计算机专业英语chapter12.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Computer English,Chapter 12 Multimedia,1/24,Key points:,u,seful terms and definitions of,Multimedia,Difficult points:,Applications of multimedia,2/24,Requirements:,Multimedia Equipments,2.What is multimedia?,3.Main elements of multimedia,4.了解,英文摘要写作技巧,3/24,New Words&Expressions:,Audio sound n.声音retention n.保留，保持,Static Graphics Images 静态图像aid v.援助，帮助,animation n.动画 full-motion video 全运动影像,12.1 Multimedia,Abbreviations:,MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface)乐器数字接口,4/24,Multimedia Equipment,Multimedia requires sound and graphics capability.A speedy processor chip plus a CD-ROM drive or DVD drive are also desirable.Today,multimedia components are standard equipment even on many inexpensive computers.,多媒体设备,多媒体需要声音和图形功效。还需要一个快速处理器芯片再配上个,CD-ROM,或,DVD,驱动器。现在，即使在很多廉价计算机上，多媒体部件也是作为标准设备。,12.1 Multimedia,5/24,A sound card gives a computer the capability to record and play sound files as well as video sound tracks.Housed within the system unit,a sound card contains connectors that project from the back of the computer so that you can attach speakers,headphones,and a microphone.Expensive sound cards include circuitry for special audio effects,such as 3-D sound.The quality of your computers speakers and headphones can also affect the quality of the sound that you hear.,声卡为计算机提供了录制与放映声音文件功效，作用类似于录音带。声卡安装在系统机箱内，它在计算机后面有一些突出接口，可供用户将扬声器、耳机和麦克风插在上面。机器配置扬声器和耳机质量也会影响到你听到音质。,12.1 Multimedia,6/24,12.1 Multimedia,A CD-ROM drive allows your computer to access audio and software CD-ROMS.Multimedia elements,especially videos,require lots of storage space.Rather than store huge amounts of multimedia data on a computers hard disk,the data can be stored on a CD-ROM,which you insert only when you want to access the multimedia elements.A DVD drive can access multimedia data from CD-ROMs as well.A DVD also allows you to watch feature-length movies on your computer.,CD-ROM驱动器允许计算机访问光盘内音频和软件,尤其是视频需要大量存放空间。人们并不把大量多媒体数据存放在电脑硬盘上，而是存放在只读光盘上，只有需要访问多媒体数据时，才将光盘插入驱动器。一个DVD驱动器能够访问CD-ROM中多媒体信息，也能让你在计算机上观赏高质量电影。,7/24,12.1 Multimedia,Your computers graphics card takes signals from the processor and uses them to“paint”an image on the screen.A graphics card is installed inside the computers system unit and provides a connection for the monitors data cable.Your computers graphics card has to do a lot of work and must do it quickly.To display videos,for example,it repaints every pixel on the screen 15 times per second.More expensive“accelerated”graphics cards are equipped with circuitry that optimizes such tasks.,计算机图形卡接收来自处理器信号，并在屏幕上画出图形。图形卡安装在机器机箱内，并提供调制解调器数据电缆接口。计算机图形卡需要快速做大量工作。比如，为了显示图像，每个像素每秒必须重画15次。为了优化这类工作，电路需安装更昂贵加速图形卡。,8/24,A fast processor can quickly handle the huge amount of digital data that is required to store and produce multimedia.The faster the processor,the more data it can process each second.A computer with a fast processor outputs smooth video sequences with a sound track that is perfectly coordinated with the action.The popularity of multimedia has caused chipmakers to equip processor chips with special,multimedia capabilities that speed up multimedia features such as sound and video.,一个快速处理器能快速处理需要存放并生成多媒体大量数字数据。处理器越快，每秒处理数据越多。配有快速处理器计算机输出光滑配有动作声音影像。多媒体流行使得芯片制造商开始配置含有特殊多媒体功效处理器芯片，以加速声音和图像等多媒体性能。