皱纹，皮肤很黑，头发灰白稀疏。,上例中，he was wrinkled and black如译成“他又皱又黑”，意思就不甚明了，现在在形容词前加上名词“满脸”和“皮肤”，又将wrinkled转译成名词“皱纹”，译文就显得生动贴切。,14/42,二.增译表示复数词,1)Very acute,problems,exist among them.,他们之间存在着非常尖锐种种问题。,英语名词复数，汉译时能够依据情况，增加重迭词、数词或其它一些词来表示，这,样能够提升修辞效果。上例把problems译成“种种问题”，用重迭词表示复数。再如：,2)A list of all the ways that diesel power is used would take,pages,.,一份列举柴油机全部用途清单可能要好几页。,增译“好几”二字。,15/42,3)They drove in a black limousine,past,groves,of birch trees and endless,rows,of identical new building.,他们乘坐一辆黑色轿车，经过一丛丛白桦树和看不到尽头一排排式样相同新住宅。,增译：将原文复数名词groves译成“一丛丛”，将rows,译成“一排排”，使译文增加修辞效果。,16/42,三.在名词前后增加动词,1)My,work,my,family,my,friends,were more than enough to fill my time.,我干工作，我做家务，我有朋友往来，这些占去了我全部时间。,依据意义上需要，能够在名词前后增加动词，假如把上句译为“我工作，我,家庭，我朋友占去了我全部时间”，意思似乎不够明确。假如在名词之前增加原文中虽无其词而有其意动词，译为“我干工作，我做家务，我有朋友往来，”形成三个动宾词组，那就意思明确，符合汉语习惯。再如：,17/42,2)Science demands of men great effort and complete devotion.,假如我们不使用增词技巧，这句话很可能直译为“科学需要人们巨大努力和无限热爱。”显然这是不通顺汉字。要想把这句话译得通顺，我们不妨利用增词技巧，在“科学”、“努力”和“热爱”三个名词以前分别加上三个动词，译为：,人们要掌握科学，必须做出巨大努力并对之怀有没有限热爱。又如：,18/42,3)“Nobody could count on his,restraint,or,rationality,”,he said.,他说：“谁也不能指望他会采取抑制或讲道理态度。”,增译：在restraint(抑制)和rationality(道理)两个名词前分别加上“采取”和“讲”两个动词。,19/42,四.增补原文中省略词,1)Inorganic chemistry is linked closely to geology,mineralogy,and metallurgy;organic chemistry to physiology,biochemistry,and biology in general.,此句中，organic chemistry 与to physiology 之间省略了is linked closely 几个词，所以，在译文中必须补上。全句译为：,普通说来，无机化学是和地质学、矿物学和冶金学紧密联络在一起；而有机化学则是和生理学、生物化学和生物学紧密联络在一起。,20/42,2)Sounds are classified into two kinds:,sonic and ultrasonic.,声波分为两类，即普通声波与超声波。,增译：原文sonic and ultrasonic后没有sound,译文中必须加上“声波”二字。,3)Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness,affection weakness,thrift avarice.,勇敢过分即成逞能，感情过分即成溺爱，节俭过分即成贪婪。,增译：原文中两处省略了becomes,译文应补上“即成”二字。,21/42,4)This victory in polemics means the victory of civilization over ignorance,of science over superstition and of truth over falsehood.,这次论战胜利意味着文明对愚昧胜利，科学对迷信胜利，真理对谬误胜利。,增译：原文中在第二和第三个of前均省略了victory一词，故在译文中应补上“胜利”二字。,22/42,五.添加形容词或副词，增加修辞效果,1)Inflation has now reached unprecedented level.,通货膨胀现在已经发展到空前严重地步。,如此句不加形容词“严重”二字，则译句成了“通货膨胀已经发展到空前地步。”显然，此句意思不如前句那样鲜明突出。,2)And Homer!Is not he likewise,human,?Even Homer may sometimes nod.To err is human.,荷马！他不也是“活生生”人吗？即使荷马也有打盹时候。过失人皆难免。,23/42,增译：译句中加上了形容词“活生生”三字。如译成“他不也是人吗？”就显得文理不顺，读之平淡生硬。,3)It must have been surprising to see a little girl,working at,a high table,surrounded by maps and all kinds of instruments.,看到一个小女孩趴在堆满地图和仪器高桌上聚精会神地工作时，谁也会感到诧异。,增译：如原文“see a little girl,working at,”译为“看到一个小女孩工作时”，就显得很平淡，在“工作时”前边加上“聚精会神地”这一副词，就跟“感到诧异”相匹配，这就大大加强了译文修辞效果。,24/42,六.增加关联词，使译文符合思维逻辑,1)The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air being only 0.03 per cent,carbon is,amassed into the compass of the plant from a large volume of air.,因为空气中二氧化碳密度只有万分之三，所以聚集在植物内部碳是从周围极大,体积空气中得来。,增译：依据原文意思，前半句与后半句有因果关系，故添加“因为”、“所以”四,字，使译文符合思维逻辑，顺畅而自然。,25/42,2)If X is equal to Y,X plus A equals Y plus A.,若X=Y,则X+A=Y+A。,增译：在译文中加上“则”这个关联词，使这个数学表示式一目了然。,26/42,3)It was the best of times,it was the worst of times,it was the age of wisdom,it was the age of foolishness,it was the epoch of belief,it was the epoch of incredulity.,这是一个兴盛之世，但也是一个衰败之世；这是一个智能时代，但也是一个愚蠢时代；这是一个充满信仰新纪元，但也是一个充满怀疑新纪元。,增译：上例中，三个“但也”是加上去，不加则前后句连接不起来，译文中不作鲜明对比，则显不出这个时代充满种种矛盾。,27/42,七.