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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Lesson Six Disappearing Through the Skylight,by Osborne Bennet Hardison Jr.,1/115,Scientific writing-characteristics,1)Limit the use of technical terms,2)Examples-to make the writing more vivid and appealing to the readers,3)Figures of speech-to make the sentences figurative so that the readers can easily understand and associate them with what they are familiar with,4)Objective:relying on facts,not involve emotion.,5)Use the present tense and passive voice.,6)Sentences:Complete sentences,Long sentences,2/115,Osborne Bennet Hardison(1928-1990),born in San Diego,California in 1928,educated at the University of North Carolina and the University of Wisconsin.,taught at Princeton and the University of North Carolina.,Well-known for his profound insights into the change in modern culture brought about by modern science and technology.,His provocative views are stimulating and informative.,3/115,Disappearing Through the Skylight,(1980),As for the central theme of this book,the writer says in the Preface of the book,“This book is about the ways culture has changed in the past century,changing the identities of all those born into it.Its metaphor for the effect of change on culture is“disappearance”.,The book has a sub-title,“Culture and Technology in the Twentieth Century”,the metaphorical phrase“Disappearing Through the Skylight”,4/115,As for“disappearance”,he says,“In the 19th cen,science presented nature as a group of objects set comfortably and solidly in the middle distance before the eyes of the beholder(,目睹者、旁观者,).In the work of,DArcy Thompson,published around the turn of the century,nature has disappeared.It has become a set of geometric and mathematical relations that lie under the surface of the visible.It is still,however,indubitably(,无疑地、确实地,)there.Today,nature has slipped,perhaps finally,beyond our field of vision.We can imitate it in mathematics-we can even produce convincing image of it-but we can never know it.We can only know our own creations.”,5/115,Four concepts proposed,The real world is,disappearing,The,universalizing tendency of science and technology,:there is only one thermodynamics,generics,and so on,If man creates machines,machines in turn shape their creators:the modern man is no longer a unique individual,the product of a special environment and culture,The disappearance of history is a form of liberation and this feeling of liberation is often expressed through play(or,the playfulness of science,),6/115,Discourse analysis,Section I(para 1-8)Science is committed to the universals,Section II.(Para 9-15)-Science has shown the insubstantiality of the world,Section III.(Para 16-19)-Banks are disappearing.,7/115,Detailed Study,Unit 6,8/115,9/115,10/115,11/115,12/115,Section 1(paras 1-8),Paras.1-2:,The universalization of science(technology)results in the disappearance of history.,13/115,Science is committed to,Science is engaged in the task of making its basic concepts understood and accepted by scientists all over the world.This concept of universality and uniformity is one of the basic views of the author.,14/115,A sign.concepts:,As science becomes successful,more and more people accept its basic concepts.This proves the universality of science.,15/115,Trofim Denisovich Lysenko(1898-1976),a,Soviet biologist,who had a disastrous effect upon Soviet biology for more than 20 years(dark ages),in 1964 finally ousted from power,His belief:,environment exercised a crucial influence on the heredity of organisms,16/115,discredit vt.,refuse to believe or have confidence,使人丧失信心,;,怀疑,His reports about the war affairs in the Middle-East area have been discredited because it is realized that the reporter used false information.,这位记者写相关中东地域战况报导人们已经不相信了,因为大家已经认识到他使用了不真实资料。,“,As far as this subject,later researches discredited the earlier conclusions.“,这个课题以后研究推翻了早先结论。,17/115,corollary(fml),a corollary of sth is an idea,argument or fact which is the direct result of it,必定结果,=consequence,This change is the inevitable corollary of the social revolution.,As the corollary of science,technology also exhibits the universalizing tendency,Technology naturally follows science.It also displays the tendency toward the universalizing,18/115,Diversity:difference,variety,Charles Darwin saw in the diversity of species the principles of evolution that operated to generate the species:variation,competition and selection.,查尔斯达尔文在物种多样性中发觉了致使物种产生标准：变异、竞争、选择。,19/115,Paras.3-6:,The automobile shows very clearly this universalizing influence of science and technology.,20/115,asset-,a valuable or desirable thing,财产,资本,有价值东西,Her only was a gentle nature.,With all his experience abroad he was a major to the company.,21/115,Background Knowledge,Ford Motor Company:,one of the largest car manufacturing companies of America.,22/115,The fiesta appears to have sunk without a trace.,The Fiesta seems to have disappeared completely.,23/115,It was.Style:,The idea of a world car is the idea of having a world style.,24/115,equivalent,n.sth that has the same use,function as sth else,A good quilt can be the equivalent of at least three blankets.,25/115,Fiat:the biggest Italian car manufacturing company.,26/115,in the fullness of time:at the appropriate or right time,；,eventually,在适当时候，时机成熟时，终于,Im sure hell tell us whats bothering him in the fullness of time.,我必定他会在适当时候告诉我们他困扰。