,12.1 Multimedia,9/24,New Words&Expressions:,Audio sound n.,声音,retention n.,保留，保持,Static Graphics Images,静态图像,aid v.,援助，帮助,animation n.,动画,full-motion video,全运动影像,12-2 ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA,Abbreviations:,MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface),乐器数字接口,10/24,12-2 ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA,We break the word multimedia into its component parts,we get multi-meaning more than one,and media-meaning form of communication.Those types of media include:,.Text,.Audio Sound,.Static Graphics Images,.Animation,.Full-Motion Video,假如我们把multimedia这个词分开，我们便得到multi多，和media媒体。媒体类型包含：,文本,声音,静态图像,动画,动态视频,Logical Structures.Identifying these logical relationships is a job of the data administrator.A data definition language is used for this purpose.The DBMS may then employ one of the following logical structuring techniques during storage access,and retrieval operations,1,:,逻辑结构。确定这些逻辑关系是数据管理者任务，由数据定义语言完成。DBMS在存放、访问和检索操作过程中可选取以下逻辑结构技术:,11/24,12-2 ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA,All of the Above,You can see that multimedia is by on means just one of the preceding technologies.Because of what hardware can and cannot do,it is often a trade-off between a certain number of static graphics images,audio sound,full-motion video and text.As you may guess,textual information takes the least amount of space to store.,总结,显然多媒体决不是一个从前技术，因为硬件能力要权衡选择静态图像、声音、全运动影像和文本，能够推测，文本信息占用存放空间最小。,12/24,12-2 ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA,Even if a multimedia machine had unlimited resources,you would still want to add a combination of these multimedia technologies.For example,although a picture is worth a thousand words,it would be difficult to portray the work of William Shakespeare through pictures only.The same goes for audio sound.You could record the sound of church bells and a narration of the Bible,but at times you would rather have the Bible in textual format,which would allow you to search for certain key words.,即使多媒体机有没有限资源，人们仍想增加融这些多媒体技术于一体综合技术。比如，尽管“一图胜千言”，但仍难以只用图像表述完莎士比亚著作，仅用声音当然也不行。你能够统计教堂钟声和圣经叙述，但你仍愿使用文本形式圣经，因为它能够使你查找一些关键词。,13/24,12.3 The Multimedia Personal Computer,New Words&Expressions,business strength,含有事务处理能力,chore n.,家务杂事,arcade,带拱顶街道,unleash v.,释放,playback v.,重播，读出,synthesizer n.,综合器，合成器,mixer n.,混合者，搅拌器,thruport n.,吞吐量,buzzword n.,时髦词语，漂亮口号,jargon n.,行话，术语,frame n.,帧,jerky a.,急拉，急动,Abbreviations:,MPC(Multimedia Personal Computer),多媒体个人计算机,CD-ROM(Compact Disc-Read Only Memory),光盘只读存放器,MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface),乐器数字接口,14/24,12.3 The Multimedia Personal Computer,What is MPC?MPC stands for“multimedia personal computer”.,The requirements for an MPC are described in detail in Microsofts Multimedia PC Specification Version 1.0.here are the key elements of the specification:,BASE SYSTEM:a Windows-capable,2,system with a 10-MHz 286 or faster CPU;at least 2MB of RAM;a 30 MB or larger hard disk;a 3.5-inch 1.44 MB floppy drive;a 101-key keyboard;a two-button mouse;and parallel,serial,and joystick ports.,什么是MPC？MPC是指“多媒体个人计算机”。,Microsoft企业“多媒体PC机规范1.0版”一书对MPC机进行了详细描述。以下是此规范要求：,基本系统：一个能运行Windows系统。它采取10MHz时钟286或速度更加快CPU；最少有2兆字节RAM；30兆字节或更大硬盘空间；3.5英寸1.44兆字节软盘驱动器；101键盘；两按钮鼠标器以及并行、串行控制杆端口。,15/24,12.3 The Multimedia Personal Computer,VIDEO:standard VGA is all thats required;,CD-ROM:a CD-ROM drive that transfers at least 150 K of data per second without taking up more than 40 percent of the CPUs attention,play CD audio,and has an average access time of 1 second or less.,AUDIO:a sound board with 8-bit,11.025-kHz sampling and 22.05-kHz playback;a synthesizer capable of playing eight notes simultaneously using five different sounds;a mixer to combine CD audio,sampling,and synth;a microphone input;and MIDI in,out,and thruports.,视频：标准VGA显示器即可。,CD-ROM,：要求CD-ROM光驱数据传输速率最少为每秒150 K，不能占用40%以上CPU时间，能播放CD，平均存取时间为1秒或更短。