增加带概括性词,1)We can draw from these facts no other deduction than this,that there is in the structure a,unit of pattern containing copper,sulphur,and oxygen atoms in the same proportions as that in which they occur in the molecule.,从这些事实，我们只能得出这么结论：每一个硫酸铜单位晶格中所含有铜、硫、氧这三种元素原子数百分比，和每个硫酸铜分子中这三种元素原子数百分比，二者是相一致。,增译：上例中“这三种元素”和“二者”都是添加概括词，这么一加，译文便显得愈加清楚明了。,28/42,2)Then a little over a decade ago,Professors Hoyle,Bondi,and Gold,working at Cambridge,proposed an entirely different scheme.,然而十多年前，剑桥大学霍伊尔、邦迪和哥尔德三位教授却提出了完全不一样学说。,增译：上例中添加了概括词“三位”二字。,29/42,3)The bond between mathematics and the life sciences has been strengthened by the emergence of a whole group of applied mathematics specialties,such as biometrics,psychometrics,and econometrics.,生物统计学、心理测验学、计量经济学等一大批应用数学专业学科出现，大大加强了数学和生命科学之间联络。,增译：原句中并没有概括词，而翻译时加上了概括词“等”，而原句中psychometrics与econometrics 之间连接词and则被省略掉了。,30/42,八.成语翻译中增词法,汉语成语考究排比，成份虽异含意相同，英语成语则极少有这种结构。比如“破釜沉舟”这一成语中“破釜”和“沉舟”寓意相同，而在对应英语成语burn ones boat 中则只有一个boat,并无意思重复排偶词语。翻译时，应服从汉语习惯，加上骈文形式重义词。比如：,31/42,1)angle for fame 沽名钓誉（增词：“钓誉”）,2)In deep waters 水深炽热（增词：“炽热”）,3)blow ones own trumpet 自吹自擂（增词：“自擂”）,4）two-faced tactics 两面三刀（增词：“三刀”）,5）have a well-oiled tongue 油嘴滑舌（增词：“油嘴”）,32/42,九.增加带解释性词,有些原文，假如直译，会使读者感到意义含混不清。所以，译者在了解原文之后，,挖掘原文内在精神，在译文中添加一些反应背景情况或解释性词语，把原文内在精神传达出来。,1）,Le Monde,the B.B.C,the New York Times,the entire Arab press,all quote Heikal at length.,法国世界报、英国广播企业、美国纽约时报及整个阿拉伯报界，都经常大量引用海卡尔话。,33/42,增译：原文Le Monde（世界报）前没有说明是哪国报刊，加上反应背景情况词“法国”三字，与后面“英国”、“美国”相对应。,2）I am in charge of the depot,only I.People will hold me responsible but not you.,只有我一个人负责管理这个仓库，出了事情他人找我，找不到你。,增译：为了使译文通畅流利，依据原文深层意思，在第二句前加上“出了事情”四个字。,34/42,3）In April,there was the“ping”heard around the world.In July,the ping“ponged”.,四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”一声把球打了出去；到了七月，美国“乓”一声把球打了回来。,增译：这句话讲是七十年代中国与美国之间进行乒乓外交事。如直译为“四月里，全世界听到乒一声；七月里，这乒声却乓了一下”，读来就不知所云了。译文中加上反应背景情况词，意思便一目了然。,35/42,带解释性词惯用在习语翻译上。如milk and water,可译成“牛奶掺水，淡而无味”（增词“淡而无味”）；to shed crocodile tears,可译成“猫哭老鼠假慈悲”（增词“假慈悲”）。这种歇后语都是带解释性。,总而言之，翻译中利用增词技巧时，必须权衡语气轻重，分清意思主次，了解原文寓意，考虑修辞效果。这么才能做到加词不加意，使译文明了传神。,36/42,II.Amplification in C-E Translation,1.Adding necessary pronouns,大作收到，十分高兴。,I was very glad to have received your writing.,37/42,2.Adding necessary articles,耳朵是用来听声音器官，鼻子用来嗅气味，舌头用来尝滋味。,The ear is the organ which is used for hearing.The nose is used for smelling.The tongue is used for tasting.,38/42,3.Adding necessary connectives,虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。,Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind,.,39/42,4.Adding necessary prepositions,你是白天工作还是夜间工作？,Do you work in the daytime or at night?,40/42,5.Adding necessary background words,三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。,Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge liang the mastermind.,别班门弄斧。,Dont try to show off your proficiency with the ax before Lu Ban the master carpenter.,41/42,III.Reflections and Practice,1.Discuss the following questions,1),What is the function of amplification?And why is it needed in translation?,2),What are the major means employed in amplification?,3),Do you think application of the technique of amplification in C-E is just the same as in E-C translation?Why or why not?,42/42,
展开阅读全文
浙ICP备2021020529号-1 | 浙B2-20240490 