,27/115,As in architecture,so in automobile.,-Things that are happening in automating are similar to those happening in architecture.,28/115,be hard put to it(to do sth)-find it difficult,He was hard put to explain what had happened.,29/115,Volkswagen Beetle:,Model name of a car designed and manufactured by the German car manufacturing company,Volkswagen.,30/115,Paras.7-8:,If man creates machines,machines in turn shape their creators.,-no longer quite a product of a unique geography and culturebut a,cosmopolitan,This short balanced topic sentence introduces the second important view of the writer.Man creates machines and the machines then turn around and change those who created them.,31/115,No longer quite an individual,no longer quite the product of a unique geography and culture.,The modern man is no longer an individual,no longer the one shaped and molded by a distinct environment and culture.,32/115,cosmopolitan-,of or from all or many different parts of the world,the gatherings at the United Nations Assembly,联合国各种世界性集会,33/115,The price he pays is that he no longer has a home in the traditional sense of the world.,The disadvantage of being a cosmopolitan is that he loses a home in the old sense of the word.,34/115,The benefit is that he begins to suspect home in the traditional sense is another for limitation.,The advantage is that he begins to believe that traditional home means restriction.,35/115,Imperative n.,-A rule,a principle,or an instinct that compels a certain behavior:,驱使：迫使采取某一行为规则、标准或本能：,a people driven to aggression by territorial imperatives,.,为扩张领土意念所驱而侵略成性民族,36/115,The universalizing imperative of technology is irresistible.,The compelling force of technology to universalize cannot be resisted.,37/115,barring,prep.,-Apart from the occurrence of;excepting:,不包含,；除,之外：,Barring strong headwinds,the plane will arrive on schedule.,假如不是猛烈顶头风，飞机会准点抵达,38/115,Section II.(Para 9-15)-Science has shown the insubstantiality of the world,The world is not made up of solid material objects that we see with our eyes.This is the basis of the writers central theme of“disappearance”.,Beautiful art reflects the inner need of a mans soul.Modern art does not depict the material objects but things in our minds.,The disappearance of history frees the mind from traditional concepts.,The feeling of liberation is often expressed through play.The playfulness of science has produced game theory and virtual particles,in art it has produced the painting of Picasso.,39/115,Modern culture is full of images,It includes,the simple geometric designs of the international styles.,the fanciful patterns of facadism,the playfulness of the theme parks and museum villages,It displays structures that reflect the straight lines,It displays the fine artistic streamlining of cars and airplanes.,It displays oil tankers and bulldozers.,It displays the complicated designs and structure of Tinkertoy models,geodesic domes and lunar landers.,40/115,Para 9:,Machine aesthetic,41/115,When every artist thought he owed it to himself to turn his back on the Eiffel Tower,as a protest against the architectural blasphemy,-when every artist thought it was his duty to show his contempt for and objection to the Eiffel Tower which they considered an irreverent architectural structure,.,42/115,Machines soon generated propositions which evaded all tradition.,-Machines soon originated new ideas and problems that could not be handled by the old ways of thinking.,43/115,A mobile,extra human plasticity which was absolutely new,-a flexible and pliable quality that was beyond human power and absolutely new.,44/115,Impressionism,印象主义,A theory or style of painting,originating,and developed in,France,during the,1870s,；,characterized by concentration on the,immediate visual impression,produced by a scene and by,the use of unmixed primary colors,and,small strokes,to simulate actual reflected light.,45/115,46/115,Dada,达达主义运动,A European artistic and literary movement(1916-1923)that flouted conventional aesthetic and cultural values by producing works marked by nonsense,travesty,and incongruity.,欧洲文学艺术界运动,(1916-1923,年），经过随意涂写、嘲讽、不友好作品，来藐视传统艺术和文化价值,47/115,Dada,or,Dadaism,Dada was not art it was,anti-art,.For everything that art stood for,Dada was to represent the opposite.Where art was concerned with,aesthetics,Dada ignored aesthetics.,If art was to have at least an implicit or latent message,Dada strove to have no meaning interpretation of Dada is dependent entirely on the viewer.,48/115,Dada works,Mechanical Head(The