,音频功效：一块8位、11.025kHz取样和22.05kHz回放声卡；能同时放8个使用5种不一样音色音律合成器；能把光盘音频、取样和合成声音混合起来混声器；麦克风输入；MIDI（乐器数字接口）输入、输出和通路。,16/24,12.3 The Multimedia Personal Computer,Every new technology has its own buzzwords,and sorting them out can be real detective work.The following is two jargons of MPC.,FULL-MOTION VIDEO:Full-motion video is digitally recorded video played back at the broadcast standard of 30 frames per second,or close enough to that speed so the video appears smooth rather than jerky.,MIDI:MIDI is short for Musical Instrument Digital Interface,a standard specification developed by music synthesizer manufacturers.The concept of being able to control several instruments from one keyboard has grown into a method for putting musical instruments,tape recorders,VCRs,mixers,and even stage-lighting under the control of a single computer.,每一个新技术都有它自己术语，将它们进行分类是一项非常精细工作，下面是MPC两个术语。,全运动图像：全运动图像是以数字方式统计视频图像，以每秒30帧电视广播标准或者非常靠近于此速度重现图像，因而这些视频图像看上去很自然，没有跳跃感。,MIDI：MIDI是乐器数字接口缩写。它是由音乐合成器制造商开发标准规范。从一个键盘能控制几个乐器想法已变为现实，它能把乐器、磁带录音机、录像机、混声器、甚至舞台灯光等置于单台计算机控制之下。,17/24,英文摘要(Abstract)写作应用很广。论文摘要是全文精华，是对一项科学研究工作总结，对研究目标、方法和研究结果概括。,一、摘要种类与特点,摘要主要有以下四种。,第一个是随同论文一起在学术刊物上发表摘要。这种摘要置于主体部分之前，目标是让读者首先了解一下论文内容，方便决定是否阅读全文。普通来说，这种摘要在全文完成之后写。字数限制在100150字之间。内容包含研究目标、研究方法、研究结果和主要结论。,第二种是学术会议论文摘要。会议论文摘要往往在会议召开之前几个月撰写，目标是交给会议论文评审委员会评阅，从而决定是否能够录用。所以，比第一个略为详细，长度在200300字之间。会议论文摘要开头有必要简单介绍一下研究课题意义、目标、宗旨等。假如在写摘要时，研究工作还未完成，全部研究结果还未得到，那么，应在方法、目标、宗旨、假设等方面多花笔墨。,英文摘要写作技巧,18/24,英文摘要写作技巧,第三种为学位论文摘要。学士、硕士和博士论文摘要普通都要求用中、英文两种语言写。学位论文摘要普通在400字左右，依据需要能够分为几个段落。内容普通包含研究背景、意义、主旨和目标；基本理论依据，基本假设；研究方法；研究结果；主要创新点；简短讨论。不一样级别学位论文摘要，要突出不一样程度创新之处，指出有何新观点、看法或处理问题新方法。,第四种是脱离原文而独立发表摘要。这种摘要更应该含有独立性、自含性、完整性。读者无需阅读全文，便能够了解全文主要内容。,19/24,英文摘要写作技巧,二、摘要内容与结构,摘要内容普通包含：,目标(objectives，purposes)：包含研究背景、范围、内容、要处理问题及处理这一问题主要性和意义。,方法(methods and materials)：包含材料、伎俩和过程。,结果与简短讨论(results and discussions)：包含数据与分析。,结论(conclusions)：主要结论，研究价值和意义等。,概括地说，摘要必须回答“研究什么”、“怎么研究”、“得到了什么结果”、“结果说明了什么”等问题。,不论哪种摘要，语言特点和文体格调也都相同。首先必须符合格式规范。第二，语言必须规范通顺，准确得体，用词要确切、恰如其分，而且要防止非通用符号、缩略语、生偏词。另外，摘要语气要客观，不要做出言过其实结论。,20/24,英文摘要写作技巧,三、学术期刊论文摘要,1、摘要目标,摘要是论文梗概，提供论文实质性内容知识。摘要目标在于：给读者关于文件内容足够信息，使读者决定是否要取得论文。,2、摘要要素,1),目标研究、研制、调查等前提、目标和任务，所包括主题范围。,2),方法所用原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、伎俩、装备、程序等。,3),结果试验、研究结果、数据，被确定关系，观察结果，得到效果、性能等。,4),结论结果分析、研究、比较、评价、应用，提出问题等。,3、摘要篇幅,摘要篇幅取决于论文类型。但不论哪一个论文，都不能超出,150 words,。,21/24,英文摘要写作技巧,4,、摘要英文写作格调(,公认英文摘要写作规范),1）,句子完整、清楚、简练。,2）,用简单句。为防止单调，改变句子长度和句子结构。,3）,用过去时态描述作者工作，因它是过去所做。不过，用现在时态描述所做结论。,4）,防止使用动词名词形式。如：,正：“,Thickness of plastic sheet was measured,”,误：“,measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made,”,5）,正确地使用冠词，既应防止多加冠词，也应防止蹩脚地省略冠词。如：,正：“,Pressure is a function of the temperature,”,误：“,The pressure is a function of the temperature,”,;,22/24,英文摘要写作技巧,4,、摘要英文写作格调,6）,使用长、连串形容词、名词、或形容词加名词来修饰名词。为打破这种状态，可使用介词短语，或用连字符连接名词词组中名词，形成修饰单元。比如：,应写为“,The chlorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high melt index,”，,而不写为“,The chlorine containing high melt index-propylene based polymer,”,7）,使用短、简单、详细、熟悉词。不使用华丽词藻。,8）,使用主动语态而不使用被动语态。“,A exceeds B,”读起来要好于“,B is exceeded by A,”。使用主动语态还有利于防止过多地使用类似于“,is,”,“,was,”,“,are,”和“,were,”这么弱动词。,23/24,英文摘要写作技巧,4,、摘要英文写作格调,9）,组成句子时，动词应靠近主语。防止形如以下句子：,“,The decolorization in solutions of the pigment in dioxane,which were exposed to 10 hr of UV irradiation,was no longer irreversible.,”,改进句子，应该是：,“,When the pigment was dissolved in dioxane,decolorization was irreversible,after 10 hr of UV irradiation.,”,10）,防止使用那些既不说明问题，又没有任何含意短语。比如：,“,specially designed or formulated,”，“,The author discusses,”，,“,The author studied,”,应删去。,不使用俚语、非英语句子，慎用行话和口语，不使用电报体。,24/24,