Spirit of Our Age),was meant to symbolize the empty spirit of the post-World War I era,49/115,Cubism立体派,A nonobjective school of painting and sculpture developed in Paris in the early 20th century,characterized by the reduction and fragmentation of natural forms into abstract,often geometric structures usually rendered as a set of discrete planes.,20,世纪初出现于巴黎一个绘画和雕刻抽象流派，其特征是把各种自然形态简化并分裂成抽象、通常为几何形状结构，并常被描绘成一系列互不相联平面,50/115,Woman with a guitar,by,Georges Braque,1913,51/115,The,Wotruba Church,in,Vienna,52/115,Francis Picabia(1879-1953),a well-known painter,influenced by the impressionist painting of the cubists and the Golden Section,Surrealist art,53/115,Francis Picabias Paintings,54/115,Marcel Duchamp,an influential French/American artist.He was arguably the most important influence on the development of post-war art in Europe and North America.,55/115,Nude Descending a Staircase,56/115,Marcel Duchamps work,57/115,Modern art,a general term,used for most of the artistic production from the,late,19th,century,until approximately,the,1970s,.,(Recent art production is more often called,Contemporary art,or,Postmodern art,).,58/115,Modern art refers to the then,new approach,to art where it was no longer important to represent a subject realistically the invention of,photography,had made this function of art,obsolete,.,Instead,artists started experimenting with,new ways,of seeing,with fresh ideas about the nature,materials and functions of art,often moving further toward,abstraction,.,59/115,Surrealism-Cultural and artistic movement,The Surrealism movement originated in post-,World War I,European,avant-garde,literary and art circles,and many early Surrealists were associated with the earlier,Dada,movement.,Movement participants sought to,revolutionize life,with actions intended to bring about change in accordance with Surrealism philosophy.,60/115,Surrealism,as a visual movement had found a method:to,expose psychological truth,by stripping ordinary objects of their normal significance,in order to create a,compelling image,that was beyond ordinary formal organization,in order to,evoke empathy,from the viewer.,creative acts of,revolt,and efforts to,liberate imagination,61/115,The Persistence of Memory,(1931)by,Salvador Dal,.,62/115,Para 10,The writer uses many,rhetorical questions,to introduce his central theme and to emphasize his arguments on the insubstantiality(,非物质性,)of the world.,63/115,Art is,in one definition,simply an effort to name the real world.,-,-Art can also be defined as an attempt to give a name to things in the real world.,64/115,Science.world:,Science has shown that the world is not made up of solid material objects that we see with our eyes.This is the basis of the writers central theme of“disappearance”.,65/115,It,has thus underminded an article of faith:the thingliness of things.,People used to firmly believe that the things they saw around them were real solid substances but this has now been thrown into doubt by science.,Science has weakened the peoples firm belief on the real material objects seen with their eyes.,这就动摇了人们认为世界物质是客观实在信念。,66/115,It,has produced images of orders of reality underlying the thingliness of things,Science has produced images of many classes or categories of reality that lie under the objective image of things we see with our eyes.,科学又创造出了潜存于客观实在之中各种不一样种类和范围现实世界形象。,67/115,thingliness-,the inner nature or essence of things(,物体属性、客观实在性,),The task of understanding the work of art begins with letting the work show itself in its most immediate reality,itsthingliness.,Heidegger believes that the nearness of a thing to the subject is defined by its thingliness.,68/115,Self-squared,利用“分形艺术”经过计算机产生一个含有数学对称美图形集合,69/115,Para 11,The disappearance of history,70/115,consistent(with)-in agreement with,What you say now is not with what you said last week.,71/115,Wassily Kandinsky(1866-1944),a Russian-born painter and art theorist.One of the most important 20th-century artists,alongside Picasso and Matisse,he is credited with painting the first abstract works in the history of modern art.,This effect of color was a major influence on his art,72/115,Kandinskys work,73/115,On White II by,Wassily Kandinsky,1923,.,74/115,Modern art opens on a world whose reality is not out there in nature defined as things seen from a middle distance but“in here”in the soul or the mind.,-Modern art does not depict the material objects in nature that we see with our eyes but things we see in our minds,.,Antithesis,Out there,对,in here,，,in nature,对,in the soul,75/115,in the middle distance:,the normal distance for the eye to observe objects通常肉眼看到物体距离,The building is in the middle distance，so we can see it clearIy.楼房跟我们距离适中，我们能很清楚地看到。,76/115,It is a form of perception,The world of nature that modern art reveals no longer contains the material objects we were familiar with instead the world is now filled with images produced by the mind.This has ma
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